应试宝四级长语法难句讲义

一.二.三从句的概念四.主语从句五.宾语从句六宾语从句（2）七.表语从句八.状语从句九.状语从句（2）一〇.定语从句（1）一一.定语从句（2）一二.定语从句（3）一三.同位语从句一四.非谓语动词一五.非谓语动词一六.非谓语动词—Peoplearegenerallybeinggivenbadadvicetoslowdown,takeiteasystopworrying,andretiretoFlorida.（2013122套／123句）:简单句的扩充Indeed,accordingtosurveys,employershaveexpressedapreferenceforstudentswhohavereceivedabroadly-basededucationthathastaughtthemtowritewell,thinkcritically,researchcreatively,andcommunicateeasily.4）Theoneswhowilldothebestinthisnewenvironmentwillbethosewhoseeducationshavepreparedthemtobeflexible.（20146月／第142句）Thequestionofwhetherourernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalartsinhighereducationisn’taneither/orproposition(命题)，althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM（science,technology,engineering,maths）-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.（2014611段／第1句）Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.（2014614段Junkfoodis（201361111句系动词：be(isamare)|感官动 TheappleisIloveWe’reeatingwaytoomuchof（201361112句语态主语和动作之间的关系主动do be+done------was/were+done（动词的ed形式）Iwriteyoualetter.Ifinditbeautiful.OnecouldremovejunkfoodtothebackofthestoreandbanthemfromthIn1976,the commanded90%ofthemarketforphotographicfilmand85%ofthemarketforcameras.（201361262句5)Toadisturbinglylargeextent（在很大且令人困扰的程度上）,theyoungandthebrokearerelyingoncreditcardstomake（支撑）untiltheirnextpayday（直到下一个还款日来临）.（2013122231句）theyoungandthebrokearerelyingoncredit6）Butlikemanycures（就像很多治疗方式那样）,thissolu-tionhascomewithanunintendedsideeffect（未曾设想的副作用）|doctorsandnursescanbefocusedonthescreenandnotthepatient,evenduringmomentsofcriticalcare（即使是在关键性的时刻）.（201462112句）一个句子一般皆由两部分组成，即主语部分（subjectgroup）和谓语部分（predicategroup）。ProfessorWardteachesEnglishtouniversity“We’renoteducatingpeopleabouttheproblemandit’sgettingworse.”(20146月／第一篇／第四段／第二句）引导词：andbutor不是从句的引导词！Whywhatwhenwherewhowhichhowthatifbecausesoas“Youjustifycarryingdevicesaroundthehospitaltodomedicalrecords,butyoucansurfInternetordo,andsometimesFa-cebookismoretempting,”saidDr.PeterPapadakosattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter（20146313段1句并列句（不是从句，原因：没有自己的引导词TheUKenjoysanexcellentreputationaroundtheworldforthehighqualityofoureducationsystem,sothe mentneedstoensurethatinstitutionshaveallthesupporttheyneedtoattractinternationalstudentswhomakeatre-mendousacademic,culturalandeconomiccontributiontotheUK.”（2013123242句）从句结果状语从句宾语从句定语从句Whenyoungwomenwerefoundtomakeonly82%ofwhattheirmalepeersdojustoneyearoutofcollegemanywereatalosstoexinit.(2014年6月／第一篇／第一段／第一句）Whathaschanged,saydoctors（插入语）,especiallyyoungerones,isthattheyfaceincreasingpressuretoin withtheirdevices.(2014年6月／第1篇／第6段／第2句）Today’syoungadultswereraisedbyparentswhomadesuretoboosttheirself-esteemateveryturn, lingthemtheycouldachievewhatevertheysettheirmindsto,andhandingoutprizesforthesixthce.(2014年6月／第2篇／第6段／第3句）从句定语从句宾语从句Ihavecloselywatchedmygeneration,knownastheMillennials,for29yearsnow.(2014621段／第1句）非谓语动词复合句（CompoundSentence）分为并列复合句和主从或从属复合句，并列复合句是有并列连词：and、or、but（PrincipalClause)和一个或一个以上的从句(SubordinateClause)构成。用疑问词作引导词，主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）据引导从句为主不同大大可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。主语从句（Subject表语从句（Predicative宾语从句（ObjectIfwhatwefoundcontinuestoholdtrue,wemayhavemoreel-derlypeoplewithsubstantialfinancialproblemsinthefuture,（2013122242句）If条件状语从句whatisthattheyfaceincreasingpressureto ctwithisthattheyfaceincreasingpressureto ctwiththeirvices.（201462262句that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导。that（Thatheisstillalive）isawonder.他还活着，真是S1主句主语V1主语谓 （主干S2V2（从属S1:（ThatheisstillaliveS2:heV2:that(Thatheisstillalive)isa(Whetheritwilldousharmremainstobeseen.S1WhetheritwilldousV1S2V2willThatheisstillaliveisawonder.这是个Whoeveristopfromwinsthegamewhentwomatchedyersmeet.两强相争勇(Whoeveristopfrom)winsthegame.S1(Whoeveristopfrom)V1V2S2Itmatters.(Whenwearrive主语doesn’tmatter（谓语） doesn’tS1WhenwearriveV1doesn’t S2V2（Whatweneed）ismoney.S1Whatwe V1S2weV2头重脚轻that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代主语从句：Itisessentialthatameetingbeconvenedthisweek.ThatameetingbeconvenedthisweekisItisappropriatethatthistaxbeabolished.这个税是恰当的That It’sunfairthatsomanypeopleshouldlosetheirjobs.竟有这么多人失业这是的thatsothatsomanypeopleshouldlosetheirIt=(whenweshouldleave)isnotdecided.whenweshouldleaveisnotdecided.WhatweshouldeatisnotThatweoughttoleaveis主语的部分是一个句子（最大特征（1）Iremember（thatwehavelearnedthiswordS1IV1真正的谓语S2weV2haveIagreewithyouIloveyou1）(Mostofusknowwhat ng)and(（201361113句）what Mostofus V1know;doS2V2

doit”Manymeasurestocontrolobesity(肥症assumethatpeopleconsciouslyandrationallychoosewhatandhowmuchtheyeatandthereforefocusonprovidinginformationandmoreaccesstohealthierfoods,"notethetworesearchers.（201361131句）Manymeasuresassume假定（thatpeoplechoosewhattheyeatandhowmuchtheyeatandthereforefocusonprovidinginformationandmoreaccesstohealthierS1:Manythatwhat和howmuchTodoIhavealotofwork(toConsciouslyRationallyWehope（thatthiscatchesfireinsomeothercountries.（201362181句）引导词that省略Shesuggests(thathumanshavetriedalwaystostrength-enthepair-bond ize(使最大化reproductive（201363213句）S1VIS2V2havetried（增益）使繁殖、繁衍的Inmodernwesternsocietieshowever,thefocus（on关于individualityandindependence）meansthatpeoplearelessconcernedaboutconformingto(遵守)thedictatesoffamilyandculture.（201363223句）S1thefocusVImeansS2peopleV2areconcerned（关心使关心）Concern:Heconcernsme.Concern使关心=6）Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayyaroleinappetite.（2013121121句）S1AnewVIS2ourshort-termV2 翻译一项新的研究表明我们短期的也会影响食欲第六节宾语从句Itdependson（whetheryouwanttodoitordependon的固定搭配。Wejudgeapotentialpartneraccordingtoourspecificcul-turalexpectations(状语about（whatromanticloveshouldfeellike）.（201363241句）S1V1S2romanticloveV2shouldfeellike宾语从句的引导词（疑问词）我们会根据自己文化背景中关于爱情的样子来判断一个潜在的。我们判断一个潜在的是根据自己文化背景中关于爱情的样子。Severalhoursafterameal,people'shungerlevelswerepredictednotby(howmuchthey'deaten)butratherby(howmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofthem)—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.（2013121122句）Severalhoursafterameal状语S1：people'shungerlevelsV1werepredictednotby1howmuchthey'd2howmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofWemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsof（howhighschoolscanofferbettertraining）,（20131212篇／第31句）S1V1MightlooktoS2highschoolsV2canofferWemightlooktoothercountriesforromanticlove’sRomanticlovehasclearevolutionaryrootsbutourviewsabout（whatmakesanidealromanticrelationship）canbeswayedbythesocietywelivein定语从句).（20136月第3211句）法可能会被我们所处的社动摇。ButRomanticlovehasclearevolutionarywhatwhat5)Observersaresplitonwhetherthisisawhollygood（2013122131句）引导词Whethers1Observersv1aresplitonS2thisv2is（我说的话）他没明白。(WhatIsaid)isnotclearto他没明白（我说的话）。Hedon’tunderstand(whatI表语是用来说明主语的、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名 e,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的，那么这个充That’s（whyhistoricallyweseeanincreaseinro-manticloveasabasisforforminglong-termrelationships.（201363225句））S1thatV1isS2weV2seeIfyoubelieve(thatyouhavefoundtrueromance),andyourculture lsyou（thatthisiswhatalong-termrelation-shipshouldbebasedon）thereislessneedtorelyonsocialorfamilypressurestokeepcouplestogether,O’Sullivanar-gues.（201363242句）IFthatyourculture lsyou（thatthisiswhatalong-termrelation-shipshouldbebasedon）3)Itmayseem（thattheseelderlypeoplearetryingtocheatSeem是系动词（BE感官动词ThatItoldyouthatyoucouldn’tleaveandthatyoumustobeymy(whatyousaidis宾语从 Iagreewith(whatyou表 Thatis(whatIThekeyisthatweareshortofAnew it that主语从句引导词whenwhileasbeforeuntilafter直到；在···之前；在···之后bythetime;once;theBythetime(=The realizeditsmistake,itwastoolate.（20131232句）引导词：Bythetime当这个公司错误的时候，已经太晚了S1itV1wasS2theV2TheGataisusedtofrown,whentheyreceivedpower（thatroutinelytopped（201363111句）S1TheV1usedtoS2V2S3thatV3topped当盖塔思一家人收到（常常高达 Solarhomesproducethemostpoweronthehotsunnyaf-ternoonswheneveryonerusheshometoturnuptheaircon-ditioner.“（201363152句）S1SolarhomesV1produceS2everyoneV2rushes在极其炎热的午后，此时大家一进家门都赶紧打开空调，装载能的房如果If/provided/IfyouaskJapanesestudentstolistthepositiveattributestheyexpect（inaromanticpartner）,theyratehighlythingslikeloyalty,commitmentanddevotion,（201363套／第233句）ifS1TheyV1rateS2youV2ask如果你问学生列出他们对于未来伴侣所期待的特征，他们会将这三样Iftheygeneratemorepowerthanthehomeisusing,theexcessflowsintotheutility’spowergrid(电网).（20136月第3143句）Ifahome(S2)generates(V2)morepowerthanitusestheIfourfindingspersist持续下去,wemaybefacedwith面对afinancialcrisis财务amongelderlypeople老人（定从whocan'tpayofftheircreditcards）（20131231篇43句如果我们的研究持续下去，我们就会发现有许多财务严重的老年人，他们还不起。If引导虚拟语气我是个IfIwereyou, am/isS1V1maybefacedS2ourfindingsV2So=inorderAsasociety（方式状语）wemightwanttorethink(非谓语动词)thetimeandmoney（spentoneducation非谓语动词做定语）|,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentage百分ofthepopulation.（201312121段／第1句）引导词：sothatS1we主语的主语V1mightwantS2theseresources（离引导词更近V2can一员amemberofthe间和金钱，从而（目的）让这些资源能够惠及的人口。 让步状语从句Though |evenif|eventhough尽1）Althoughithardly（不）seemspractical（实际的）totrick，耍花招ourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohigh-light（强调）thebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitasking（多任务）whileeating.S1thenewV1do doS2V2尽管自己少吃点是不实际的，新发现确实强调了吃饭时（集中注houghKodakanticipatedtheinevitableriseofdigitalphotograpitscorporateculturewastoorootedinthesuccessesofthepastforittomakethecleanbreaknecessarytofullyembracethefutS1itscorporateV1wasrootedin itrootsintheS2V2ItistoohardformetounderstandIwanttogo.走我走3)Althoughmanyyoungpeopleblame（责怪）“socializing”(社交)asabarrier()tosavingmoney,mostofthemaren'tknockingback（花费）$20drinksintrendy(时尚的)lounges酒吧.尽管很多人将阻碍社交的原因归结为灭有足够的钱，的人将钱花20元酒的酒吧里，在时尚酒吧里豪掷20来买酒。因为becauseasLargecompanies(s1)have(v1)adifficulttimetonewmarketsthereis(v2)atemptation(s2)toputexistingassets（现有资产）intothenewbusinesses.haveadifficulttimeinngsth.做某事thereisa =agirlisthereSincetheyhaven'tbuiltuptheircredithistoriesyet,it'sasafebetthattheseyoungadultsarepayingrelativelyhighinterestratesontheresultingcreditcarddebt.（2013122222Thesectorwasexpectingadeclineingrowth,buttheactualreductioninpostgraduatenumbersisofrealconcernasinternationalstudentsmakeupthemajorityofnumbersinmanypostgraduatecoursesandresearchteamsinscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics"“Manypeopleareborrowingoncreditcardssoheavilythatpayoffratesattheselevelsarenotsufficienttorecovertheircreditcarddebtbytheendoftheirlife,whichcouldhavelossimplicationsforthecreditcardissuingbanks.（2013122245（1)A whois关系代词thatwhichwhowhom关系副词whenIlikethatIlikethatgirlwho/thatisstandingunderthetree).S1主句的主语IV1S2whothat当关系词在定从主语的位置，不能省V2isthatthatIlikethecup(which=thatwasgivenbymymomlastS1V1S2which=that当关系词在定从主语的位置，不能省略，充当了主V2wasIlikethatgirl(who/thatisstandingunderthetree).Ilikethegirl(who/thatmysisteristalkingwith).S1V1S2myV2istalkingIlikethegirl(withwhommysisteris介词+that+who是错误的介词+which正确介词+whom正确我喜欢那个正和我妹妹说话的who=That，当关系词充当宾语(who=ThatmysisteristalkingMysister(主语istalkingwith（谓语）thegirl（宾语+句子IlikethegirlwhosedressisS1V1S2whosedressV2 like whoseIlikethecup(which=thatwasgivenbymymomlastilovethatgirl（whoseythepianoilovethatgirl（whoysthepiano定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句，本质上相当于“形容"Incontrast,"theresearcherscontinue,"manyregulationsthatdon'tassumepeoplemakerationalchoiceshavebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolalcohol.（20136月1141句）manyregulationsthatdon'tassumepeoplemakerationalchoices做出havebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolS1manyV1havebeenappliedS2thatmanyV2don'tIlikeIdon’tlikemanyregulationsthatdon'tassume（thatpeoplemakerationalchoices）havebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolalcohol.dakisanexampleofafirm(thatwasverymuchawarethat宾theyhadtoadapt,andspentalotofmoneytryingtodoso),butultima yfailed.（201361262句） is that引导的是定语从句不可以省略是定从的主语=firm wass3v3had，有很多公司自己必须要去适应，而且花了很多钱这么执行，但Buffett（thenumberofpeople【whohadagreedtosignon】wasatthehighendofhisexpectations.）（20136211句说（有很多人达成一致意见是在他意料之外的）S1BuffettV1saidS2thenumberofpeopleV2wasS3V3hadHesaidsomepeoplewhodeclinedtosignthepledgewerepningtogiveawaymostoftheirwealthbutdidnotwanttowattentiontothosens.（2013年6月第2套／第1篇／第2句gytycoonPickens,whoisworthabout$1billion,saidinhisGivingPledgeletter:"I'velongstatedthatIenjoymakingmoney,andIenjoygivingitaway.（2013621篇／第101句）Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame380-calorie)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddiffer-entlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(),dependingonwhethertheshake'slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.（201312月1152句）Weneedtocontinuetovaluebroadpreparationinthinkingskillsthatwillserveforalifetime.（201312125段／2句）whenwhen=atwhichwhere=inwhichInaknowledgeeconomy（在一个知识型的经济体中）wherepro-fessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepre-paringforpositions(thatmaynotevenexistyet),theskillsetneededisone（thatpreparesthemforchangeandlearning）（2013121242句 theskillV1S2professionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegeV2arepreparingS3V3S4V4maynot22）Atsupermarkets,foodcompaniespaytohavetheir（货品） （wherethey'reeasilyseen）（2013611篇／82句）在超市食品公司花钱来使他们的货品放在顾客可以容易看见的地方引导词where=in They?= foodcompaniesV1payS2V2areWhereveryougo,IwillgowithWhere第十二节定语从句，Which可以指代前面一个句子里面的某一个词，IlikeEnglish,whichistrue.IlikeEnglishwhichisagloballan-guage.代指英语Which指物、事whoButthe1980sbroughtnewcompetitionfromJapanesefilmFujiPhoto,whichunderminedKodakbyofferinglowerpricesforfilmandphotos.（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第4段／第1ThebidwentinsteadtoFuji,whichexploiteditssponsorshiptowinapermanentfootholdinthemarketce.（2013年6月1264句）“Manypeopleareborrowingoncreditcardssoheavilythatpayoffratesattheselevelsarenotsufficienttorecovertheircreditcarddebtbytheendoftheirlife,whichcouldhavelossimplicationsforthecreditcardissuingbanks.（2013122245Theideathatwewouldliveinairiscarriedout.同位语从that不省略ThatTheidea（hecameupwith）iscarriedout.定语That致，并常常紧挨在一起。同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或的从Lastmonththehomesecretary,TheresaMay,announcedthatembassystaffwouldinterviewmorethan100,100applicantsinanattempttopreventbogus(的)onesenteringthecounty.Thereisgrowingfearamongvice-chancellorsthatthisreve-nue—aswellastheculturalacademicandeconomicbenefitin-ternationalstudentsbring—isbeingputatrisk.（201312月Beallsaid:” ernmentstatisticsforthefirsttimeproviderealevidencethatthechangestoUKvisaregulationsmayhavediscouragedmanystudentsfromapplyingtotheUK,andinparticularpostgraduatestudentswhoaresoimportanttotheUK’sresearchoutput.（201312324段1句todo/+ingToTodo ngthis表语：Myjobistodo

ismyIhavealotofwork(todo).Igetupearlytocatchthebus.我起早为了赶上车heordersmetodothe非谓语动词（edingtodo）做定语=Theskillsetneededisthatone.Needed不是表示时态而是表示。Theskillset(whichisneeded)isthatone.需要的技能Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismysister.standing不是表示时态而是表示主动。Thegirl(whostands)underthetreeismySimilarly,theresearcherssaybeingpresentedwithjunkfoodstimulatesourdesiretoeatit.（201361171句Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingandspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareallsolidbackgroundskillsforawidevarietyofroles,andsuchtrainingismoreimportantthananyparticularmajorinaliberalartscollege.（2013年122251句）StudieshaveshownthateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodcon-sumed.（2013121112句）Thenumberofpostgraduatestudentstravellingfromnon-EUcountriestostudyatUKuniversitieshasfallenforthefirsttimein16years,fuellingfearsthattheernment’simmigrationcrackdownisdiscouragingthousandsofthebrighteststudentsfromcontinuingtheirstudiesinBritain.（20131232篇／11句）5)（Attractingthebrightestandmostambitiouspostgraduateandre-searchstudents）iscritical/iftheUKistomain