John Donne约翰·多恩的诗歌

Donne’spoemscanbedividedintotwo

categories:theyouthfullovelyrics[‘liriks]抒情诗

andthelatersacredverses宗教诗.Theyouthfullovelyricswerepublishedafterhisdeathin1633.Hisearlypoemswerelovesongs,elegies[‘elidʒis]

,andversesatires[’sætaiə]讽刺诗.Donne’slatersacredverses,Devotions[di‘vəuʃən]

uponEmergentOccasions《突发事件的祷告》whichshowtheintenseinterestDonnehadundertheshadowofdeath.

Heisrememberedforwit

andpoignancy[‘pɔiɡnənsi]

辛辣ofhispoetryJohnDonne’s---

PoemsYouthfullovelyrics---SongsandSonnetsIt’sdifferentfrommostoftheElizabethanlyrics;2.It’swhimsical[‘hwimzikəl]古怪andsatirical[sə’tirikəl]讽刺instyleandexclamatory[ik‘sklæmətəri]感叹的

intone;3.It’scharacterizedbydirectness,irony[‘aiərəni]讽刺

andcynicism[’sini,sizəm]

愤世嫉俗，玩世不恭;4.It’ssuffusedwithanemotionalintensityandaspiritualized[‘spiritjulaiz]

ardour

[’ɑ:də]激情uniqueinEnglishpoetry;

5.Ithasfantasticmetaphors[‘metəfə]

隐喻andextravagant[ik‘strævəɡənt]

过度的hyperboles[hai’pə:bəlis]夸张Donne’sPoetry---UnmusicalnessItisduetoDonne’sconversationaltoneandnaturalspeechrhythms;Donne’spoetryisfamousforitsabrupt,direct,surprisingopenings.Plainlytheaimhereisnotsweetness,grace,orverbalmelody口头的旋律.

Itisaresultfromavigorousexploitation大力开发

ofthenaturalrhythmsofthespeakingvoice.Donnewasaconsciousartist,andhedeliberatelyavoidedconventional常规的

movementandcourtliness谦恭

ofdiction

['dikʃən]

用语.

Oneoftheprimecausesofdissonant['disənənt]

不谐和的

effectsinDonne’sjuxtaposing[dʒʌkstə'pəuzing]并列；并置

twoormorestressedsyllables

['siləbls]

音节

.

Donne’sPoetry-

VerseargumentAdmirationfordifficultyinthethought.Itputstouseasubtle[‘sʌtl]

微妙的and

outrageous

[aut'reidʒəs]logic.Itisusuallyorganizedinthedramatic引人注目的

orrhetorical[ri‘tɔrikəl]修辞的

formofanurgentorheatedargument(firstdrawinginthereaderandthenlaunchingtheargument).

Itrevealsapersistentwittiness扣人心弦,makinguseofparadox[‘pærədɔks]悖论

puns双关语

,andstartling

[’stɑ:tliŋ]令人吃惊的

parallels类比

.

Donne’spoetryisremarkableforitsfusion融合ofpassionatefeelingandlogicalargument逻辑论证.Themorehemoved,thequickerhismindworked.

Donne’sPoetry--

Conceit[kən'si:t]

TheElizabethanpoetswerefondofPetrarchan彼特拉克式conceits,whichwereconventional传统的comparisons,imitated模仿的

fromthelovesongsofPetrarch[‘pe’tra:k]彼特拉克

(意大利诗人，欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表

),inwhichthebeloved

心上人wascomparedtoaflower,agarden,orthelike.The

metaphysicalpoets玄学派诗歌

fashionedconceitsthatwerewitty

,complex,intellectual,andoftenstartling.SamuelJohnsondisapprovedofsuchstrainedmetaphors牵强的隐喻,declaringthatintheconceit“themostheterogeneous[hetərəu‘dʒi:njəs]

ideas异质思想

areyoked结合

byviolencetogether.”

Donne'sworksuggestsahealthyappetiteforlifeandits

pleasures,whilealsoexpressingdeepemotion.Hedidthisthroughtheuseofconceits,wit智慧andintellect—asseeninthepoems"TheSunRising"and"BatterMyHeart".OneofthemostfamousofDonne'sconceits

isfoundin"AValediction[,væli'dikʃən]

Forbidding

Mourning《告别辞：请勿悲伤》"Donne’sPoetry--

Style

Donne’sworksarealsowitty.But

mostareoftenironic讽刺

andcynical愤世嫉俗的,especiallyregardingloveandhumanmotives行为动机

.CommonsubjectsofDonne'spoemsarelove(especiallyinhisearlylife),death(especiallyafterhiswife'sdeath),andreligion.Donne’sPoetry--Works《歌与十四行诗》(SongsandSonnets)《挽歌》(theElegies)《跳蚤》（TheFlea）《圣十四行诗》(HolySonnets)《突发事件的祷告》(DevotionsuponEmergentOccasions)TheMetaphysicalSchoolaspecificgroupofthe17thcenturypoetswhowroteinthemannerofthepoetJohnDonne.Theywrotemetaphysicalportrythatisatermwhichcanbeappliedtopoetrydealingwithphilosophicalorspiritualmatters.ThoughtherewasnoorganizedgroupofpoetswhoimitatedDonne,theinfluenceofhispoeticstylewaswidelyfeltonGeorgeHerbert,RichardCrashow,HenryVaughan,andA.Cowley.SamuelJohnsoncoinedtheterm"metaphysicalpoets"todescribeDonneandhispoeticdescendantswhenhewroteofAbrahamCowleyintheLivesoftheEnglishPoetsthatthemetaphysicalpoetsweremenoflearning,andtoshowlearningwastheirwholeendeavor.MetaphysicalPoetry

Highlyintellectualizedpoetrywrittenchieflyin17th-centuryEngland.Lessconcernedwithexpressingfeelingthanwithanalyzingit.

Metaphysicalpoetryismarkedbyboldandingeniousconceits(e.g.,metaphorssometimesforcedparallelsbetweenapparentlydissimilarideasorthings).

JohnDonnewastheleadingMetaphysicalpoet;othersincludeGeorgeHerbert,HenryVaughan,AndrewMarvell,andAbrahamCowley.

TheMetaphysicalPoetry

------MainFeaturesThedictionissimple,andechoesthewordsandcadences

ofcommonspeech.Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.MainRepresentativeAndrewMarvell(31Mar1621–16August1678)wasan

Englishmetaphysicalpoet,

Parliamentarian,andthesonofaChurchofEnglandclergyman(alsonamedAndrewMarvell).Asametaphysicalpoet,heisassociatedwithJohnDonneandGeorgeHerbert.Thebest-knownpoemhewroteis《ToHisCoyMistress》.TheFleaFleaswereapopularsubjectforhumorousandamatory(恋爱的，情人的)poetryinallcountriesattheRenaissance（文艺复兴时期）.Theirpopularitystemsfromaneventthathappenedinaliterarysalon.Onanoccasionafleahappenedtolandupononelady’sbreast.Thepoetswereamazedatthecreature’saudacity（大胆，厚颜）,andwereinspiredtowritepoetryaboutthebeast.Itsoonbecamefashionableamongpoetstowritepoemsaboutfleas.Markbutthisflea,andmarkinthis,Howlittlethatwhichthoudeniestmeis;Meitsuckedfirst,andnowsucksthee,Andinthisfleaourtwobloodsmingledbee;光看看这只跳蚤，看看在它体内，你所拒绝我的有多么微不足道；我，它先叮咬了，现在又叮咬你，在这跳蚤肚里，我俩的血混为一体；

Stanza1Stanza1Thouknow’stthatthiscannotbesaidAsin,orshame,orlossofmaidenhead,Yetthisenjoysbeforeitwoo,Andpamperedswellswithonebloodmadeoftwo,Andthis,alas,ismorethanwewoulddo.坦白承认此事，这并不能够说是一桩罪过，或耻辱，或丧失贞洁，它并没有向我们请求就已经得到了享受，饱餐由两人血滴合成的那滴血之后大腹便便，而这，咳，比我们要做的还深重。

1ststanza:ContemplativeandwhimsicalInthispoem,the"I"ofthepoemislyinginbedwithhislover,andtryingtogethertogivehervirginitytohim.Whilelyingthere,henoticesaflea,whichhasobviouslybittenthemboth.Sincethe17-centuryideawasofsexasa"minglingoftheblood",herealizesthatbymixingtheirbloodstogetherinitsbody,thefleahasdonewhatshedidn'tdaretodo.Then,heargues,sincethefleahasdoneit,whyshouldn'tthey?Tobackuphisargument,hereferstothemarriageceremony,whichstatesthat"Manshallbejoineduntohiswifeandtheytwoshallbeoneflesh".Hearguesthatsincetheyhavemingledtheirbloodsandaretherefore"oneblood",theyarepractically"oneflesh"andarethereforemarried!Stanza2Ohstay,threelivesinonefleaspare,Whenwealmost,naymorethanmarriedare.ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebed,andmarriagetempleis;呆着吧，饶了这一只跳蚤身上的三条性命，在其中我们几乎，不，更甚于婚配。这跳蚤就是你和我，它的腹腔就是我们的婚床，和婚庆礼堂；

Stanza2Thoughparentsgrudge,andyou,wearemet,Andcloisteredintheselivingwallsofjet.

Thoughusemakeyouapttokillme,Letnottothat,self-murderaddedbe,Andsacrilege,threesinsinkillingthree.尽管父母怨恨，你也不从，我们照样相会且躲藏在黝黑的有生命的墙体之内。虽说出于习惯你总是想扑杀我，别往那（指掐死跳蚤）上头再加上自杀之罪和对神的亵渎——杀害三命的三重罪孽。

2ndstanza:Becomesmoreabsurd,pacegetsfasterNotonlydoesthatreinforcehisseduction（诱惑）argument,butitalsoprovidesammunition（军火，弹药）forhimtodefendhimselfwhenthefemaledoesthenextlogicalthingandmovestokilltheflea.Donnearguesthatbyspillinghisbloodandhersbykillingtheflea,sheispracticallycommittingmurder.Notonlythat,butbybreakingtheholybondofmarriagesheiscommittingsacrilege（渎圣罪）!Thefleabecomesultimatelyasymboloftheworldinwhichthelovers'desiresarerealized,"thisourmarriagebedandmarriagetempleis."Marriageandconsummationisapastissue,sincewithinthefleatheirbloodisalreadymingledandthe"child"oftheiruniongrows.Thefleaisnowtherealm（领域）

ofmarriage,all-encompassingtheloversandexcludinganyparentsorpatriarchal（家长的，族人的）sanction.Thewallsofthisrealmarejetblack,indicatingthatsomethingsinister（险恶的）

orevilistooccurhere.Thiscouldbeareferencetotheillicit（违法的）marriage,ortheforbiddenmixingofroyalandcommonblood,orperhapsonlytheimpiety（不虔诚）ofthepoet'scomparisonthatlossofinnocenceshouldbesotrivialasthelifeofaflea.Thelady'ssignificanceisreducedtothatofablackwidowspideratthispoint,wherethepoetsayssheisapttokillhimafterthisconsummationofanon-existentmarriage.Withthismetaphor（暗喻）

ofthespider,whoisalsojetincolor,theobjectoftheman'sloveisreducedtothepositionoftheflea.Ifthefleaispregnantwiththeirblood-child,thenshe(thelady)mayaswellbepregnanttoo.Nowthatthistiehasbeenestablishedbetweenthebloodofthewomanandtheflea,ifthewomanweretokilltheflea,itwouldbeaformofsuicide.Sotokillthisflea,thewomanwouldhavetocommitmurder(ofthesymbolicmarriagerealmandthechildwithin),suicide(killingofherownblood),andsacrilege(whichsuicideis).Apparentlythewomankillsthefleaanyway,sincethedeathofthefleaandherowncorruption（堕落）

isaddressednext.Stanza3Cruelandsudden,hastthousincePurpledthynailinbloodofinnocence?Whereincouldthisfleaguiltybe,Exceptinthatdropwhichitsuckedfromthee?

残忍而突然，你是否从此时此刻以无辜的鲜血染红了你的指甲？这跳蚤有什么可以责难罪咎，除了它从你身上吸取的那一小口？

Stanza3Yetthoutriumph'st,andsay’stthatthouFind'stnotthyself,normetheweakernow;'Tistrue,thenlearnhowfalsefearsbe;Justsomuchhonor,whenthouyield'sttome,Willwaste,asthisflea'sdeathtooklifefromthee.然而，

你得意洋洋，声称说你并没有发现你我（因失血而变得）有些虚弱；的确，那么该知道恐惧是多么虚幻不真；接受我的求爱不会让你的名誉有丝毫损耗，一如这跳蚤之死没有让你的生命有所损失一样。

3rdStanza:SlowingandReversalofArgumentHowever,thefleafinallyiskilled,andthepoetisforcedtochangetactics（策略）.There,heargues,killingthefleawaseasy,andasyousayithasn'tharmedus-well,yieldingtomewillbejustaseasyandpainless.Bykillingthefleawhomthepoethasgivensuchstrangeattributes,thewomansquashesthesymbolicworldthemanhasconstructedandbroughtthembothbacktoreality.Bymurderingthe"innocent"flea,theladyhas"purpledhernail,"acolorassignedtotheclothingofroyalty.Shehascommittedthesinsthatdestroytheunionoftheirblood,soshetriumphs.TheFlea-analysisNotetheroleofthefemaleinthispoem-herobjectionsarenevernoted,justreactedto,andshemakesthemostpowerfulstatementinthepoem,yetitisanon-verbalstatement(hercrushingoftheflea)Thereisalotofhyperbole（夸张法）

inthispoem,atechniquethatDonneoftenusestomakeapoint.Onebloodmadeoftwo...-inDonne’stime,thesexactwa