高考阅读理解-英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版）》提出学生对语篇整体理解的要求。具体的语言技能内容要求为：从语篇中提取主要信息和观点，理解语篇要义。区分、分析和概括语篇中的主要观点和事实。此项考查要求学生通过阅读文章，抓住文章的主旨大意所在，在理解文章内容的基础上，找到文章大意或段落大意，主要考查学生归纳概括信息的能力。主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以选择文章最佳标题（title/topic）,概括文章中心大意（mainidea）、文章段落大意（topic）等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题型，属于能力型题目。研究近几年课标地区的高考阅读理解题可以发现,主旨大意题几乎年年都有,而且在大部分地区的阅读理解题中会有1~3道此类题。其考查形式主要有以下几种：1标题概括类做此类试题时,要注意标题的三个特性,即醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。常见设问形式有：Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thebesttitleofthepassageis.Thesuitableheadlineofthepassagemaybe.2文章大意类每篇文章都有中心思想,可以通过找主题句来获取文章中心思想。主题句通常在首段或结尾段,但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落。因此,在阅读时要倍加关注文章的首段和结尾段及各个段落的主题句。常见设问形式有：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage?Whatisthemessageconveyedinthestory?Whatdoesthepassagemainlypresent?Whatisthemainthemeofthestory?Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?Thepassageismainlyabout.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.Thepassageismainlywrittento.3段落大意类每个段落通常都有一个中心思想,通常会在本段首句体现出来,即常说的段落主题句。一般来说,采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后。若主题句出现在段首,则文章多为说明文和议论文。主题句也可能出现在段落的中间。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句,考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。常见设问形式有：Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1/thelastparagraph?Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?Whatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinparagraph3?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeparagraph1?Whatisthemainideadiscussedinparagraph2?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat.应对策略1标题概括类（1）快速浏览全文,了解文章梗概；（2）找到文章主旨句或关键句,去掉修饰成分,保留中心词；（3）结合选项与中心词,选出能够全面概括文章内容的标题。解答此类题目时,注意所选文章题目必须能概括全文的中心内容,即标题涵盖性强,能覆盖全文；标题要体现主题，既不能“太大”，也不能过于片面，即标题所指的范围要恰当；标题表意准确，与文章的感情色彩相同。避免以下四种错误：以偏概全（多表现为部分代替整体）；概括过度（多表现为扩大范围）；以具体代抽象（多表现为以事实或细节代替抽象概念的大意）；偷换概念（多表现为混淆事件的对象）。Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms（微生物）fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution（解决方案）.“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,"saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,"Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?'Basically,it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.'Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct."GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact（影响）oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach."Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.（2019全国II卷阅读D）Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?NASA:TheHomeofAstronautsSpace:TheFinalHomeworkFrontierNature:AnOutdoorClassroomHUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform【分析】本文讲述了NASA的宇航员受到细菌问题的困扰，他们把该问题交给了NASA“HowisHUNCH的高中生们，其目的是将科技与学校教育结合起来。根据第一段的“HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids."、GoodMorningBritain'sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,ll.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexplains.“Ipay£5foraportion（份），butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves."Theeight-partseries（系列节目），SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight'sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily'slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.（2018全国I卷阅读B）Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?KeepingFitbyEatingSmartBalancingOurDailyDietMakingYourselfaPerfectChefCookingWellforLess第三段的“Thereisnogradedhomework...attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.'"以及最后一段的“Gordonsayshisstudents.readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace."可知，本题的最佳答案为B项。A项信息文章未提及；C、D两项均是文章中部分段落的主题，不能全面概括文章的主旨。【分析】根据文章第一段中的“preparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget",第二段中的“howtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday",第三段中的“howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves"以及最后一段中的“lessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes"等信息可知，文章主要讲述如何用较少的钱做出好吃又营养的食物，所以“CookingWellforLess”是最佳标题。故选D项。A项和C项只概括了文章中的部分细节,不全面。B项是针对文中“deliciousandnutritiousmeals"的主观臆造。2文章大意类（1）通读全文，抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义；（2）将每段的主题和主旨句综合起来，归纳出文章的中心。解答此类题目时，应特别注意把握文章的“三主”，即文章的主题思想、结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。此外，甄别选项时，注意排除两类干扰项：一是以细节代替主旨；二是以表面意思代替深层含义。MarianBeehtelsitsatWestPalmBeach'sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel's“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she'snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf（53percent）havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf（46percent）havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?"Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithco-workerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself/'shesaid.Justtwoseatsover,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction（交流）.“Ireflectonhowmyday'sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,"hesaid.“It'sachanceforself-reflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan."Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone,butthosedaysareover.Now,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn'tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealltheadvancesintechnology,"saidLaurieDemeritt,whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.（2019全国I卷阅读C）Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.Theimportanceofself-reflection.Thestressfromworkingovertime.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.【分析】本文通过一份调查结果显示，越来越多的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作环境，或者独自思考、享受独处时光。再结合文章最后一段前两句“Thatfreedomtochooseis...butthosedaysareover."可以看出，以前独自用餐感觉尴尬的时代已经结束了，也就是说独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选代已经结束了，也就是说独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A项。B、C、D三项为文章中的细节信息，不能概括文章的主旨。BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefromcamel'shair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong,thecatbegantolookragged（蓬舌L）.Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.Thecat'slotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear,oneofBenjamin'scousins,Mr.Pennington,cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjamin'sdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings（版画）byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin'sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhiladelphiaforavisit.Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape（风景）painting.Williams,awell-knownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight."Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.（2017浙江卷阅读A）Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Benjamin'svisittoPhiladelphia.Williams'influenceonBenjamin.ThebeginningofBenjamin'slifeasanartist.ThefriendshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.【分析】本文讲述了美国画家BenjaminWest小时候的画画经历及他是如何立志成为一名画家的，故选C项。A、B、D三项是主旨下的具体支撑信息，而非主旨。3段落大意类（1）快速浏览设问所指段落，画出主题句，如果没有主题句，画出高频关键词；（2）对比主题句或高频关键词，结合选项，找出能够概括段落大意的选项。一般来说，主题句通常以三种形式出现：①开门见山：提出主一细节支撑一一阐明主题；②段末点睛：细节描述一一归纳要点一一概括主题；③段中点旨：细节描一一归纳主题一—进一步解释。在阅读非故事性文章如科普说明文或议论文时，主题句尤其明显。但有些文章的主题句并不明显，而是隐含在段落之中，考生要注意辨别。Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending一“bad"tables,crowding,highprices一don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables一nexttothekitchendoor,say一spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad'tables",giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.（2018江苏卷阅读B）Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaur