The French Revolution激烈的法国革命

TheFrenchRevolutionTheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命TheRevolutionwasaperiodofpoliticalandsocialupheavalandradicalchangeinthehistoryofFrance.TheFrenchgovernmentalstructure,previouslyanabsolutemonarchywithprivilegesforthearistocracyandCatholicclergy,underwentradicalchange.TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命Thesechangeswereaccompaniedbyviolentturmoilwhichincludedthetrialandexecutionoftheking,vastbloodshedandrepressionduringtheReignofTerror,andwarfareinvolvingothermajorEuropeannations.

ExecutionofLouisXVI

TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命

HistoriansallagreethattheRevolutionwasawatershedeventthatchangedEuropeirrevocably(不可逆转).

TheAmericanRevolution(1774)TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命

Finally,inatimeofhighlysecularizedEnlightenment,theideathatKingLouisXVIhadabsolutepowerduetodivineright—theideathathehadbeenhandpickedbyGod—didn’tholdnearlyasmuchwaterasinthepastfewdecades.TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命

Ultimately,theseproblemswerethefinalcatalystfortheRevolution.TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命In1789,whentheEstates-General,reconvenedanditbecameapparentthatthehigher-rankingclassesrefusedtoforfeittheirprivilegestosavethecountry,thefrustrationoftheFrenchbourgeoisiereacheditsboilingpoint.TheRevolutionwasthusabattletoachieveequalityandremoveoppression.TheEstates-General,1789TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命TheRevolutionwonanumberofvictories:NoruleraftertheRevolutiondaredtoreversethepropertyandrightsgainedduringtheRevolution,sothosewhohadpurchasedchurchlandwereallowedtokeepit.Thenewtaxsystemremaineddevoidoftheinfluenceofprivilege,sothateverymanpaidhisshareaccordingtopersonalwealth.Thebreakdownofchurchandfeudalcontractsfreedpeoplefromtithesandotherincurredfees.

PeasantsPayingTithesTheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命Onthewhole,theFrenchpeoplehadseentheimpacttheycouldhaveovertheirgovernment,andthatliberating,inspiringspiritwasunlikelyeveragaintobesuppressed.TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命SummaryofEvents

NoonefactorwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheRevolution.YearsoffeudaloppressionandfiscalmismanagementcontributedtoaFrenchsocietythatwasripeforrevolt.Notingadownwardeconomicspiralinthelate1700s,LouisXVIbroughtinanumberoffinancialadvisorstoreviewtheweakenedFrenchtreasury.Eachadvisorreachedthesameconclusion—thatFranceneededaradicalchangeinthewayittaxedthepublic—andeachadvisorwas,inturn,kickedout.1.FeudalismandUnfairTaxationTheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命

Finally,thekingrealizedthatthistaxationproblemreallydidneedtobeaddressed,soheappointedanewcontrollergeneraloffinance,CharlesdeCalonne,in1783.

Calonnesuggestedthat,amongotherthings,Francebegintaxingthepreviouslyexemptnobility.Butthenobilityrefused.Financialruinthusseemedimminent.

Charles

de

Calonne(bornJan.20,1734,Douai,France—diedOct.29,1802,Paris)TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命2.TheEstates-General

Indesperation,LouisXVIdecidedin1789toconvenetheEstates-General,anancientassemblyconsistingofthreedifferentestatesthateachrepresentedaportionoftheFrenchpopulation.However,sincetwoofthethreeestates—theclergyandthenobility—weretax-exempt,theattainmentofanysuchsolutionwasunlikely.ThemeetingoftheEstatesGeneralMay5,1789

TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命

Moreover,theoutdatedrulesoforderfortheEstates-Generalgaveeachestateasinglevote,despitethefactthattheThirdEstate—consistingofthegeneralFrenchpublic—wasmanytimeslargerthaneitherofthefirsttwo.Feudsquicklybrokeoutoverthisdisparityandwouldprovetobeirreconcilable.Realizingthatitsnumbersgaveitanautomaticadvantage,theThirdEstatedeclareditselfthesovereignNationalAssembly.Withindaysoftheannouncement,manymembersoftheothertwoestateshadswitchedallegiancesovertothisrevolutionarynewassembly.Liberté,Egalité,Fraternité:TheFrenchRevolution

TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命3.TheBastilleandtheGreatFear

ShortlyaftertheNationalAssemblyformed,itsmemberstooktheTennisCourtOath,swearingthattheywouldnotrelentintheireffortsuntilanewconstitutionhadbeenagreedupon.TheNationalAssembly’srevolutionaryspiritgalvanizedFrance,manifestinginanumberofdifferentways.TheTennisCourtOathbyJacques-LouisDavidTheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命InParis,citizensstormedthecity’slargestprison,theBastille,inpursuitofarms.Inthecountryside,peasantsandfarmersrevoltedagainsttheirfeudalcontractsbyattackingthemanorsandestatesoftheirlandlords.Dubbedthe“GreatFear,”theseruralattackscontinueduntiltheearlyAugustissuingoftheAugustDecrees,whichfreedthosepeasantsfromtheiroppressivecontracts.StormingtheBastille14July1789

TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命Shortlythereafter,theassemblyreleasedtheDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen,whichestablishedaproperjudicialcodeandtheautonomyoftheFrenchpeople.TheDeclarationoftheRightsofManandCitizenof1793

TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命4.RiftsintheAssemblyThoughtheNationalAssemblydidsucceedindraftingaconstitution,therelativepeaceofthemomentwasshort-lived.Ariftslowlygrewbetweentheradicalandmoderateassemblymembers,whilethecommonlaborersandworkersbegantofeeloverlooked.WhenLouisXVIwascaughtinafoiledescapeplot,theassemblybecameespeciallydivided.ThemoderateGirondinstookastanceinfavorofretainingtheconstitutionalmonarchy,whiletheradicalJacobinswantedthekingcompletelyoutofthepicture.theJacobinstheGirondinsTheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命

OutsideofFrance,someneighboringcountriesfearedthatFrance’srevolutionaryspiritwouldspreadbeyondFrenchland.Inresponse,theyissuedtheDeclarationofPillnitz,whichinsistedthattheFrenchreturnLouisXVItothethrone.Frenchleadersinterpretedthedeclarationashostile,sotheGirondin-ledassemblydeclaredwaronAustriaandPrussia.

TheDeclarationofPillnitzonAug.27,1791,wasastatementissuedattheCastleofPillnitzinSaxony(southofDresden)bytheHabsburgHolyRomanEmperorLeopoldIIandFrederickWilliamIIofPrussia.CallingonEuropeanpowerstointerveneifLouisXVIofFrancewasthreatened,thisdeclarationwasintendedtoserveasawarningtotheFrenchrevolutionariesnottoinfringefurtherontherightsofLouisXVIandtoallowhisrestorationtopower.TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命5.TheReignofTerror

ThefirstactsofthenewlynamedNationalConventionweretheabolition

ofthemonarchyandthedeclarationofFranceasarepublic.InJanuary1793,theconventiontriedandexecutedLouisXVIonthegroundsoftreason.DespitethecreationoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety,thewarwithAustriaandPrussiawentpoorlyforFrance,andforeignforcespressedonintoFrenchterritory.EnragedcitizensoverthrewtheGirondin-ledNationalConvention,andtheJacobins,ledbyMaximilienRobespierre,tookcontrol.Robespierre(1758-1794)TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命

BackedbythenewlyapprovedConstitutionof1793,RobespierreandtheCommitteeofPublicSafetybeganconscriptingFrenchsoldiersandimplementinglawstostabilizetheeconomy.ButRobespierreembarkeduponaReignofTerrorinlate1793–1794,duringwhichhehadmorethan15,000peopleexecutedattheguillotine.WhentheFrencharmysuccessfullyremovedforeigninvadersandtheeconomyfinallystabilized,however,Robespierrenolongerhadanyjustificationforhisextremeactions,andhehimselfwasarrestedinJuly1794andexecuted.ApictureoftheguillotineusedduringtheReignofTerror

TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命6.TheThermidorianReactionandtheDirectory

TheerafollowingtheoustingofRobespierrewasknownastheThermidorian(热月党人)Reaction,andaperiodofgovernmentalrestructuringbegan,leadingtothenewConstitutionof1795andasignificantlymoreconservativeNationalConvention.Tocontrolexecutiveresponsibilitiesandappointments,agroupknownastheDirectory(督政府)wasformed.TheDirectory’sabuseofpowersooncametorivalthatofanyofthetyrannousrevolutionariesFrancehadfaced.theThermidorianReactionTheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命7.NapoleonBonaparte(1769-1821)

Meanwhile,theCommitteeofPublicSafety’swareffortwasrealizingunimaginablesuccess.Frencharmies,especiallythoseledbyyounggeneralNapoleonBonaparte,weremakingprogressinnearlyeverydirection.TheFrenchRevolution激烈的法国革命

Napoleon’sforcesdrovethroughItalyandreachedasfarasEgyptbeforefacingadeflatingdefeat.Inthefaceofthisrout,andhavingreceived