分子生物学的发展历史课件

第一章分子生物学的

发展历史郑伟娟2006第一章分子生物学的

发展历史郑伟娟1WhatisMolecularbiology?1.1.分子生物学的概念WhatisMolecularbiology?1.12Thetermhasmorethanonedefinition.Defineinbroadly：

understandbiologicalphenomenainmolecularterms(difficulttodistinguishfrombiochemistry)Defineinrestrictively：

thestudyofgenestructureandtheiractivitiesinmolecularlevelWhatisMolecularbiology?Thetermhasmorethanonedef3遗传学（genetics）生物化学（biochemistry）分子生物学（molecularbiology）遗传学（genetics）生物化学（biochemistry41.2.分子生物学发展简史1.2.分子生物学发展简史5TransmissionGenetics传递遗传学TransmissionGenetics传递遗传学6In1865,GregorMendelpublishedMendelianinheritance(孟德尔遗传定律).gardenpeaInheritanceoccurredthroughblendingofeachtraitoftheparentsintheoffspring.

Inheritanceisparticulate（微粒，微粒的）.Eachparentcontributesparticles,orgeneticunits,totheoffspring.1822-1884/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.htmlIn1865,GregorMendelpublish7In1910,ThomasHuntMorganprovidedthefirstdefinitiveevidenceforthe

Chromosometheoryofinheritance

1933NobelPrize

inPhysiologyorMedicine

"forhisdiscoveriesconcerningtheroleplayedbytheChromosomeinheredity（遗传）,demonstratedthatgenesareonthechromosome"fruitfly(Drosophiamelanogaster)

1866-1945/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.htmlIn1910,ThomasHuntMorgan1938MolecularGeneticsWhatgenesaremadeofandhowtheywork?MolecularGeneticsWhatgenesa9ThediscoveryofDNA1869,FriedrichMiescher

discoverednucleinandthemajorcomponentofnucleinisDNA.1844-1895http://www.fmi.ch/members/marilyn.vaccaro/ewww/index2.htmlThediscoveryofDNA1869,Frie10TheCompositionofGenes1944,OswaldAvery

demonstratedthatthechromosomeiscomposedofDNA.NotRNAorprotein!

FrederickGriffith肺炎球菌转化试验1877-1955/dnaftb/concept_17/con17bio.htmlTheCompositionofGenes1944,11Howdoesgeneswork?1902,ArchibaldGarrod,alcaptonuria（尿黑酸症）GeorgeBeadleandE.L.Tatum,Neurospora（脉孢菌属/链孢菌属）one-gene/one-enzymehypothesisMostgenescontaintheinformationformakingonepolypeptide.Howdoesgeneswork?1902,Arch12TheoverallstructureofDNA1951JamesWatson(23y)丹麦哥本哈根剑桥大学CavendishLab.FrancisCrick(35y)1953,doublehelixTheoverallstructureofDNA1913"MolecularStructureofNucleicAcids:

AStructureforDeoxyriboseNucleicAcid"

(Nature,April25,1953.volume171:737-738.)

"MolecularStructureofNuclei14RosalindFrankinX~rayphotographofDNAwithhighquality(核与磷酸连接成的扭曲绳子，每一节上都有配对的碱基)1951.King’sLab.LondonUniversityUKM.H.F.WilkinsRosalindFrankinX~rayphotogra15JamesWatson(34y)FrancisCrick(46y)MauriceWilkins(46y)1962NobelPrizeJamesWatson(34y)1962Nobel161958，MatthewMeselsonandFranklinStahlprovedthatDNAreplicationinbacteriafollowsthesemiconservativepathway.1958，MatthewMeselsonandFran17MatthewMeselsonandFranklinStahlmorerecentlyFacultymemberatHarvardMechanismsofMolecularEvolutionFacultyChairforCBWStudiesFacultymemberatU.ofOregonMeioticRecombinationMatthewMeselsonandFranklin18FrancoisJacobandSydneyBrennerTheribosomesarenonspecifictranslationmachinesthatcanmakedifferentproteins,accordingtotheinstructionsinthemRNAsthatvisittheribosomes.FrancoisJacobandSydneyBren19Intheearly1960sMarshallNirenbergGobindKhoranaRobertW.Holley

fortheirinterpretationofthegeneticcodeanditsfunctioninproteinsynthesis.1968NobelPrizeinMedicine1927-1922-1922-Intheearly1960sfortheirin20onegeneonepolypeptidenormalgenenormalfunctionmutantgenegeneticdisorderTechnique:genecloningonegeneonepolypeptidenormal21

HowardTemin(41y)DavidBaltimore(37y)Reversetranscription（引发癌症的内因）HowardTemin(41y)DavidBa22TheNobelPrizeinChemistry1980"fortheircontributionsconcerningthedeterminationofbasesequencesinnucleicacids"WalterGilbert

FrederickSanger

1932-1918-TheNobelPrizeinChemistry123"forhisworkonthestructureofproteins,especiallythatofinsulin"TheNobelPrizeinChemistry1958FrederickSanger

1918-"forhisworkonthestructure241983.BarbaraMcClintock(86y)DNAtransposableelement1983.DNAtransposableelement25TheNobelPrizeinChemistry1989"fortheirdiscoveryofcatalyticpropertiesofRNARibozyme"SidneyAltman

ThomasR.CechYaleUniversity

NewHaven,CT,USAUniversityofColorado

Boulder,CO,USA1939-1947-TheNobelPrizeinChemistry126TheNobelPrizeinChemistry1993KaryB.Mullis

1944-"forhisinventionofthepolymerasechainreaction(PCR)method"TheNobelPrizeinChemistry127EdwardB.LewisChristianeNüsslein-Volhard

EricF.WieschausTheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine,1995discoveredGeneticcontrolofearlydevelopmentinDrosophila（果蝇）EdwardB.LewisChristianeNüss28In1997,lanWilmutandcolleaguesclonedasheep(Dolly)fromanadultsheepuddercell.In1997,lanWilmutandcollea291997，TheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine

"forhisdiscoveryofPrions–anewbiologicalprincipleofinfection"StanleyB.PrusinerUniv.ofCalifornia,SchoolofMedicine

USA1942-1997，TheNobelPrizeinPhysio30discoveredkeyregulatorsofthecellcycleLelandH.HartwellR.Timothy(Tim)HuntSirPaulM.NurseTheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine2001discoveredkeyregulatorsoft312002NobelPrizeJohnSulstonSydneyBrennerH.RobertHorvitzProgrammedCellDeath(PCD)anddevelopment2002NobelPrizeProgrammedCel321.3.分子生物学的研究概况1.3.分子生物学的研究概况33还原论20世纪人类对生命现象的认识个体染色体基因DNAdNt基因的概念基因的本质基因的功能逐步深刻认识还原论20世纪人类对生命现象的认识个体34人类对生命现象的认识还原论20世纪生命科学的飞跃了解整个生命现象的本质仍然是零敲碎打研究策略（piecemeal

）人类对生命现象的认识