计算机组织与结构

计算机组织与结构

ComputerOrganization

andArchitectureWilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitectureArchitecture(thoseattributesvisibletotheprogrammer)

Organization(theoperationalunitsandtheirinterconnectionsthatrealizethearchitecture)Thishierarchicalorganizationisdescribedinthisbookfromthetopdown:Computersystem,Processor,ControlunitTheexamplesofthisbookaredrawnfromtwocomputerfamilies:theIntelPentiumII,andthePowerPC.WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitectureThebookisorganizedintofiveparts:

PartOne—Overviewapreviewandcontextfortheremainderofthebook.

PartTwo—Thecomputersystem

Acomputersystemconsistsofprocessor,memory,andI/Omodules,plustheinterconnectionsamongthesemajorcomponents.WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitecture

PartThree

—ThecentralprocessingunitTheCPUconsistsofacontrolunit,registers,thearithmeticandlogicunit,theinstructionexecutionunit,andtheinterconnectionsamongthesecomponents.

PartFour

—ThecontrolunitThecontrolunitisthatpartoftheprocessorthatactivatesthevariouscomponentsoftheprocessor.Thispartlooksatthefunctioningofthecontrolunitanditsimplementationusingmicroprogramming.WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitecture

PartFive—ParallelorganizationThisfinalpartlooksatsomeoftheissuesinvolvedinmultipleprocessorandvectorprocessingorganizations.WilliamStallings

ComputerOrganization

andArchitectureChapter1

Introduction1.1Architecture&Organization1Computerarchitectureisthoseattributesvisibletotheprogrammer,or,thoseattributesthathaveadirectimpactonthelogicalexecutionofaprogram.Architecturalattributes:instructionset,numberofbitsusedfordatarepresentation,I/Omechanisms,addressingtechniques.e.g.Isthereamultiplyinstruction?Computerorganizationishowfeaturesareimplemented,inotherwords,computerorganizationreferstotheoperationalunitsandtheirinterconnectionsthatrealizethearchitecturalspecifications.Organizationattributes:thosehardwaredetailstransparenttotheprogrammer(controlsignals,interfaces,memorytechnology).e.g.Isthereahardwaremultiplyunitorisitdonebyrepeatedaddition?Architecture&Organization2AllIntelx86familysharethesamebasicarchitectureTheIBMSystem/370familysharethesamebasicarchitectureThisgivescodecompatibilityAtleastbackwardsOrganizationdiffersbetweendifferentversions1.2STRUCTUREANDFUNCTIONStructure:Thewayinwhichthecomponentsareinterrelated.Function:Theoperationofeachindividualcomponentsaspartofthestructure.FunctionAcomputer’sbasicfunctions:DataprocessingDatastorageDatamovementControlFunctionalviewFunctionalviewofacomputerDataMovementApparatusControlMechanismDataStorageFacilityDataProcessingFacilityOPERATINGENVIROMENTSourceandDestinationofDataOperations(1)Datamovemente.g.keyboardtoscreenDataMovementApparatusControlMechanismDataStorageFacilityDataProcessingFacilityOperations(2)Storagee.g.InternetdownloadtodiskDataMovementApparatusControlMechanismDataStorageFacilityDataProcessingFacilityOperation(3)Processingfrom/tostoragee.g.updatingbankstatementDataMovementApparatusControlMechanismDataStorageFacilityDataProcessingFacilityOperation(4)ProcessingfromstoragetoI/Oe.g.printingabankstatementDataMovementApparatusControlMechanismDataStorageFacilityDataProcessingFacilityStructure-TopLevelComputerMainMemoryInputOutputSystemsInterconnectionPeripheralsCommunicationlinesCentralProcessingUnitComputerStructure-TheCPUComputerArithmeticandLoginUnitControlUnitInternalCPUInterconnectionRegistersCPUI/OMemorySystemBusCPUStructure-TheControlUnitCPUControlMemoryControlUnitRegistersandDecodersSequencingLogicControlUnitALURegistersInternalBusControlUnitOutlineoftheBook(1)ComputerEvolutionandPerformanceComputerInterconnectionStructuresInternalMemoryExternalMemoryInput/OutputOperatingSystemsSupportComputerArithmeticInstructionSetsOutlineoftheBook(2 )CPUStructureandFunctionReducedInstructionSetComputersSuperscalarProcessorsControlUnitOperationMicroprogrammedControlMultiprocessorsandVectorProcessingDigitalLogic(Appendix)InternetResources

-WebsiteforbooklinkstositesofinterestlinkstositesforcoursesthatusethebookerratalistforbookinformationonotherbooksbyW.StallingsInternetResources

-WebsitestolookforArchitectureHomePageCPUInfoCenter