讲义分析成果dp14problem soving

(DesignShaokeZhang3:20-5:55pm,Fri.,Dec.20thSchoolofCommunicationandDesignforDesignasproblemDesignMentalPerception（知觉 Learning(学习ProblemSolving（问题解决4 (edible,dangerous, fight,flight,orfright StayawayfromDon’teatbad-smellingIcecreamtastesgood,butitmeltsquicklyinhotWaitadaybeforereplyingtoan thatmakesyouDon’topen entsfromunfamiliarWeichatisuseful,butRenrenisawasteoftime(orviceversa,dependingonyourpreference)Experiencedstockmarketinvestorsstillaren’tsurewhatstockstosellorbuynow.PeoplewhohavelivedinDenverforyearsstillhavetroublepredictingtheweatherthere.Evenafterin ctingwithyoursister’sboyfriendonseveraloccasions,youmaystillnotbesureheisagoodguy.allcrowsare AfricanpiedRidingabicycleaftermanyyearsofBackingoutofyourdrivewayanddrivingtoworkforthe300thBrushingyourteethasan yingatunethatyouhave yedhundredsoftimesonamusicalinstrumentUsingamouseoratouchpadtomoveacursoronacomputer yafterafewdaysofpracticeEnteringabankingtransactionintoyouroldfamiliarbankaccountsoftwareReadingandthendeletingatextmessagefromyourlongtimewell-learned(automatic，自动的)novel(controlled，受控的)RecitethelettersofthealphabetfromAtoM.ThenrecitethelettersofthealphabetfromMtoA.Countdownfrom10to0—thinkofa launch.Thencountdownfrom21to1byoddnumbers.Drivetowork,usingyournormalroute.Thenextday,useaverydifferent,unfamiliarThrowaballwithyourusualball-throwinghand.ThenthrowoneusingtheoppositeEnteryourphonenumberusingastandard12- ephonepad.ThenenterphonenumberusingthenumberkeysatthetopofyourcomputerTypeyourfullnameonacomputerkeyboard.Thencrossyourhandsonthekeyboardandtypeyourfullnameagain.nning,reasoning& nning,reasoning&decision-Allinvolvesreflectivecognition（反省认知e.g.thinkingaboutwhattodo,whattheoptionsare,andtheconsequencesOfteninvolvesconscious（意识）processes,discussionwithothers(oroneself),andtheuseofartifacts（物件）e.g.maps,books,penandExternalrepresentation（外显表征Mayinvolveworkingthroughdifferentscenariosanddecidingwhichisbestoption Youhavetomeasureexactlyfourlitersofwater,butyouonlyhaveathree-literbottleandafive-literbottle.Howdoyoudoit?Amanbuiltafour-sidedhouse.Allfourwallsfacedsouth.Abearwalkedby.Whatcolorwasthebear?John’scatisnotblackandlikesSue’scatisnotbrownanddoesn’tlikeSam’scatisnotwhiteanddoesn’tlikeMary’scatisnotyellowandlikesSomeonefoundacatthatisyellowandlikesmilk.WhosecatisAfarmerhascowsandchickens—30animalstotal.Theanimalshaveatotalof74legs.Howmanyofeachanimaldoesthefarmerhave?ProblemSolving（问题解决allaspectsofproblemareclearlyasingle,guaranteedInitialSetofallowableGoalstate(itisclearwhenitisproblemisnotclearlymultiple,non-guaranteed(verycommoninrequires asuitablerepresentationWell-definedINITIALGOALProblemsolvingasWell-defined–INITIAL GOAL??vs笔算（cognitiveaidSearch

Problemsolvingassearching ysis GoalGapbetweencurrentstateandgoalstateFindanoperatortoreducethisdifference.(subgoal)ApplyNewRepeatuntilfinalgoalisProblemsolvingasWorkbreakdownProblemsolvingasTryill-definedUsethesesixsticks(withthesametomakefour lill-definedAny

Howabout Restructuring:problemmaybesolvedsuddenlyby‘seeing’theproblemdifferentlyInsightacandleonaInsight ogy&problemsolving:UsesolutiontopreviousproblemtosolvenewonelearningorpastproblemsolvingInsight&DesignProminentlyindicatesystemstatusanduser’sprogresstowardtheirgoal(显著地标识系统状态和用户当前进度)Guideuserstowardtheirgoals（引导用户完成他们的目标 （information lusersexplicitlyandexactlywhattheyneedtoknow Don’tmakeusersdiagnosesystemproblems（不要让用户诊断系Minimizethenumberandcomplexityofsettings（减少设置的数Letpeopleuseperceptionratherthancalculation（让用户使用感Makethesystemfamiliar（让系统令人熟悉Letthecomputerdothemath（让电脑去计算DesignDecisionClassicrationalPeopleweightingupcostsandbenefitsofdifferentcoursesofactionsChoosetheoptionwithhighestNaturalisticdecisionUsingsimple“Goodenough”decision,ratherthan“best”DesignProvideadditional findVisibilityofstatus/PeripheralVisualizationofcurrentUsesimplecomputationalaidstosupportrapiddecision-makingand mendationInformationretrieval tformforcollaborativeproblemsolving&decisionmakingCognitive（认知框架HumanInformationProcessingLimitations（信息加工模型的局限性basedonmodellingmentalactivitiesthathappenexclusivelyinsidethehead（只在donot yaccountforhow ctwithcomputersandotherdevicesinrealworld（MentalModel（心智模型HowtodriveacarandhowitHowtooperateaTVandhowitMentalKnowledgeofhowto ctwithaKnowledgeofhowthatsystem “internalconstructionsofsomeaspectoftheexternalworldenablingpredictionstobemade”(Craik1943)MentalHowmanytimesdoyoupressthebutton?UnderlyingmentorMentalmodelsofITareoftenplete,easilyconfusable,basedon ogies,andsuperstition.(Norman1983)SearchExample:MentalModelofHowmuchmoneyareyouallowedtotakeWhatIfyouwenttoanothermachineandtriedthesamewhatwouldWhatinformationisonthestriponyourcard?HowisthisWhathappensifyouenterthewrongWhyaretherepausesbetweenthestepsofatransaction?Whathappensifyoutrytotypeduringthem?WhydoesthecardstayinsidetheDoyoucountthemoney?GulfofExecutionandNormanGulfofDistributedcognition（分布式认知Concernedwiththenatureofcognitivephenomenaacrossindividuals,artifacts,andinternalandexternalrepresentations(Hutchins,1995)DescribestheseintermsofpropagationacrossrepresentationalstateInformationistransformedthroughdifferentmedia(computers,dis ys,paper,heads)HowitdiffersfrominformationExternalcognition（外部认知Concernedwithex ininghowwein ctwithexternalrepresentations(e.g.maps,notes,diagrams)WhatarethecognitivebenefitsandwhatprocessesHowtheyextendourWhatcomputer-basedrepresentationscanwedeveloptohelpevenmore?Externalizing（外在化）toreducememoryDiaries,reminders,calendars,notes,shop lists,to-dolists–writtentoremindusofwhattoPost-its,piles, – cedindicatespriorityofwhattoExternalRemindusthatweneedtodosomething(e.g.tobuysomethingformother’sday)Remindusofwhattodo(e.g.buyaReminduswhentodosomething(e.g.sendacardbyacertainComputationaloffloading（计算减荷Trytodothecalculationbelow(a)inyourhead,(b)onapieceofpaperandc)withacalculator. 234x456WhichiseasiestandAtoolisusedinconjunctionwithanexternalrepresentationtocarryoutacomputation–e.g.penandpaper,Annotation（注释）andcognitiveinvolvesmodifyingexistingrepres