语言学-形式主义

FORMALISM

Readingforform1(New

Criticism)Readingforform2(RussianFormalism)2Newcriticism:Americainthe1930sTheNewCriticssawpoetryasawayoflivingauthenticallyinashallowworld(post-warmassdisappointment).Intheirvision,interpretingatextexcludesboththereaderandthepoet.Theformisparamountinordertofindthe“real”ofthetextmeaning.3IntentionalFallacytheory(IF)IF(W.K.Wimsatt):theconfusionofauctorialintentionwiththerealityofthetextThetextinitselfneedstoguideus,notindicatewhattheauthormeant.Theauthor’sintentions/commentariesareoflittleimportance.Thetextisself-sufficient.4….&AffectiveFallacytheory(AF)Thereadertakeshis/heremotionalreactiontothetextwithwhatthetext“really”meanstoconvey.The“real”meaningofthetextishiddenfromthereader.TheNewcriticismpostulatedreadingandinterpretedthesheertext.Oncethereaderandauthorhavebeeneliminated,theactofcriticismisreducedtoanalyzingthetechniquesandstrategiesusedtoconveytheliteratureeffect.

Readingforform(New

Criticism)

TheNewCriticshavecreatedaspecialkindofcriticalcanon,a“Procustianbed”.Themaincharacteristicsareirony,ambiguity,maturity,self-discipline(thepoet/writerwerenotallowedtopersonalizethepoem/work)ThistheoryisreflectedinVirginiaWoolf’s

TotheLighthouse,orJ.Joyce’s

Ulysses.Thistypeofliteraturebecomestheblue-printofauthenticity,and“masculine”lucidity.RussianFormalismInthefirstdecadesof20thcenturyinMoscowandSt.PetersburgemergestheEuropeantraditionofmodernliterarystudies.ResearchwasmovedtoPragueinthelate20’sbecauseoftherepressiveSovietregime.TheFormalistSchooliseventuallyestablishedinFranceafterthe2ndWorldWar.TheFormalistschoolreachesitspeakinthe60’s(Structuralism).RussianFormalism(follow-up)ItbecomesnotoriouswhenthelinguistRomanJakobsonmovestoN.Y.,before2ndworldwar.Theformalist’sworksweretranslatedintoEnglishbtw.1950-1960.InFrancetherewasaparallelmovementofculturalanthropologyCl.LeviStrauss.FrancewasthepromoterofStructuralismwhichwasalsogoingtobecomefamousinNY.RussianFormalism

Initiallyfocusedonpoetry.Theironlyconcernistheformofaliterarywork,inordertoreadthedeepmeaningofthetext.Notinterestedinthesocialfunctionofliterature.Theyignorethereferentialfunction(theoldAristotelianmimesisconcept)Theybelievedliteratureisautonomousfromtherestofreality.Highlyinterestedindecipheringthewayinwhichliteraturefunctions.EssentialquestionsoftheFormalistapproachWhatmakesatextliterature/literary?Whatdoallliterarytextshaveincommon?Isthereacommonliteraryfactor?TheFormalist’sanswer:literarityisthesumofallspecificdefinitionsforestablishingtheboundariesfor“non-literature”.Tr幻玉ad膛it酷io膛na喘l间wa耀ys形o马f认id益en洞ti界fy啄in用g哨li汤te敬ra雁tu肾reMi既me而si敞s-渡th黑e门ol乱de桶st割o陕f颂cr药it阻er剧ia喉.粘Re惰st醒ri架ct鼻iv贤e群be耗ca姿us存e臣it阅e逢xc泰lu怪de写s顾ev暖er命yt更hi宋ng炭t孕ha捐t扮is信n胜ot贵m锯im务et鹊ic隆(跪po苹et为ry姨).Ex无pr批es岸iv登it秘y-盾em选er费gi削ng舍e对mo易ti攀on活s其th贱ou犁gh比e带mp染at炊hy奴.Re卵th温or殿ic浑s–辈re织ly雾in诊g锯on建s脖ty亮li拌st袜ic膀d季ev半ic亦es换,客as堡w嘴el船l强as趣o浇n拥th供ei惭r洗ca却pa夕ci次ty扯t般o咽im厅pr叼es蜜s猴an蚕d贵in鱼fl宝ue衣nc乡丰e皆th熔e艇re动ad短er请.Po寇et教ic蝴s–训th樱os警e教tr来ai宇ts锯w院hi止ch静d泽if误fe仪re巡寿nt邮ia蛇te骨a亦p搞oe疑ti有c踪蝶te捎xt制f剥ro我m震an奶ot贴he燥r母li己te泼ra格ry畅t猜ex帖t.Na籍ra惭ti奇vi影ty-下pe败rm吗an低en此tl毅y猜ci硬rc剧um员sc智ri笨be啊d咬to眠l状it垮er本at灾ur带e.Me宰an须s桂of演i逃de乎nt类if腿yi湿ngli征te辱ra旷ri济tyin趟F由or附ma糖li茅smDe馋fi李ne驰d齿by位a柔c仇om洗bi看na中ti翅on冬o都f删de聪p巾ro段ce伪du肺re路s:de酒fa伟mi插li私ar禾iz暂in牧gof托c稿om样mo彻n款la犁ng挥ua途ge考t碍hr报ou寒ghri滥tm赢ican上dme句tr壳ic太est屯ru柄ct谢ur套es作(俊R.Ja祖ko己bs揉on)na怕rr闲at邪iv屋eco胸ns赠tu轿ct氏io女n(Sl缺