常耀信美国文学史第三版Chapter-6-Whitman·Dickinson课件

BorninMay31,1819intoaworking-classfamily,thesecondsonofacarpenter.Largelyself-taught,readalotofworksofShakespeare,Homer,DanteandtheBible.In1836,asateacherintheone-roomschoolhousesofLongIsland.Continuingtoteachuntil1841,thenturningtojournalismasafull-timecareer.

Whitman’sLifeIn1848,hetraveledsouthtoworkintheNewOrleans.In1855,thefirsteditionofhiswork,LeavesofGrasscameoutwithhisownmoney,whichcontainedtwelvepoems.In1856,hissecondeditionofthebookreleased,containingthirty-threepoems,aletterfromEmersonpraisingthefirsteditionandalongopenletterbyWhitmaninresponse.WhitmanwasburiedinHarleighCemetery(公墓)afterhisdeathonMarch26,1892.ReligionWhitmanwasdeeplyinfluencedbydeism(自然神论).Hedeniedanyonefaithwasmoreimportantthananother,andembracedallreligionsequally.Whitman'ssexualorientationisgenerallyassumedtobehomosexualorbisexualonthebasisofhispoetry,thoughthisassumptionhasbeendisputed.Hispoetrydepictsloveandsexualityinamoreearthy,individualisticwaycommoninAmericanculturebeforethemedicalizationofsexualityinthelate19thcentury.WhitmanandPeterDoyle,oneofthemenwithwhomWhitmanwasbelievedtohavehadanintimaterelationship.SexualityOrientalismPantheismEnlightenmentIdealismTranscendentalismScienceGermanphilosophyCivilWarUnionismIndividualism

"CrossingBrooklynFerry"(1855)"Hush'dBetheCampsTo-Day"(1865)"ISingtheBodyElectric"(1865)"ANoiselessPatientSpider"(1891)"OCaptain!MyCaptain!"(1865)"OneHourtoMadnessandJoy"(1860)"One'sSelfISing"(1867)"OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking"(1859)"PatrollingBarnegat"(1856)"Pioneers!OPioneers!"(1865)"PrayerofColumbus"(1900)"SongofMyself"(1855)"SongoftheOpenRoad"(1856)"ThisDustWasOncetheMan"(1871)"WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom'd"(1865)Sections:CalamusSea-DriftDrum-TapsFranklinEvans(1842)DemocraticVistas(1871)MainWorksLeavesofGrass(1855—1892)OtherworksLeavesofGrass“Thisisthegrassthatgrowswhateverthelandisandthewateris.”哪里有土，哪里有水，哪里就长着草。TheLeaveswerecalled“noxiousweeds,”it’spoetry“poetryofbarbarism”and“amassofstupidfilth.”邪恶的种子，野蛮的诗歌，一滩愚蠢的污秽物。Whitman’sMajorWorks章嫣然2013105204LeavesofGrass《草叶集》AcollectionofpoemsNineeditions(12poems—over400poems)1855,1856,1860,1867,1871,1876(twovolumes,LeavesofGrassandTwoRivulets),1881,1889,1891-92(orthe“DeathbedEdition”)Firstedition(1855)Itcontainedtwelvepoemsanddidnotsellwell,butitmadeastirontheAmericanliteraryscene.Itbrokewiththepoeticconvention,anditssexualityandexoticandvulgarlanguagebroughtharshcriticismsonit.Fifthedition(1871)WhitmanbegantoreceiverecognitioninEnglandandAmerica.Deathbededition(1891-92)Itcontainedallofhis400-oddpoemsandbecamethesingle“poem”—hislifetimeendeavor.SongofMyself《自我之歌》“SongofMyself”revealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy.InageneralsenseleavesofGrassisanAdamicsong,anditsauthoranAdamicsinger.ThereWasaChildWentForth《有个小孩走过来》

CrossingBrooklynFerry《过布鲁克林渡口》

DemocraticVistas《民主的前景》

PassagetoIndia《向印度前行》

ProudMusicoftheStorm《骄傲的风暴之音乐》Whitman’spoetrysuggests,ratherthantells;hiswholeLeavesofGrassisratheradramatizationoftheideathatitis“apassagewaytosomethingratherthanathinginitselfconcluded.”OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking

《走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮》Itisareminiscenceofachildhoodexperience.

Threesubsections----

singsofidealloveandbliss;bereavementandlonesomelove;deathasthespiritualfulfillmentoflonesomeloveTwosetsofsymbols——thedualityofnatureandlifethesun—themoonday—nightland—seathecycleofnatureinitsrhythmicalevolutionendsonlytorenewitself,withdeathasthebeginningofnewlife.LifeandthephysicalDeathandthespiritualWhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom

《当紫丁香上次在庭院中开放的时候》Thematically,itdealswiththetypicalWhitmanesquelove-and-deathmotif.ItwaswritteninmemoryofPresidentLincoln.star—deathlilac—atokenoflifeforthedead

bird—insight…deathnotastheendbutasthebeginningofnewlife.

Allgoesonwardandoutward,nothingcollapses.(songofmyself)WaltWhitman’sThemesinhispoemsLiterarypointsofviewWritingstyleExtensiveinfluenceThemesinWhitman’spoemsExtolstheidealofequalityanddemocracycelebratesthedignity,theself-reliancespirit,andthejoyofthecommonman.RespondsenthusiasticallytotheexpansionofAmerica.Emphasisonbrotherhoodandsocialsolidarity.Expresseshispursuitofloveandhappiness,hisideasaboutdeath,andbeautyofdeath.Attackstheslaverysystemandracialdiscrimination.LiterarypointsofviewWhitmanwasacatalogofAmericanandEuropeanthought.InfluencedbyEmerson,Whitmanstatesthatthegreatestpoetbreathesintotheworldthegrandeurandlifeoftheuniverse.Artshouldbebasedorganicallyonnature;thepoet’sworkgrowsoutofnatureandcosmicprocessesandderivesitsformfromwithin.Whitmanembracesidealism.Hereliesoninsightandintuition.WritingStyleOneofthemajorprinciplesofWhitman’stechniqueisparallelismorarhythmofthought.AnothermainprincipleofWhitman’sversificationisphoneticrecurrence.Hispoetrysuggestsratherthantells.Mostofthepictureshepaintedwithwordsarehonest,undistortedimagesofdifferentaspectsofAmericaoftheday.Whitman’slanguageisrelativelysimpleandevenrathercrude.AnothercharacteristicinWhitman’slanguageishisstrongtendencytouseoralEnglish.Whitman’svocabularyisamazing.Hewouldusepowerful,colorful,aswellasrarely-usedwords.2)phoneticrecurrence音律的重复Twoprinciples1)parallelism(对称)orarhythmofthought(思想的韵律)coordinatewithandreinforceeachotherIcelebratedmyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.Influence“AmericanRenaissance”Whitman’sinfluenceovermodernpoetryisgreatintheworldaswellasinAmerica.Hisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofwesternculture.Heisrecognizedasafatherfigurewholedthebreakfromthepast.WhitmanhasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.Forhisinnovationsindictionandversification,hisfranknessaboutsex,hisinclusionofthecommonplaceanduglyandhiscensureoftheweaknessoftheAmericandemocraticpractice—thesehavepavedhiswaytoashareofimmortalityinAmericanliterature.DickinsonWhitmanindividual(个人)society(社会)regional(地方)national(全国)direct,simple(直接,简单)endless,all-inclusive(段落长,观点多)DifferenceEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)1.lifetime2.threeperiodsofwriting3.thethemesofherpoems4.works5.writingstyles6.Analysisofherbornin1830intoaCalvinistfamilyofAmherst,Massachusetts.anenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary，while,duringhermid-twentiesEmilybegantogrowreclusive.lifetime

threeperiodsofwritingbefore1861,traditionalstyle，naturalfeelingfirstperiod1861~1865,themostproductiveperiod，expressdeathandimmortalitysecondperiodafter1866,lessworkthirdperiod1.religious-ethical&political-social2.death&immortality3.love4.naturethemesofDickinson'poem:EmilyDickinson'thoughts见书本1.P982.P993.P1004.P100works:"IDiedforBeauty-butwasscarce"《我渴望那罕见的美》"MyLifeClosedTwiceBeforeItsClose"《我的生命已结束过两次》"NewFeetwithinMyGardenGo"《我花园里的新脚步》DeathisaDialoguebetweenTheSpiritandtheDust"Dissolve"saysDeath---TheSpirit"SirIhaveanotherTrust"--Deathdoubtsit--ArguefromtheGround--ThespiritturnsawayJustlayingoffforevidenceAnOvercoatofClayEmilyDickinson(1830---1886)死亡是一场对话在灵魂与尘土之间死亡说:"消散吧"而灵魂说"先生,我已有另外的打算"死亡对此表示怀疑,争论从头进行灵魂转身离开仅仅只是为了留下证据脱下了那具肉体的外衣

Analysis:Inthispoemtheconceptsofdeathandthespiritbringcontrdictingtones.Thishappensbecausethepoemencompasses(包含)twooppositeideas:evildeathandaserenespirit.deathcoveysafearfultone,however,thespiritaddspeacefuloptimismtotheoverallattitudeofthispoem.Sincethispoemdealswiththeafterlife,theuseofallusions(暗示)byEmilyDickinson,itcanbeinferredthatthethemeofthepoemdealswithreligion.TheDeviltriestocorruptthespiritbycausingthespirittodenyGod,whoisthespitit'strust.sodeathcancapturethespiritandbringhimtoHell.However,thespiritdoesnotdenyGodandgoesofftoHeaven.ThemesOnDeathHer

attitudetowardimmortalitywascontradictory.ItisclearalwaysthatforDickinsonlifeandconsciousnessareinseparable.Tobetransmutedintograssortranscendentallymadeonewiththeoceanortheover-soulareasirrelevantandmeaninglesstothisindividualistastheideawouldhavebeentoherpuritanancestors.1狄金森诗歌的死亡意象表达了作者的生死观2独特的宗教悖论观TellallthetruthbuttellitslantTellalltheTruthbuttellitslant-SuccessinCircuitliesToobrightforourinfirmDelightTheTruth'ssuperbsurpriseAslightningtotheChildreneasedWithexplanationkindTh