语法动词时态和主谓一致

第4讲

动词的时态、语态和主谓一致考点1一般时态【考题小练】1.Ijumpedoutofbed,openedthedoorand_______(step)outsidetheroom.Itwasfullofthicksmoke.

stepped2.(2019·遵义模拟)Theresultisapaintingthat_________(combine)thewarmthoflifewiththefeelingsofsadness.3.Ifyou_____(come)thisafternoon,we’llhaveameeting.

combinescome【考点精讲】

1.一般现在时(1)一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。由动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式(be动词的一般现在时用am/is/are)构成。*Theyalwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.

(2)表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为,只限于go,come,leave,start,stop,arrive,begin,return,open,close等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。*Theshopclosesat11:00p.m.everyday.

(3)表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在的事实(即使在主句为一般过去时的从句中也遵循此用法)。*Thegeographyteachertoldustheearthmovesaroundthesun.

(4)如果主句是一般将来时,那么在由when,while,before,after,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句、if和unless引导的条件状语从句中,可用一般现在时代替一般将来时,表示将来的动作或状态。*Thesentencewillbeeasytounderstandwhenyoudivideitintothreeparts.

2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用yesterday,lastyear,in1995,theotherday等作时间状语。*Atthattime,heworkedasateachertosupportthefamily.

(2)用于表示过去经常发生的或习惯性的动作。*Whenhewasyoung,hetookcoldbathsregularly.

【点津】表示过去习惯性的动作还可用would,usedto。*Heusedtogotoworkbybus.(3)在时间、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时。*Hesaidthathewouldnotgoifitrained.

(4)表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常用一般过去时,由but,and,when,assoonas,immediately,themoment,theminute等连接。*Heboughtawatchbutlostit.*Themomentshecamein,shetoldmewhathadhappenedtoher.

(5)常用一般过去时的句型。*Whydidn’tyouthinkofthat?*IforgottotellyouIhadbeentherewithmybrotherbefore.

【题组训练】1.(2019·长沙模拟)Instead,enjoyeachoneofyourblessingsandeachmomentthatlife_____(give)you.

gives2.InTsinghua,hemethiswifeYangJiang,whowastobecomeasuccessfulplaywrightandtranslator,and_______(marry)herin1935. 世纪金榜导学号3.However,asit_____(turn)out,aninternal(内部的)clockhelpsyoungsunflowerstrackthesunsothattheycangrowbetter.

marriedturns考点2进行时态【考题小练】1.Sally________(take)somecoursesatuniversity,soshecan’tworkfulltimeatthemoment.

istaking2.(2019·郑州模拟)Whetherhe_____________(educate)theworldwithhisknowledgeoftheuniverse,ormakingfunofhimselfinTVshows,itishardtoimaginewhattheworldwillbelikenowHawkingisnolongerin.

waseducating3.Janecan’tattendthemeetingat3o’clockthisafternoonbecauseshe______________(teach)aclassatthattime.

willbeteaching【考点精讲】

1.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作或发生的事;表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事。*Hurryup!We’reallwaitingforyou.

(2)表示近期特定的安排或计划。*IammeetingMrWangtonight.(3)表示位置转移的动词可用进行时代替将来时。这样的动词有go,come,start,leave,arrive,begin,return等。*MyauntisleavingforShanghaiat11:00tomorrowmorning.(4)现在进行时与always,often,forever等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。*Youarealwayschangingyourmind.

【点津】不宜用现在进行时的常见动词:①表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。②表示存在状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belongto等。③表示行为结果的动词:allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等。④表示感官的动词:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。2.过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一段时间内一直在进行的动作。*Whatwasshedoingatnineo’clockyesterdayevening?

(2)表示过去的一个动作发生时另一个动作正在进行或表示过去的两个动作同时进行。*WhenIcamehome,shewascookingdinner.

【点津】在复合句中,如果主句动作和从句动作都是延续性的或同时发生的,那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。3.将来进行时表示将来某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作或存在的状态。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性的时间状语有thistimetomorrow,from1:30p.m.to4:30p.m.,thedayaftertomorrow等。*I’llbeflyingtoBeijingattwoo’clockthisafternoon.

【题组训练】

1.Giveyourwholeattentiontowhatyou_________(do).

2.(2019·兰州模拟)Terryandhiswife____________(clean)theirnewhomebusilywhenthelightsuddenlywentout.

aredoingwerecleaning3.You’dbetternotcallthemanagerbetween7and8thisevening,forhe____________(have)animportantmeetingthen.

4.Oneofthemsaidthreeyoungmenstoleherfriend’spursewhilethey_____________(shop)inastore.

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willbehavingwereshopping考点3将来时态【考题小练】1.(2019·廊坊模拟)Overweightchildrenandteenagersagedbetween5and18intheChinamainland_________(reach)8.5millionin2015,anumberthatsurpass(超过)thepopulationofSpain,astudysaid.

willreach2.(2019·合肥模拟)Hehopedthatthestudents___________(keep)hungryforknowledgeanddeveloptheirnationalspirit.

3.Lincolnsaid,“Givemesixhourstochopdownatree,andI_________(spend)thefirstfourhourssharpeningtheaxe.”

wouldkeepwillspend【考点精讲】1.一般将来时(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,即单纯的将来事实。*Wewillhaveameetingtomorrow.(2)表示临时性的决定。*—Tomisillandnowinhospital.—Really?I’llseehim.

(3)三种表示一般将来时的特殊结构:①begoingtodosth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。*TherailwayisgoingtobeopenonOctober1st.*Lookatthedarkclouds.It’s

goingtorain.

②betodosth.表示按计划或安排即将做某事,或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。*Ameetingistobeheldat3o’clockthisafternoon.③beabouttodosth.表示即将发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。*Autumnharvestisabouttostart.

2.过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。*InBerlin,hefirstmetthewomanwhomhewouldonedaymarry.

【点津】除“should/would+动词原形”外(第一人称通常用should,其他人称通常用would),过去将来时还有以下常见表达方式:was/weregoingtodo,was/wereabouttodo,was/weretodo,但是表示过去的某种习惯性动作时,只用woulddo。【题组训练】1.Butsomeday,they__________(realize)theyarewrongtoabandontraditionalculture.

willrealize2.(2019·巢湖模拟)Hespenttherestofthedayinpanic,fearingwhat_______________________________(happen)whenDavistoldhismother. 世纪金榜导学号

3.Insummary,Ithinkwe_________(defeat)smokingwithourstruggleanddetermination.

wouldhappen(might/couldhappen)willdefeat考点4完成时态【考题小练】1.Whenitcomestodescribingcompanies,businessstudents___________(name)BankofChinathetopchoiceforsevenyears,anditshowsnosignsofgivingupitslead.

havenamed2.Toourgreatrelief,theexamturnedouttobenotsodifficultaswe____________(imagine).

3.ItisreportedthatChina_________________(complete)itsfirstorbitingspacestationbyaround2022.

4.Tom__________________________(work)inthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.

hadimaginedwillhavecompletedhasbeenworking/hasworked【考点精讲】

1.现在完成时(1)表示过去发生或完成的某个动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,强调的是这个影响或结果,常与yet,already,just,before,lately等时间状语连用。*Ihavejustturnedoffthelight.*Ihavealreadyreadthebook.

(2)表示开始于过去、持续到现在并可能持续下去的动作或状态,常与“since+时间点”、“for+时间段”及howlong,(ever)since,ever,before,sofar,inthelast/pastfewyears,uptonow,tillnow等时间状语连用。*Theyhavebeengoodfriendssincetheymetatameeting.*Shehasworkedintheschoolfortenyears.(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时已完成的动作。*IshallposttheletterassoonasIhavewrittenit.

(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时:①Itis(hasbeen)+一段时间+since从句(从句用一般过去时)②This(That/It)isthefirst(second...)time+that从句(从句用现在完成时)③This(That/It)isthebest/finest/mostinteresting...+that从句(从句用现在完成时)*Thisisthefirsttimethatwehaveseenafilminthecinematogetherasafamily.

【点津】上述句型中的is如果改为was,则现在完成时也要相应地改为过去完成时。2.过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成的动作,时间定位是“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句),如by,bytheendof,bythetime,until,when,before等引出的表示过去的时间状语(从句)。但有时需要通过上下文来判断。*Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbeguntomakealivingbyhimself.

(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算。这类动词常见的有hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose,want,think等。*Ihadhopedtocometohelpyou.Somethinghappenedtome.That’swhyIdidn’tcome.

(3)用在hardly/scarcely/rarely...when...和nosooner...than...句型中,主句常用过去完成时,表示“一……就……;刚……就……”。hardly/scarcely/rarely/nosooner置于句首时,主句部分倒装,从句不倒装。*Wehadnosoonerbeenseatedthanthebusstarted.=Nosoonerhadwebeenseatedthanthebusstarted.

3.将来完成时表示在将来某时/某动作之前已经完成的动作。常与时间状语“by/before+将来时间”等连用。*BythistimetomorrowyouwillhavearrivedinShenyang.

4.现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。*Thegirlhasagreatinterestinsportsandhasbeentakingbadmintonclassestwiceaweekoverthelastthreeyears.(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作。*Ihavebeencallinghimmanytimesthismorning,butthere’snoanswer.

【题组训练】1.Overthelastfewyears,LearningChinese__________(become)popularamongpeopleallovertheworld.

2.(2019·潍坊模拟)Mysistersin-lawhelpedmelookthroughtheirstoragetofindmyoldChristmastree,whichI__________(buy)yearsbeforeinAfrica.

hasbecomehadbought3.Thankstoabout20technologycompanies,brightlycoloredsharedbikes____________________________(flood)intoBeijinginthelasttwoyears.

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4.Besideshigh-speedrail,China____________(improve)people’slivesinmanyotherinnovative(创新的)waysoverthelastdecade.

haveflooded/havebeenfloodinghasimproved考点5被动语态【考题小练】1.It__________(report)thatmanypeopledieoftrafficaccidentseachyear.

2.Nowadays,cellphoneshavefeaturessuchasgames,musicandcalendarsandmorenewfunctions______________(add).

isreportedbeingaddedare3.Wewon’tstarttheworkuntilallthepreparations______________(make).

4.Thiskindofwoolshirt____(feel)softand____(sell)well.

havebeenmadefeelssells【考点精讲】1.被动语态的构成(以do为例)时体现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedone进行is/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone--时体现在过去将来过去将来完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendone2.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。*Myfriendgavemeaninterestingbookonmybirthday.→Aninterestingbookwasgiventome(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.→Iwasgivenaninterestingbook(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.

(2)主动变为被动时,宾语成主语;(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。*Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.→Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong(bytheboss).

(3)短语动词变被动语态时,勿掉“尾巴”。*Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattentionto.

(4)情态动词,begoingto,beto,besureto等结构变为被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。*Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.→Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.

(5)get+过去分词构成的表示被动的短语getpaid/lost/hurt等。*Wegetpaideveryweek.

3.不能用被动语态的几种情况(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组。(2)表示状态的谓语动词,如last,hold,contain,fit,cost等。(3)表示归属的动词(短语),如have,own,belongto等。(4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词,如wish,want,hope,like,love,hate等。(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等,谓语动词不用被动语态。4.主动形式表示被动意义(1)当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等后面接形容词时;当cut,read,sell,wear,write,wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时;当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。*Theflowerssmellsweet.

(2)当breakout,takeplace,shutoff,turnoff,workout等动词短语表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。*Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.*Thelampsonthewallturnedoff.

【题组训练】

1.Twomonthslater,areplyfromBuckinghamPalace___________(receive).

2.ButwhenoneMilwaukeebusdriversawachildonthestreetneededhelp,shestoppedeverythingandnowshe__________(regard)asaheroforit.

wasreceivedisregarded3.(2019·六安模拟)Shouldtourists__________(allow)tovisitpolarregions?

4.Allhislife,he_________(stick)inhishousetakencareofbyhismother. 世纪金榜导学号

beallowedwasstuck考点6主谓一致【考题小练】1.Sofar,largequantitiesofinformation_____________(send)tothecompanybye-mail,whichhasagreateffectonimprovingthequalityofitsproducts.

2.Whatherfatherlefther___(be)onlysomebooks.havebeensentare3.Aperfectgiftwithmanyflowers____________(send)tothebeautifulgirl,sosheisveryhappynow.

hasbeensent【考点精讲】

1.语法一致原则主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。*Listeningtomusicmakesmerelaxedafterabusyday.

【点津】what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式,但如果从句表示复数意义,则谓语动词用复数形式。*Whathesaidisfarfromthetruth.*Whattheschoolneedsarequalifiedteachers.

(2)主语后有with,togetherwith,alongwith,except,besides,aswellas等引起的短语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。*MrGreentogetherwithhischildrengoestotheparkeverySunday.

(3)and,both...and...连接两个不同的主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物,谓语动词用单数形式。*Herteacherandherfriendsareinthesittingroom.*Thepoetandwriterhasproducedmanyworks.(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。*Ihaveafriendwholikeslisteningtoclassicalmusic.

2.意义一致原则意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数,主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有:family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience等。*Theclassconsistsof25boysand20girls.*Theclassaredoinganexperiment.

(2)“分数/百分数/themajority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all,some,half,most,therest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。*Aboutonethirdofthebooksareworthreading.*Only60percentoftheworkwasdoneyesterday.(3)“the+形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。*Thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.(4)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。*Threethousanddollarsisquitealotofmoneyforaboy.

3.就近一致原则就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。(1)由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...,not...but...等连接的短语作主语,谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。*Eitheryouoroneofyourstudentsistoattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.

(2)由there,here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。*Therearethreebooksandapenonthedesk.

【题组训练】1.(2019·海口模拟)ThepossibilityofsmokingintheUKincreaseswithagesothatattheageof15,8%ofschoolchildren___(be)regularsmokers.are2.(2019·哈尔滨模拟)AccordingtoHarmer,sunflowerswhich________(face)withthesunreceivemorebeesandotherinsectsbecausetheylikewarmflowers.

arefaced3.HesaysthatwatchingAway

from

It

All_____(help)teenagersforgetaboutthepressuresofexamsandhomework,andthetroublesthatfilltheworldtoday.

helpsⅠ.语法填空解题技法【高考试水区】1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Whilerunningregularlycan’tmakeyouliveforever,thereviewsaysit__(be)moreeffectiveatlengtheninglifethanwalking,cyclingorswimming.is2.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Since2011,thecountry_________(grow)morecornthanrice.

3.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernment_______(start)asoil-testingprogramthatgivesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.

hasgrownstarted4.(2018·浙江高考)Istillremembervisitingafriendwho’dlivedhereforfiveyearsandI___________(shock)whenIlearntshehadn’tcookedonceinallthattime.

5.(2018·江苏高考)Iwassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplan_______________(carry)outinthepasttwoyears.

wasshockedhadbeencarried6.(2018·北京高考)Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband___________(work)asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.

wasworking【微技能点拨】1.掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)看到always,often,seldom,sometimes,usually等要想到用一般现在时;(2)看到yesterday,lastnight,afewdaysago,theotherday等要想到用一般过去时;(3)看到tomorrow,nextyear,inaweek等要想到用一般将来时;

(4)看到now,atpresent等要想到用现在进行时;(5)看到atthattime,then,atsixo’clockyesterday等要想到用过去进行时;(6)看到thistimetom