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Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanandvice-havesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,Duisenbergandi)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiacAkindofoverlookedAtypeofconspicuousAtypeofalAkindofbranddiscriminatWhatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeInbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtoThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoëCustomersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’SomeformofdiscriminationistoosubtletoThe4thparagraphsuggests questionsareoftenputtothemoreinligentalphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromteachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheirWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothePeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromThentoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytoPuttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalDuringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,makers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback–aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextra efromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirement e.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,BushnedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen–andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsnsarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent–andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance–havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.AsaresultofBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayahighersenseoflesssecuredlesschancetoaguaranteedAccordingtotheauthor,health-savingsnshelpreducethecostofpopularizeamongthemiddlecompensateforthereducedincreasethefamilies’investmentWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthisTheMiddleClassontheTheMiddleClassontheTheMiddleClassinTheMiddleClassin1232013TextUpuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfilmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn'twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies’ceintheuniverse,andit esclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature( )andyouwillread:“ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday'stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit'sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That'sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshathehistoryofthenet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongmakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheTheEver-brightProspectsofEvolutionoftheHumanUncertaintyaboutOur08- OfallthechangesthathavetakenceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.2011WhenLiamMcGeedepartedasofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexnationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving"topursuemygoalofrunninga."Broadcastinghisambitionwas"verymuchmydecision,"McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexnationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionnsinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst."Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,"saysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong."11-230.WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitlefortheCEOs:WheretoCEOs:AlltheWayTopManagersJumpwithoutaTheOnlyWayOutforTop 21.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletoWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbyWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincowithMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithneedextradosesofchemicalstohandlehavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingaremorecapableofavoidingareexposedtomoreAccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstoThesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheInparagraphs1and2,thetextshows PTKisused Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfails Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesAnappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelyto ForsandAgainstsofDNADNAtestingandIt’sDNAtestingoutsidetheLiesbehindDNATheauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNew Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNew TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusetts ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswere ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNew weremostlyengagedinpoliticalweremotivatedbyanillusorycamefromdifferentleftfewformalrecordsforlaterWhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedas AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives’quittingmaybespurred.Theword"poached"(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobably Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitlefortheCEOs:WheretoCEOs:AlltheWayTopManagersJumpwithoutaTheOnlyWayOutforTop 31.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspired 's“RedList”suggeststhathumanbeings WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphToensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucial WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheTheEver-brightProspectsofEvolutionoftheHumanUncertaintyaboutOur1）正面：positive critical objective Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“How ligentIsIn ligenceTesting ”,③Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip. 30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQ[A] [B] [C] [D]Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto"amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization."Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.11-125.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthor.[A] [C] [D]Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends. 25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressure[A] [B] [C] [D]JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandtheoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.12-440.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneofJohnDonahue Alsouncleariswhyhasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.Ifitistryingtoupset,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:ThereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwill ethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforWindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywith'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:“Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.”Coulditreallybethatsimple 13-230.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisone.[A] [B][C] [D]“TheHeartoftheMatter,”thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthan14-436.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthe 3、定位处无答案的时候（含例证— 唯一能救你 (冲刺高难度分值，选听Nowresearchersthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”……….Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofinlectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsCartwright’s