考研英语语法精要

musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为"（昨天）一定¼¼。如：MypainapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:"Areyoufeelingallright?"mustbe[B]hadbeen[C]musthavebeen[D]hadto（Marymyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforecouldn'thavereceived[B]oughttohave[C]hasreceived[D]shouldn'thave（maymighthave过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRivernt,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.第 页共 needn'thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于"didn'tneedtodo",译为"其实没必要¼¼"。如：Youneedn'thavecomeoverAsitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weso[A]needn'tdressup[B]didnotneedhavedressed[C]didnotneeddressup[D]needn'thavedressedshouldhave过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为"本应该¼¼shouldnothave过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为"本不应该¼¼"。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhavennedeverythingaheadoughttohave过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为"该¼¼，与should的完成式含义类似。如：Ｔheporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.couldhave过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为"完全可以¼¼。这点与ought/should/have+过去分词用法相似。如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoremay/mighthave过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为"（那样）也许会¼¼。Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.1)．may/mightjustaswell不妨，最好"hadbetterSincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgoby．cannotcan't¼too¼越¼¼越好，怎么也不过分"cannot¼over¼如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.驾车时候，越越好Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.．usedn'tdid'tusetousedtodo)4．shouldexpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.我无法想象他竟然这样做。第 页共 ng也可以表示意义YourhairwantscuttingThebookisworthreadingThefloorrequireswashing.need既可以用needtobedone也可以使用need ng，两种形式都表达的意Thehouseneedspainting=thehouseneedstobeThewatchneededrepairing=thewatchneededtobe（二）形容词、副词及以-lycostly昂贵的lonely孤独的deadly死一般的lively活泼的friendly友好的silly傻气的kindly热心肠的likely可能的leisurelyugly长得丑的brotherlymonthlyearthlyafraidalikeawakealonealiveashamedasleep睡着的aware的、察觉到wellcontentunableearthendailylattergolden金子般的weekly每周的inner里面的silken丝一般的monthly每月的outer外面的wooden木制的yearly每年的elder年长的woolen的former前任的mere仅，只不过页共 onlysheerverylittleliveremainkeep e,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,如：Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften,orbetterthananactual[A]asgoodas[B]asgood[C]good[D]good答案为AOnthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'smarathonwashalf[A]oflastyear's[B]thoseoflastyear's[C]ofthoseoflastyear[D]thatoflastyear's（前后相比的应该是今年和去年参加的人数"thenumberof"故代替它的应该是单数指示代词"that"，而不能选择B，those是指代participants，不是同类对比，答案为D。Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofdickensfarmoreexcitingthan原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为"为¼若干倍",当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时他们的位置是，倍数词+as¼as¼或倍数词+more¼than¼again一般放在原级词之后，即"as+原级＋again+as".如：Smokingissoharmfulto alhealththatitkillspeopleeachyearthanauto[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimes[CoverseventimesDseventimes(答案为B)"Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?NoIwouldgladlyhavepaidforit."[A]twicesomuch[B]twiceas[CasmuchtwiceDsomuchtwice(答案为B)MyuncleisasoldagainasI第页共 inferiorminorseniorpriorpreferto,superiormajorjuniorpreferabledifferfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.如：Theirwatchistoalltheotherwatchesonthe[A]superior[B]advantageous[C]super[D]（Priortohisdepartureheaddressedalettertohisdaughter1986年考研题daily等副词＋"结构表示"越来越¼¼"的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, e等。前面两种情况地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较ThingsaregettingworseandAsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.Herhealthwas ingdailyworseTheroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoroadatall=theroadgotworseandeven,stillyetallthemore)等修饰语用以加强语气，表示"更加"的TodayitisevencolderthanyesterdayIhaveyetmoreexcitingnewsfornotsomuch¼as¼与其说¼¼不如说¼Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.[A]and[B]as[C]but[D]no/notanymore¼than¼两者一样都不¼Theheartis ligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythe[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore[D]noThereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan[B]nomore[C]nolessthan[D]anymore（no/notanyless¼than¼两者一样,都¼¼no/notanymore¼thanjustas¼so¼正如¼¼¼¼也¼¼（用倒装结构Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,the[A]asitis[B]thesameis[C]sois[D]andso页共 1）比较范围用介词in,over,of,amongin,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：in,allovertheofamong用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：amongtheteachersofthefourdresses.注意：among¼相当于oneof¼,不说amongall¼。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来allvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortest[AAmongBOfC]ForD]To答案为anyother单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将结构转变成意义的语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other，否mostvery，用法区分单复数，但不能用定冠词the，如：amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants"the形容词最高级＋of+名词"的结构表示的的区别，如：HespokeinthewarmestofvoicesTheyhavebeenmostkindtomeBasketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.isthemostdifficultoflanguageisamostdifficult表示性质和特征的有：atomiceconomicscientificsonicgolden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy,表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily,weekly,monthly,annualpresentfrontback,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final um,minimum,utmost,main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite含有绝对概念的有：absoluteentirewholetotalperfectexcellentthorough,第页共 Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisyedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比notonly¼but(also)prefer¼to¼ratherthan有的是同类对比：andbut；or；both¼and¼；either¼or¼;neither¼nor¼..Itisbettertodieone'sfeetthan[A]livingonone'sknees[B]liveonone'sknees[C]onone'sknees[D]toliveonone'sknees(Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleinaal[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessForthenewcountrytosurvive,foritspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak[D]let's（Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.第页共 thatthatofConversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasionaldigestivepausesbyboth.thattherole。Nobreadeatenbymenissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.oneAgoodwriteriswhocanexpressthecommoncein mon[A]that[B]he[C]onedoForhimtobere-elected,whatisessentialisnotthathisworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.Eachcigarettea smokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseaseformitseffect.这里he指代前面 Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.itsfriendshipOurdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme页共 either¼orneither¼nornotonly¼butalso)NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithNeitherthepackagenorthelettershavereachedtheirdestinationIfeitherDavidorJanetcomes,heorshewillwantadrinknooneeveryoneeach,everybodynoneanybody,someone用作主语或主语的限定词时候,anything,nothing,somethingeverything等不定代Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.Noneoftheboyscandoit,canhe?Everythingisready,isn'teacheach位于动词之前，其后的代词或each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。Theyeachhavetwoweareeachresponsibleforhisownand如：thetouristandbusinessmenlosttheirluggageintheBuyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatalikesarerarelytheconesthatfithimorher.(1987年考研题Tounderstandthesituationcompleyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.第页共 TwoweekswastooFivetimesfivemakestwentyandand连接的lawandordersoapandwateracupandsaucerforkandknifetheneedleandthreadtrialanderrorhorseandcarriagetimeandtidebreadandbuttertheebbandflow如：Iflawandordernotp,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyisA.isB.areC.wasd.LinguisticsisabranchofstudyonhumanThechaoswasstoppedbytheThenewsisagreatencouragementtousAseriesofdebatesbetweenthelectureswasscheduledforthenextBreadandbutterisourdailyfoodTimeandtidewaitsfornoman二．谓语用复数情况and,both¼and,both,afewmanyseveral等修饰语后FewpeopleknowheandIwereclassmateswhenwewereat集体名词,public,militia,cattle,class,youth后常用复数形式的动ThepeoplearebraveandhardworkingThecattlearegrazinginthesunshine第 页共 TheJapanesewereonceveryThericharenotalwaysThreemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthat1）either¼or¼neither¼nor¼whether¼or¼notonly¼butalsoor等连NeithermoneynorfamehasinfluenceonNotonlyyoubutalsoheisBlockingtheopen-sidedporch,framedbytheenvelofog,standsatallgrave-facedman.JustoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytallAlthoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacili主语带有（together/along）with,suchas, paniedby,aswellas,nolessthan,except,besides,with,combinedwith,inadditionto,including,ProfessorTaylor,withsixofhisstudents,isattendingaconferenceinBostonorganizedtocomparecurrentpracticeintheUnitedStateswiththoseofothernations.Theofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isnningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.(1981年考研题)Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.（1996年考研题第 页共 Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.（1990年考研题用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：alotof/lotsofplentyof/heapsofhalfof;two-third(three-¼)of;eighty(ten,twenty¼)percent;partof;restof;noneofTwo-thirdsofpeoplepresentarewomenLotsofdamagewascausedbythefireband,ernment,group,flock,,public,staff,team,troop.Crowd,firmfamilyThefamilyisthebasicunitofoursocietyThefamilywerewatchingtheTVTheaudiencewasTheaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewordsagreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数themajorityof+thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数each/every+可数名词复数谓语用单数neither/eitherofoneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数morethanone+manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数第12 页共18 thegreaterpartalargeproportionof50%ofplentyoftherestofof后面的名词一致notonly¼butalsonot¼..but谓语的数与主语的第二部分（即(n)orbutalsobut引导的后面部分）一致.MorestudentsthanonehavebeenreferredtoMorethanonestudentisgoingtobuythisbookDownjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.Upwentthene出于习惯用法：heretherenowthushencethen.如：Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.HereisaticketforThereexistedacertaindoubtamongthestudentsastothenecessityof"whereisthecup？""Hereitis！"Hereyouare.Therehe第 页共 LessimportantthaneverisdeveloameaningfulphilosophyofInbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawhole,butfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitsneverno,neithernotonly,hardly,scarcely,littleseldomrarely,notuntil,nowhereatnotimeonnoaccountinnorespectinnosensebynomeans,invain,stillless。如：Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.(1985年考研题Littledidweexpectthathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.（1983年考研题Suddenly,Gallup'snamewasoneveryone'slips;notonlywashetheprophetofthemoment,butitwasgenerallybelievedthathehadfoundedanewandmostimportantmethodofprediction.onlythen,onlyatthattimeonlyonceonlyinthisway,onlywith,onlythrough,onlyby,onlywhen,onlyafter,onlybecause。如：Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacometoasoundconclusion.[A]canyou[B]wouldyou[C]youwill[D]youcanoften,so,welltosuchadegreetosuchanextenttosuchextremestosuchapoint,manyatime。如：Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersthatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetothemtobreakforsportsandgames.[A]becamethechildren[B] ethechildren[C]hadthechildren e[D]dothechildren (2001第 页共 asthan引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构（不倒装也可Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Today'selectuiccarscannotgoasfastasgasoline-drivenvehiclesbecausethebatterydoesnotofferthesameamountofenergyasdoesgasolinecombustion.ReadingistothemindasisexercisetotheTheyhavegotup,andsohasIfyoudon'tagreetoourn,neitherwill"notonly..butalso"notonlybutalso)句子后Notonlydidweloseallourmoney,butwealsocameclosetobeingMuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.Braveastheyare,theyareafraidofWhileit'struethatweallneedacareer,preferablyaprofitableone,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificor Thebusinessofeachdaysellinggoodsorshipthem,wentquite[Aitbei