大学英语语法10-动名词短语课件

CollegeEnglishGrammar:

GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunCollegeEnglishGrammar:

1Unit10Phrases:GerundPhrasesandAbsolutePhrases

Grammar:

1.GerundPhrases

2.AbsolutePhrasesWriting:

Correcting:

MissingCommaswithNonessentialElements

Rewriting:

Intra-sentencecoherenceUnit10Phrases:GerundPhrases2I.GerundPhrases

Bothagerundandapresentparticipleendin–ingbuttheyfunctionasdifferentpartsofspeech.Agerundisusedasanoun,whereasapresentparticipleisusedasanadjectiveoranadverb.

I.1.FormandfunctionAgerundphraseincludesthegerundandtheobjectofthegerundoranymodifiersrelatedtothegerund.Likeagerund,itisusedasanoun—assubject,predictive,object,objectofapreposition,orappositive.

1)asanountobesubjectYoumustknowyourenemy.Thatisthebestdefense.

Knowingyourenemyisthebestdefense.I.GerundPhrasesBot32)asanountobepredictive

Hefinisheshissupper.Hetakesashortwalk.Thatishishabit.Inthishabit,hekeepshealthy.Hishabittokeephealthyistakingashortwalkaftersupper.3)asanountobeappositiveHisdreamisfindinglosttreasure.Hisdreamalmostcametruerecently.Hisdream,findinglosttreasure,almostcametruerecently.2)asanountobepredictive44)asanountobeobject

Itravelinthecountry.Ilovethat.Ilosemyway.Idon’tlikethat.Ilovetravelinginthecountry,butIdon'tlikelosingmyway.5)asanountobeobjectofaprepositionTheywantedtotraveltoforeigncountry.Theyhavemadepreparationforit.Theyhavemadepreparationfortravelingtoaforeigncountry.4)asanountobeobject5I.2.PositionandpunctuationGerundphrasescaneitherholdthesubjectpositionorthedirectobjectposition.Agerundnearlyneverrequiresanypunctuationwithitexceptitsfunctionasappositive.Whenagerundphraseisusedasanappositive,weuseacommatosetitofffromtheworditmodifies.

Beggarssellthemselvesashumanbeings.Suchbehaviorarousesthepityofpassers-by.Beggars’behavior,sellingthemselvesashumanbeings,arousesthepityofpassers-by.Shemadearequest.Shewantedtosendforadoctoratonce.Shemadearequest,sendingforadoctoratonce.

I.2.Positionandpunctuation6Notes:1)Thedifferenceisthatagerundphrasewillalwaysfunctionasanounwhileapresentparticiplephrasefunctionsasanadjectiveoranadverbtomodifiesanotherwordinthesentence.

Eatingquietly,theyseemlyenjoyedwhattheyareserved.(Aparticipialphraseasanadjectivemodifies“they”)

Eatingquietlycanbedifficultforchildren.(Agerundphraseasanounfunctionsasasubject.)Notes:72)Bothgerundsandinfinitivescanbeusedasthesubjectorthecomplementofasentence.However,gerundssoundmorenaturalandwouldbemorecommonineverydayEnglish.Ifyouarenotsurewhetheryoushouldusegerundorinfinitive,justrememberthat90%ofthetime,youwilluseagerundasthesubjectorcomplementofasentence.Livingahappylifeiseveryone’sdeepestdesire.(normalsubject,morenatural)Toliveahappylifeiseveryone’sdeepestdesire.(abstractsubject,lesscommon)

3)Whentheactionhappenedinthepast,agerundisusuallyused.Shehashadquickthinking.Thatsavedusallalotoftrouble.

Herquickthinkingsavedusallalotoftrouble.2)Bothgerundsandinfinit84)Thefollowingisalistofverbsthatcanhavegerundobjects,butnotinfinitivesadmit,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,complete,consider,defend,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,getthrough,giveup,goon,can'thelp,imagine,involve,keep(on),wouldlike(him),mention,(not)mind,miss,postpone,practice,putoff,quit,recall,recollect,recommend,report,resent,resist,resume,risk,(can't)see,stop,suggest,takeup,tolerate,understand4)Thefollowingisalist9Exercises:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastonegerundphrase.

1.InashorttimeIwasbusy.

Imixedbutterandflour.InashorttimeIwasbusymixingbutterandflour.

2.Ipretended.

Ihadnotseenhim

Itwasnouse.ItwasnousepretendingthatIhadnotseenhim.

3.Theydon’tcatchfish.

Theycatcholdboots.

Theycatchrubbish.Insteadofcatchingfish,theycatcholdbootsandrubbish.Exercises:Combinethesentenc104.Thewomansimplytooktheparcel.

Shewalkedoutoftheshop.

Shedidn’tpay.Thewomansimplytooktheparcelandwalkedoutoftheshopwithoutpaying.

5.Hewantedtofollowmearoundallmorning.

Ihadtothinkofaway.

BythewayIcanpreventhimfromthat.Ihadtothinkofawayofpreventinghimfromfollowingmearoundallmorning.

6.Itriedtowakeupmywife.

Irangthedoorbell.

Shewasfastasleep.Itriedtowakeupmywifebyringingthedoorbell,butshewasfastasleep.4.Thewomansimplytookt11II.AbsolutePhrasesII.1.Form

Anabsolutephraseconsistsofanounorapronounasasubjectthatismodifiedbyaparticipleorparticipialphrase.Itlookslikeacompletesentencebutactsasanadverbial.Itcontainsasubject,butnotapredicateverb.Althoughitstatesacompletethought,itcannotstandbyitselfasitspredicateverbisreplacedbyaparticipleorparticipialphrases.

Noun+participlephrase=anabsolutephrase

II.AbsolutePhrasesII.1.Form12asentence

anabsolutephraseWearewaitinginline.Thestudentsheldameeting.Therulerwasbroken.Thetrainwascrowded.Theclimateismild.Thesoilisrichinnutrients.wewaitinginlinethestudentsholdingameetingtherulerbrokenthetraincrowdedtheclimate(being)mildthesoil(being)richinnutrientsasentencea13Thepoormanlaythere.Hishandsweretrembling.Thepoormanlaythere,hishandstrembling.

Thejobhasnotfinished.Wecouldn’tseethefilm.

Thejobnotfinished,wecouldn’tseethefilm.

Nobodywasathome.Thethieftookalotofthingsaway.

Nobody(being)athome,thethieftookalotofthingsaway.Thepoormanlaythere.14II.2.FunctionAnabsolutephrasefunctionsasanadverb,indicatingmanner,time,place,cause,condition,ordegree.Itmodifiesthewholesentenceratherthanaparticularword.Allabsolutephrasescanbeturnedintocorrespondentadverbialclauses.Thewingsweredamagedbythestorm.Theaircraftcrashed.

Itswingsdamagedbythestorm,theaircraftcrashed.(Or:Becauseitswingsweredamagedbythestorm,theaircraftcrashed.)Theweatherpermits.Wewillhavethepicnictomorrow.

Weatherpermitting,wewillhavethepicnictomorrow.(Or:Iftheweatherpermits,wewillhavethepicnictomorrow.)II.2.Function15II.3.PositionandpunctuationAsanabsolutephraseactsasanadverb,itspositioninasentenceisveryflexible.Assentenceopenerorsubject-verbsplit,anabsolutephraseusuallyexpressescause,time,condition,orpurpose.Assentencecloser,itshowseffectoraddsmoredetailorfocustotheideaofthemainclause,particularlywhentheabsolutereferstoaneventthatoccurslaterthantheeventinthemainclause.Anabsoluteisalwaystreatedasparentheticalelementandissetofffromtherestofthesentencewithacommaorapairofcommas(sometimesbyadashorpairofdashes).II.3.Positionandpunctuation16Thedarkcloudshavedispersed.Thesunshoneagain.

Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.Thepeople’slivelihoodissecure.Thepeoplenowhavetheleisure.Theycantakeupsports.Thepeople,theirlivelihoodsecure,nowhavetheleisuretotakeupsports.Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident.Manyofthemwerechildren.Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.Thedarkcloudshavedispersed17Exercises:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneabsolutephrase.

1.Thesoilisrichinnutrients.

Everythinggrowsquickly.

(Asthesoilisrichinnutrients,everythinggrowsquickly.)Thesoil(being)richinnutrient,everythinggrowsquickly.

2.Thestudentshaddonewellontheexamination.

Theteachergavethemlesshomework.

(Asthestudentsdidwell,theteachergavethemlesshomework.)Thestudentshavingdonewellontheexamination,theteachergavethemlesshomework.

3.Thehourwasverylate.

Wewenthome.

(Forthehourwasverylate,wewenthome.)Thehourhavingbeenverylate,wewenthome.Exercises:Combinethesentenc184.Theboyledtheway.

Wehadnotrouble.

Wefoundthecave.

Thecavewasstrange.

Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.5.Hediedin1892.

Peopleconsideredhisdeathasacalamity.

Thecalamitywasnational.Hediedin1892,hisdeathbeingconsideredasanationalcalamity.6.Myshoeswereremoved.

Ienteredaroom.

Theceilingoftheroomwaslow.Myshoesremoved,Ienteredalow-ceilingedroom.7.Helayatfulllength.

Hewasuponhisstomach.

Hisheadresteduponhisleftforearm．

Helayatfulllengthuponhisstomach,hisheadrestinguponhisleftforearm.4.Theboyledtheway.

We19MissingCommaswithNonessentialElementsNonessentialelementsarewordsorphrasesorclausesthatmayberemovedfromasentencewithoutchangingthemeaningofthatsentence.Anonessentialelementshouldbesetoffwithcommasfromtherestpartofthesentence.

1.Withnonessentialparticiples,infinitives,andtheirphrasesWhentheparticiple,infinitive,ortheirphrasesisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence,weseparateitfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.

Totellthetruthweneverdoubtthatheishonest.

Totellthetruth,weneverdoubtthatheishonest.Simonabsorbedinhisbookneglectedfoodandsleep.Simon,absorbedinhisbook,neglectedfoodandsleep.MissingCommaswithNonessenti202.WithnonessentialadjectiveclausesIfanadjectiveclauseisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence,wesetitofffromthemainclausewithcommas.

Thepresidentwhospokefirstsatjustinfrontofme.Thepresident,whospokefirst,satjustinfrontofme.ThetrainIusuallycatchisaslowtrain.Thetrain,Iusuallycatch,isaslowtrain.2.Withnonessentialadjective213.WithnonessentialappositivesAnappositiveisanounorpronounthatrenamesanothernounorpronoun.Itisplaceddirectlyafterthenounorpronounitidentifies.Iftheappositiveisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence,wesetitapartfromtherestofthesentencewithcommas.Compare:

GeorgeEliot,ourneighbor,isacaptainofanaircraftcarrier.(nonessential)OurcaptainGeorgeEliotisacaptainofanaircraftcarrier．

(essential)

HamletagreatplayinEnglishwaswrittenbyShakespeare.

Hamlet,agreatplayinEnglish,waswrittenbyShakespeare.ThomasJeffersonthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStatesmaybelessfamousthanGeorgeWashington.ThomasJefferson,thethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates,maybelessfamousthanGeorgeWashington.

3.Withnonessentialappositiv224.WithinterjectionsInterjectionsarewordsorphrasesusedtoexclaimorprotestorcommand.Theyareaddedtoasentencetoconveyemotion,grammaticallyunrelatedtoanyotherpartofthesentence.Theyarerarelyusedinformaloracademicwriting.Aninterjectionshouldbesetofffromtherestofthesentencebycommas.

OhnoIforgotthattheexamwastomorrow.

Ohno,Iforgotthattheexamwastomorrow.Idon’tcareaboutitbutgoodlordIthinktaxesaretoohigh!Idon’tcareaboutitbut,goodlord,Ithinktaxesaretoohigh!4.Withinterjections235.WithparentheticalexpressionsAparentheticalexpressionisanexpressioninsertedintotheflowofthought.Itmaybeplacedinthemiddleofasentenceorbetweensentences,providingrelevantyetnonessentialinformation.Itissetofffromtherestofthesentencebycommas.Phrasescommonlyusedasparentheticexpressionsincludethefollowing:Asyouknow,asamatteroffact,asfarasIknow,asaresult,Afterall,bytheway,forexample/instance,Iguess,well,etc.

Thisprincipleisinfactextremelyimportant.Thisprincipleis,infact,extremelyimportant.ItistimeforustotakeanactionIguess.Itistimeforustotakeanaction,Iguess.5.Withparentheticalexpressi24Exercises:

Correctthefollowingsentencesbyaddingmissingcommas.Thecastleburntdownafewyearsagowasneverrebuilt.Manyvillagersknowingallthisstillinsistedonmypayingforthedamage.Manystudentswhofollowedtheinstructionsmechanicallyfailedtoobtainsatisfactoryresults.ColumbiaUniversitythesecond-largestlandownerinNewYorkCityispartoftheIvyLeague.ThetortoiseasfarasIknowhasbeenonearthforthousandsofyears.Youshouldforgivehimforhisforgetfulness;afterallheisoverseventy.Thechildneededsturdyshoeswhichwereexpensive.TheoldladyhasjustretiredfromIndiawhereshehadlivedfortenyears.Exercises:Correctthefollow25Correcting:Thecastle,burntdownafewyearsago,wasneverrebuilt.Manyvillagers,knowingallthis,stillinsistedonmypayingforthedamage.Manystudents,whofollowedtheinstructionsmechanically,failedtoobtainsatisfactoryresults.ColumbiaUniversity,thesecond-largestlandownerinNewYorkCity,ispartoftheIvyLeague.Thetortoise,asfarasIknow,hasbeenonearthforthousandsofyears.Youshouldforgivehimforhisforgetfulness;afterall,heisoverseventy.Thechildneededsturdyshoes,whichwereexpensive.TheoldladyhasjustretiredfromIndia,whereshehadlivedfortenyears.Correcting:Thecastle,burntd26Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson8,NewConceptEnglishIIIby

L.G.Alexander)

TheGreatSt.BernardPassconnectsSwitzerlandtoItaly.It