英译汉第9讲翻译技巧之倒置法连淑能英译汉教程

倒置法inversion翻译技巧2021-5-7第九讲inversion英语受亚里士多德的演绎法逻辑思维模式的影响，英语常突出主语或主题句，注重分析推理，直线性、有秩序、有层次地围绕主题展开，信息安排往往采用“突显〞语序：由近及远、开门见山、一语破的、头短尾长，先点出主要的或重要的判断、结论、观点、态度、要旨、结果、行为等，再追叙一些与此相关的背景、历史、条件、环境、事实、情况、情节、理由、原因、分析、例证等〔general-to-specificsequence〕，句子或语篇开头注重的是“wheretheargument/talkisgoing〞；也有受培根的归纳法逻辑思维模式的影响，采用相反的语序，或按照时间先后的自然语序。2023/7/182inversion汉语受儒、道、佛的悟性思维模式的影响，汉语多注重话题，注重“意识流〞，注重事理和先后顺序，常常采用非演绎式的、往往是领悟式的归纳型、经验式的临摹型或螺旋式、漫天谈式的思维模式，喜欢“摆事实，讲道理〞，信息安排常常按照“自然〞语序：由远及近、层层剥笋、逐步深入、头长尾短，先表达一些背景、历史、条件、环境、事实、情况、情节、理由、原因、分析、例证等，再点出主要的或重要的判断、结论、观点、态度、要旨、结果、行为等〔specific-to-generalsequence〕，句子或语篇开头注重的是“wheretheargument/talkiscomingfrom〞，通常反映了现实的时间和事理顺序，犹如对现实生活经历的临摹；也有类似英语的逻辑顺序。2023/7/183比较要点英语汉语叙事部分与表态部分的顺序先总提后分述表态部分（判断、结论等）在前叙事部分（事实、分析等）在后先分述后总提顺序往往相反意思强弱、轻重部分的顺序先弱后强先轻后重先小后大顺序往往相反长短部分的顺序先短后长常用时态、连接词语等表示时间和逻辑顺序先长后短常用分句、短句、断句、流水句按时间和事理顺序排列描写性、限制性部分的位置多作定语，少作谓语多作谓语，少做定语连用数个形容词的顺序越能说明人和事物本质的越靠近名词顺序往往相反2023/7/184比较要点英语汉语定语的位置单词在名词之前短语、从句在名词之后修饰词语较分散单词、词组和小句在名词之前没有定语从句较短的修饰词语较集中较长的修饰词语较分散状语的位置比较灵活较长的常在句末常在动词之前状语分句常在主句之前同位语的位置较长的在名词之后较短的在名词之前位置往往相反主、谓、宾（表）的位置有时不靠拢可被其他较长成分隔开靠拢，不宜相隔太远2023/7/185inversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesinversionofwordorderintranslatingattributespositionofadjectiveclausesinversionofadverbialspositionofadverbialclausesinversionofsentencestructure2023/7/186inversioninversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesinversionofwordorderintranslatingattributespositionofadjectiveclausesinversionofadverbialspositionofadverbialclausesinversionofsentencestructure2023/7/187inversion词组或短语的词序倒置2023/7/188inversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesnorth,south,east,andwestnortheast,northwest,southeast,southwestmenandwomen,youngandold,sistersandbrotherssoonerorlateryou,heandIrichandpoorfood,clothingandhousing东西南北东北、西北、东南、西南男女老少、兄弟姐妹迟早你我他贫富衣食住smallandmedium-sizedcountries中小国家peasantswhohadlittleornoland无地和少地的农民beslighted,pushedasideorattacked受打击、排斥或轻视2023/7/189inversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesEnglishChinesenarrowerrange→widerrangewiderrange→narrowerrangelessimportant→moreimportantmoreimportant→lessimportantweaker→strongerstronger→weakerinversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesinversionofwordorderintranslatingattributespositionofadjectiveclausesinversionofadverbialspositionofadverbialclausesinversionofsentencestructure2023/7/1810inversion定语的词序倒置2023/7/1811inversionofwordorderintranslatingattributesGodAlmightyprofessoremeritusthebodypoliticproofpositivetherentduethirdpersonsingular万能的神/上帝荣誉退休教授政治团体确凿的证据该付的/到期的房租单数第三人称限定词描述性分类性中心词冠词、指示代词、不定代词、所有格、数量词主观判断客观描述来源物质（动）名词性质特征大小形状新旧颜色2023/7/1812watchwallapplesfacecarpetsaveryvaluableoldgoldaredbrickhighsomeeatinggreensoursmallpinkherroundChinesegreenthreelarge一个很贵重的旧金表一堵高的红砖墙一些适宜生吃的绿色酸苹果她那张粉红色的小圆脸三条绿色的中国大地毯限制性判断性描述性本质性中心词物主、国别时间、地点数量、指代名词、单音节词2023/7/1813中国的一位优秀青年作家他这几篇专为大学生编写的最新实用语法教材去年皖北小麦的平均产量我们在其他地区的许多重要的新水利工程anoutstandingcontemporaryyoungChinesewriterhispracticalandlatesttextbookongrammarforcollegestudentstheaverageoutputofwheatinNorthAnhuilastyearmanyofourimportantnewwaterconservancyprojectsinotherareasConciseOxfordDictionaryofEnglishLiterature?牛津简明英国文学词典?TheAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish?高级现代英语学习词典?Nineteen-centuryAmericanhistory十九世纪的美国历史/美国十九世纪的历史remarkablepoliticalstability政局非常稳定thefirstAfricantobeawardedtheNobelPrizeinrecognitionofhislongnon-violentstruggleagainstracialdiscrimination因长期同种族歧视作非暴力斗争而被授予诺贝尔奖的第一位非洲人2023/7/1814inversionofwordorderintranslatingattributesShehadsuchakindly,smiling,tender,gentle,generousheartofherown.她心地厚道，为人乐观，性情温柔，待人和蔼，气量又大。Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamentaldaughterofawell-to-dodoctorinHaddington.她是哈丁顿一位富裕医生的女儿，有才华，又迷人，但有点脾气。Thenonecanseetheoval

faceofahandsomeyoungwomanwithdeepdarkeyesandlongheavyclingingtresses.那时可以看出，她是一个眉清目秀的少女，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。2023/7/1815inversionofwordorderintranslatingattributesinversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesinversionofwordorderintranslatingattributespositionofadjectiveclausesinversionofadverbialspositionofadverbialclausesinversionofsentencestructure2023/7/1816inversionpositionofadjectiveclauses定语从句的位置英语的定语从句主要分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。限制性定语从句通常与被修饰的名词关系比较紧密，如果不是很长，翻译时宜将其置于名词之前；非限制性定语从句一般只对被修饰的名词做描述和补充说明，通常较长，翻译时宜将其与主句拆开译为两个分句。2023/7/1817Objectsthatdonottransferlightcauseshadows.不透光的物体会造成阴影。Atomsaretheunitsoutofwhichmoleculesarebuilt.原子是构成分子的根本单位。Hereweshalldiscussonlysuchfactorsasmaycausedistortionsofthesignal.这里我们将只讨论那些可能引起信号失真的因素。Wecouldnotreallyfeelsatisfied,calmorinagreementwiththesituationwithwhichwearefacedatthebeginningofthissessionoftheGeneralAssembly.我们对本届联合国大会开始时所面临的局势难以感到满意，也难以感到心安理得。2023/7/1818positionofadjectiveclausesBernardShawwasawell-knownEnglishplaywright,whowrotemanyplays.萧伯纳写过许多剧本，是英国一位著名剧作家。You,whoseancestorspioneeredthepathsofmoderncivilization,havetakentheroadtohigherformsofsocialorganizationandculture.你们的祖先开辟了走向现代文明的道路，而你们现在又已踏上了走向更高级的社会组织和文化形式的道路。Airisamixtureofgases,ofwhichoxygenforms21percentbyvolume.空气是多种气体的混合物，其中氧气占其体积的21%。Thetimehaslongpassedwhentheysoughtcomfortinthethoughtthatoureconomicplanswereunrealisticandunworkable.以前他们认为我们的经济方案是不现实的、行不通的，并以此聊以自慰。这样的岁月早已一去不复返了。2023/7/1819positionofadjectiveclauses定语从句有时可以表达目的、结果、原因、条件、转折、让步等意义，翻译时可以将表达该意义的连接词译出。2023/7/1820positionofadjectiveclausesJohn,whowassickyesterday,didnotcometoclass.约翰昨天病了，所以没来上课。Peter,whohadcarefullyreadthroughtheinstructionsbeforedoinghisexperiments,couldnotobtainsatisfactoryresults,becausehefollowedthemmechanically.虽然彼得在做实验之前从头到尾仔细阅读过操作指南，但是由于他生搬硬套，所以得不到满意的结果。Wemaintainthatnopeacesituationispermanentwhichdoesnottakeintoaccountthelegitimatewishesofthemajorityofthepeopleofanycountry.我们认为，如果不体谅一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望，任何和平局面都是不会持久的。SomychancesofgettingtorevolutionaryChinaareprettyslimalthoughIhavenotgivenupmyeffortstogetapassport,whichwillenablemetovisitthecountriesofSocialism.因此，我到革命的中国来的希望相当小了，虽然我并没有放弃努力，争取获得护照，以便访问社会主义国家。2023/7/1821positionofadjectiveclausesinversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesinversionofwordorderintranslatingattributespositionofadjectiveclausesinversionofadverbialspositionofadverbialclausesinversionofsentencestructure2023/7/1822inversioninversionofadverbials状语的词序倒置英语的副词经常位于动词后或整个句子的最后。而汉语的副词那么经常位于它们所修饰的动词前，表达目的地、程度、目的和结果等的副词除外。2023/7/1823S+V(+O)MannerPlaceofDirectionFrequencyTimeWestudyhardintheclassroomeveryday.HehasbeentoLondonseveraltimesthisyears.Hewalkedroundtheparkbeforesupper.IsawthatfilmattheRegalCinematwicelastweek.2023/7/1824inversionofadverbialsSTimePlaceofDirectionMannerV(+O)Frequency我去年在北京愉快地遇见他两次。她每天早晨在室外大声朗读。我们每周在学校里看电影一次。他每天清早环校慢跑两周。2023/7/1825inversionofadverbialsinversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesinversionofwordorderintranslatingattributespositionofadjectiveclausesinversionofadverbialspositionofadverbialclausesinversionofsentencestructure2023/7/1826inversionpositionofadverbialclauses状语从句的位置Englishadverbialclausesdenotingresult,mannerorcomparison

usuallyfollowthemainclause;otheradverbialclausesdenotingtime,place,cause,condition,concessionorpurposemayprecedeorfollowthemainclause.2023/7/1827positionofadverbialclausesChinesesubordinateclauses(附属分句)denotingresultorcomparisonfollowthemainclause;othersubordinateclausesdenotingtime,place,cause,condition,concessionorpurposegenerallyprecedethemainclauses.2023/7/1828Stormyapplausebrokeforththemomentsheappearedonthestage.她一出现在台上，就爆发出暴雨般的掌声。Themachinewillstartassoonasyoupressthebutton.你一按电钮，机器就会开动。I’mproudthatourcountryisforgingaheadatsuchaspeed.我国如此突飞猛进，我感到很骄傲。Shewassoworriedthatshecouldhardlyeathersupper.她担忧得简直吃不下晚饭。ShewouldhavefallenbutthatIcaughther.要不是我抓住她，她早就摔倒了。2023/7/1829positionofadverbialclausesManycenturieshadpassedbefore

manlearnedtomakefire.I’lldoitnowbefore

Iforgetit.Wehadscarcelyleftourschoolbefore

itbegantorain.Itwasnotlongbefore

heknewit.Before

IenteronthemainsubjectIhavesomethingtosay.Before

Icouldsayasingleword,heranaway.Lookbefore

youleap.Hewilldiebefore

helies.Exercise:BEFORE2023/7/1830(在)……(之、以)前/(后)……才/一(刚)……就/就、便、快/未……就，还没有(来得及)……就/趁(着)，不然会、要不就、以免/先……(然)后，先……再，而后，未……先/宁(可)……(也)不(肯)……，宁愿……绝不before1.(在)……(之、以)前2.(后)……才3.一……就4.就、便、快5.未……就，还没有(来得及)……就6.趁(着)，不然会、要不就、以免7.先……(然)后，先……再，而后，未……先8.宁(可)……(也)不(肯)……，宁愿……绝不Manycenturieshadpassedbefore

manlearnedtomakefire.

过了好几个世纪，人类才学会取火。I’lldoitnowbefore

Iforgetit.

我现在就做，以免忘了。Wehadscarcelyleftourschoolbefore

itbegantorain.

我们刚离开学校就下起雨来。Itwasnotlongbefore

heknewit.

他不久就知道这件事了。Answer:2023/7/1831(在)……(之、以)前/(后)……才/一(刚)……就/就、便、快/未……就，还没有(来得及)……就/趁(着)，不然会、要不就、以免/先……(然)后，先……再，而后，未……先/宁(可)……(也)不(肯)……，宁愿……绝不Before

IenteronthemainsubjectIhavesomethingtosay.

在讨论这一主题之前，我有些话要说。Before

Icouldsayasingleword,heranaway.

我还没说一句话，我就跑了。Lookbefore

youleap.

三思而后行。Hewilldiebefore

helies.

他宁死也不撒谎。Answer:2023/7/1832(在)……(之、以)前/(后)……才/一(刚)……就/就、便、快/未……就，还没有(来得及)……就/趁(着)，不然会、要不就、以免/先……(然)后，先……再，而后，未……先/宁(可)……(也)不(肯)……，宁愿……绝不Don’twaituntil

problemspileupandcausealotoftroublebefore

tryingtosolvethem.Don’topenthedooruntil

thetrainstops.Wecannotreallylearnanythinguntil

weridourselvesofcomplacency.Neverreachforthenextstepuntil

youfeelsureoftheprecedingone.Exercise:UNTIL2023/7/1833until1.在……之前2.(等)……再，等……才3.译为汉语的紧缩句Don’twaituntilproblemspileupandcausealotoftroublebeforetryingtosolvethem. 不要等到问题成了堆，闹出了许多乱子，然后才去解决。Don’topenthedooruntilthetrainstops. 火车未停，不要开门。Wecannotreallylearnanythinguntilweridourselvesofcomplacency. 不克服自满情绪，就无法真正学到任何东西。 要认真学习一点东西，必须从不自满开始。Neverreachforthenextstepuntilyoufeelsureoftheprecedingone. 第一步假设无把握，绝不要走第二步。 事无把握，绝不先行。Answer:2023/7/1834until1.在……之前2.(等)……再，等……才3.译为汉语的紧缩句inversionofwordorderintranslatingword-groupsorphrasesinversionofwordorderintranslatingattributespositionofadjectiveclausesinversionofadverbialspositionofadverbialclausesinversionofsentencestructure2023/7/1835inversion句子结构的倒置2023/7/1836inversionofsentencestructureinterrogativeinversionimperativeinversionexclamatoryinversionhypotheticalinversionbalanceinversionlinkinversionsignpostinversionnegativeinversionmetricalinversion疑问倒装命令倒装惊叹倒装假设倒装平衡倒装衔接倒装点题倒装否认倒装韵律倒装语法倒装&修辞倒装ItisafeatureofEnglishtoputlighterpartsbeforemoreweightyones,thenarrativeorthedescriptiveaftertheassertiveortheconclusive.Thatistosay,thepredicateisoftenlongerorheavierthanthesubject,whichiscalled“end-weight〞bygrammarians.Sucharrangement,however,isoftencontrarytothatinChinese.2023/7/1837inversionofsentencestructureEnglishChineseeffect→causecause→effectconclusion→analysisanalysis→conclusionhypothesis→premisepremise→hypothesis2023/7/1838inversionofsentencestructureWearedelightedwiththetwosuperpowers’treatylimitingthenumberofanti-ballisticmissilesystemsthattheymayretainandtheiragreementonlimitationsonstrategicoffensiveweapons.【原译】我们感到快乐的是，两个超级大国签订了限制它们可保存的反导弹系统的数目的条约并达成了限制进攻性战略武器的协议。【改译】两个超级大国签订了限制它们可保存的反导弹系统的数目的条约并达成了限制进攻性战略武器的协议，对此我们感到快乐。2023/7/1839effect&cause(原因与结果)inversionofsentencestructureThesolutiontotheproblemofSouthernAfricacannotremainforeverhostagetothepoliticalmaneuversandtacticaldelaysbySouthAfrica,nortoitstransparentproposalsaimedatprocrastinationandthepostponementofthesolution.【原译】南部非洲问题的解决不能永远成为南非耍政治花招和策略上的拖延手段的抵押品，也不能永远成为提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的抵押品。【改译】不管是南非耍政治花招还是策略上的拖延手段，抑或是提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的建议，都不能永远阻挡南部非洲问题的解决。2023/7/1840conclusion&analysis(结论与分析)inversionofsentencestructureOurcountrycouldbeeffectiveinboththetasksoutlinedbythePresident—thatis,ofendinghostilitiesaswellasofmakingacontributiontoapermanentpeaceintheMiddleEast—ifweconductedourselvessothatwecouldremaininpermanentcontactwithalloftheseelementsintheequation.如果我们采取行动，以便能够继续与中东问题各方保持接触，那么我国就能有效地担当起总统所提出的两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平做出奉献。2023/7/1841hypothesis&premise(假设与原因)inversionofsentencestructureIwas,andremain,gratefulforthepartheplayedintherecoveryofmylostdocument.我丧失的文件得以找回，他出了不少力。对此我过去感谢，现在仍然很感谢。HeflewbackjustyesterdayfromGeorgiawherehehadspenthisvacationafterthecompletionoftheconstructionjobhehadbeenengagedinthesouth.他本来在南方从事一项建筑工作，任务完成后，他就去佐治亚度假，昨天才坐飞机回来。2023/7/1842thelatest&theearliest(时间的先后)inversionofsentencestructureThetragediesoftheAswanHighDamarebutoneexampleoftheconsequencesofhumanattemptsto“improve〞onnaturebeforeunderstandingtheecologicalimplicationsoftheseacts.Thestatementthatoiloriginatedintheseaisconfirmedbyaglanceatamapshowingthechiefoilfieldsoftheworld.OvergrazingintheNearEastandNorthAfricahasresultedintheformationofthepresentdesertsalongtheoncefertileMediterraneanshores.Everybodywasquiteamazedthatamanconnectedwiththesepoliticalpeoplewouldbesofrankaboutthemanwhohadjustbeenelected.Exercise:2023/7/1843ThetragediesoftheAswanHighDamarebutoneexampleoftheconsequencesofhumanattemptsto“improve〞onnaturebeforeunderstandingtheecologicalimplicationsoftheseacts. 人类还没有理解自己的行动在生态上将意味着什么，就贸然去“改造〞自然，其后果是不堪设想的。阿斯旺高坝的悲剧仅仅是其中的一个例子。Thestatementthatoiloriginatedintheseaisconfirmedbyaglanceatamapshowingthechiefoilfieldsoftheworld. 石油是在海里形成的，这种说法，只要看一下世界主要油田分布图，就可以得到证实。Answer:2023/7/1844OvergrazingintheNearEastandNorthAfricahasresultedintheformationofthepresentdesertsalongtheoncefertileMed