风格与翻译课件

风格与翻译风格与翻译1ⅰ正式语体和非正式语体。“风格的区分”包括词汇和句子两个层次的风格韵律比较。词汇层次比较可以通过三个方面：ⅰ正式语体和非正式语体。“风格的区分”包括词汇和句子两个层次21、词源：拉丁语词源>法语词源>英语词源（“>”表示正式程度更高）Conflagration>flame>fireTrepidation>terror>fearDiminutive>petite>small/littleConsecrated>sacred>holy1、词源：拉丁语词源>法语词源>英语词源（“>”表示正式程度3Ascend>mount>riseIngest>dine>eatCommence>beginConclude>endEmployment>jobAscend>mount>rise42、语域：专业词汇>日常词汇，诗体词汇、古语词汇>普通词汇Stanza(professional)>partProtagnist(professional)>leadingrole/figurePuissant(poetic)>strong/powerful2、语域：专业词汇>日常词汇，诗体词汇、古语词汇>普通词汇S5Plaint(poetic)>complaintHoarfrosty(archaic)>hoary;hoarMaiden(poetic)>girlSlumber>sleepYonder(archaic)>overtherePlaint(poetic)>complaint6Depart>leaveApprehensive>scaredExplode>blowResign>quitFatigued>tiredfail>flunkDepart>leave7法律合同中常见的正式词汇(括号内为一般用词和中文的翻译)miscellaneous(othermatters其他事宜)rescind(cancel撤销)priorto(before在……之前)obligation(duty责任／义务)certify(prove证明)expiry(end期满)法律合同中常见的正式词汇(括号内为一般用词和中文的翻译)mi8commence（begin开始)inform(tell告知)revise(correct／change修正)proceed(go进行)consent(agreement同意)deem(think认为)render(give给予)rescind(cancel撤销)commence（begin开始)9（孔乙己）直起身子看一看豆，自己摇头说：“不多不多，多乎哉？不多也！”Thenstraighteninguptolookatthepeasagain,hewouldshakehishead.”Notmuch!Verily!Notmuch,forsooth!”（杨宪益译）Thenhe’dstraightenup,waghisheadfromsidetosideasthoughintoningtheclassicsandsay:“Fewbemybeans.Haththegentlemanmany?Nay,hehathhardlyany.”(WillianLyell)（孔乙己）直起身子看一看豆，自己摇头说：“不多不多，多乎哉？103、形态：单个动词>短语动词Encounter>comeacrossInvestigate>lookintoTolerate>putupwithParticipate>takepartinUtilize>MakegooduseofSurrender>turnin3、形态：单个动词>短语动词Encounter>comea11完全形式>缩略形式Advertisement>adTelevision>TVSubway/submarine>subLaboratory>labCannot>can’tIam>I’mItis>it’s完全形式>缩略形式Advertisement>ad12严格的一致关系(concord)>不严格的一致关系Everyoneshoulddohisbest.(formal)Everyoneshoulddotheirbest.(informal)I’msurprisedathismakingsuchafoolishmistake.(formal)I’msurprisedathimmakingsuchafoolishmistake.(informal)HespeaksFrenchbetterthanIdo.(formal)HespeaksFrenchbetterthanme.(informal)严格的一致关系(concord)>不严格的一致关系Every13表示方式的介词短语>单个副词Hespeaksinahaltingway.(formal)Hespeakshaltingly.(informal)Hespokeconfidently.(informal)Hespokeinaconfidentway.(formal)Hespokewithconfidence.(formal)表示方式的介词短语>单个副词Hespeaksinah14句子层次比较可以通过几个方面：1、阅读ACommunicativeGrammarofEnglish(Leech&Svartvik,1975)，熟记连词、介词的风格差异Leech,G.&Svartvik,J.(1975).ACommunicativeGrammarofEnglish.London:Longman.句子层次比较可以通过几个方面：15比如notwithstanding>despite(inspiteof)>though；inorderthat>inorderto>soasto；providedthat/onconditionthat>solongasonaccountthat>onaccountof>because比如notwithstanding>despite(in162、强调前置的倒装语序>普通语序HadIknownthisbefore,Iwouldhavetoldyouearlier.(formal)IfIhadhadknown,Iwouldhavetoldyouearlier.(informal)GoIcan’t..(formal)>Ican’tgo.(informal)Yieldhewouldnot.(formal)>Hewouldnotyield(informal)2、强调前置的倒装语序>普通语序HadIknownth17Alsodiscussedwasarevenue-raisingproposaltohikethefueltax.>(formal)Arevenue-raisingproposalwasalsodiscussedtohikethefueltax.(informal)Outwasthenailtaken.(formal)>Thenailwastakenout.(informal)Alsodiscussedwasarevenue-r183、分词或名词构成的独立结构>由连词引导的从句Feelingtired,Johnwenttobedearly.(formal)Johnwenttobedearlybecausehefelttired.(formal)Johnfelttired,sohewenttobedearly.(informal)3、分词或名词构成的独立结构>由连词引导的从句19Theweatherhavingimproved,wedecidedtogoswimming.(formal)Sincetheweatherhadimproved,wedecidedtogoswimming.(informal)Beingamanoffixedviews,herefusedtolistentoourarguments.(formal)Ashewasamanoffixedviews,herefusedtolistentoourarguments.(informal)Theweatherhavingimproved,w20Childthathewas,hedidnotbelievewhatwastold.(formal)Althoughhewasachild,hedidn’tbelievewhatwastold.(informal)Difficultthatthetaskwas,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.(formal)Althoughthetaskwasdifficult,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.(informal)Childthathewas,hedidnot214、it起始的叙述结构(如Itisnotedthat)>普通叙述结构Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestocksofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.(formal)Thenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.(informal)ItwasarguedthattheSunwasthecenteroftheuniverse.(formal)TheysaidtheSunwasthecenteroftheuniverse.(informal)4、it起始的叙述结构(如Itisnotedthat)225、用虚拟语气、被动语态表示的请求>陈述语气、主动语态的请求CouldIsuggestthatthemeetingbepostponeuntiltomorrow?(formal)Isuggestthemeetingpostponinguntiltomorrow.(informal)Couldyoupossiblygooutforawhile?(formal)Pleasegoout.(informal)5、用虚拟语气、被动语态表示的请求>陈述语气、主动语态的请求23Pleasegatheratthegateoftheschool.(informal)Thestudentsarerequestedtogatheratthegateoftheschool.(formal)Pleasegatheratthegateoft246、（表示动作或状态的）名词化结构>动词结构Rectificationofthisfaultisachievedbyinsertionofawedge.(formal)Youcanrectifythisfaultifyouinsertawedge.(informal)Thisleadstoourpleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.(formal)Wearebothpleasantandshockedtoknowmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.(informal)6、（表示动作或状态的）名词化结构>动词结构Rectific257、介词置于wh-形式前>介词置于wh-形式后Withwhatdidyourwriteit?(formal)Whatdidyouwriteitwith?(informal)Towhomareyouwriting?(formal)Whoareyouwritingto?(informal)Shelongedforafriendinwhomshecouldconfide.(formal)Shelongedforafriend(who)shecouldconfide.(informal)7、介词置于wh-形式前>介词置于wh-形式后Withwh268.称呼语Whenhisfatherdied,Peterhadtogetanotherjob.(informal)Afterhisfather’sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.(informal)Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.(formal)8.称呼语Whenhisfatherdied,Pet27“五只钟”(fiveclocks)凝固体(frozen)——正式体(formal)——商洽体(consultative)——随意体(casual)——亲密体(intimate)。Joos,M.1961.TheFiveClocks.NewYork&London:HarcoutBraceJovanovich.“五只钟”(fiveclocks)凝固体(frozen)—28凝固体(frozen):legaldocuments正式体(formal):letterofrecommendation;accountant,educational,psychologicalworks;scientificworks商洽体(consultative):newsreport;ordinaryliterature随意体(casual):letter/emailtoagoodfriend亲密体(intimate):talktoaclosefriend凝固体(frozen):legaldocuments29不同场景下使用的开场白语言（注意四种风格）Madamechairman,Mrsvice-president,honoredguests,facultyandfriends:Ifeelmostdeeplyhonoredtohavebeeninvitedtospeaktosuchanillustriousgatheringtonightandtobegiventheprivilegeofrepresentingmydistinguishedcolleagues,especiallyDrMonrovia,whohasbeenengagedinaverydemandingresearchprojectinthefieldofsociolinguistics,anareaofstudywhichwefeelhasgreatpotentialforyourprofessionalso.(Frozen)不同场景下使用的开场白语言（注意四种风格）Madamec30Ladiesandgentlemen,I‘mexceedinglygratefultohavebeenaskedbyourchairman,DrJeanMonrovia,topresentourrecentfindingsonthetopicof“ResearchandDevelopmentsinSociolinguistics”,andhopeitwillproveusefultothoseofyouengagedinteachingEnglish.(Formal)Ladiesandgentlemen,31Goodevening,Friends, Ourchairman,JeanMonrovia,askedmetosharesomeofmycurrentresearchinsociolinguistics,andIhopeitwillbeusefultoyouinyourEnglishclassesnextweek.(Casual)Goodevening,Friends,32Hi,everyone,JeanaskedmetocomeonoverandrapabitaboutthestuffI’mintoinsociolinguistics.Maybeit’llhelpinteachingthoseEnglishclasses,andIhopeyouwon’tbeturnedoffwithsomeofthetechnicaljargonandstuff.(intimate)Hi,everyone,33我儿子是拉洋车的。Mysonisarickshaw-boy.Mysonpullsarickshaw.Mysonisariskshawmanbytrade.我儿子是拉洋车的。34正式句子往往在长度上更长。如：Irequireyourattendancetobepunctual.(formal)Iwantyourtocomeontime.(informal)Anotinconsiderableamountoftimewasexpendedonthetask.(formal)Thejobtookalongtime.(informal)正式句子往往在长度上更长。如：Irequireyour35Iapprehendanatmosphereofspontaneousdelightwithyourarrival.(formal)Awfullynicetoseeyouhere.(informal)CouldIhaveyourattention,please?(formal)Youguysshutup!(informal)Iapprehendanatmosphereofs36I’mterriblysorrytointerrupt,butIwonderifyouwouldbesokindastoloweryourvoicesalittle.Willyoubeltup!I’mterriblysorrytointerrup37WrongstylemixingHemountedthegee-gee.Hegotonthesteed.Itwasextremelygraciousofyoutoinviteme,LadyJones,andI’vehadbagsoffunWrongstylemixingHemountedt38ComparethestylesSteed(poetic) Horses(general)nag(slang) Gee-gee(babylanguage) ComparethestylesSteed(poetic39domicile(veryformal,official)residence(formal)abode(poetic)home(generall) domicile(veryformal,official40Cast(literary,biblical)Fling(literary)Throw(general) Chuck(casual,slang) Cast(literary,biblical)41diminutive(veryformal)tiny(colloquial)wee(colloquial,dialectal)diminutive(veryformal)42Theychuckedastoneatthecops,andthendidabunkwiththeloot.Aftercastingastoneatthepolice,theyabscondedwiththemoney,Theychuckedastoneattheco43Peter’swifewasveryangrywhenhecamehomewiththegirlfromthediscotheque.Peter’soldwomanhittheroofwhenhecamehomewiththatdollfromthedisco.Peter’swifewasveryangrywh44AnnouncementfromthelibrarianIthasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly,studentsarerequestedtoremindthethemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturningofbooksandtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.Thenumberofbooksinthelibraryhas