部分机械英文图纸翻译

部分机械英文图纸翻译第一篇：部分机械英文图纸翻译部分机械英文图纸翻译1、REVISEDDIMENSIONSTOMACHINEPARTCORRECTLY经修订的机械零件尺寸正确2、SURFACEFINISHOFMACHINEDSURFACESMUSTBE3.2RaORBETTER,UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED.机加工表面必须3.2Ra或更好的表面光洁度，除非另有说明。3、UPDATEDDIMS：更新后的尺寸4、UPDATEDGD&TTOSIMPLIFYMACHININGPROCESS更新后的尺寸可以简化机械加工工艺5、REMOVEDCHAMFER,UPDATEDTITLEBLOCK删除倒角，更新标题块。6、REVISEDDIMENSIONSTOMACHINEPARTCORRECTLY经修订的机械零件尺寸正确7、CHANGEDDEPTHOFSLOT：槽深度变化8、ADDEDGD&TTRUEPOSITIONSYMBOLTOM10x1.5TAPPEDHOLES：新增正确的形位公差符号为M10x1.5螺纹孔9、DRAWINGTITLE：图纸10、ALLUNSPECIFIEDCASTRADIIMUSTBE12mm.铸件未注半径均为R1211、CASTDRAFTANGLETOBE3°MAXIMUM,UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED.未注拔模斜度最大3°12、ALLCASTDIMENSIONSAREPOSITIVE(+)DRAFT,UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED.铸造尺寸往+方向13、SURFACEFINISHOFCASTSURFACESMUSTBE12.5RaORBETTER,UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIED.铸造表面必须Ra12.5或更好的表面光洁度，除非另有说明。14、REMOVEALLFLASHANDSHARPEDGESANDPARTINGLINEFLASHFROMCASTING.从铸件去除所有闪光和锐边和分开线闪光。15、WALLTHICKNESS8.5MM：壁厚8.5毫米16、CASTINGTOLERANCES：铸造公差17、VENDORTOPAINTMATTEBLACKPRIORTOMACHINING：供销商在加工前涂上无光泽黑色、ALLDIMENSIONSARE(+)DRAFT：所有尺寸为+草案。19、ALLDRAFTANGLESTOBE：所有的拔模斜度是20XXASTINGSURFACEALLOWANCETOBE3mm.铸件表面余量为3MM21、SHARPEDGESNOTPERMISSABLE：不可允许的锐边22、BOLTCIRCLE：螺栓分布圆23、ECONO.：工艺更改编号24、BEARINGSUPPORT：轴承座25、KEYWAYTOBECENTEREDWITHIN0.13mmOFBORECENTERLINE.：键槽位于基准孔中心线0.13mm范围26、DUCTILEIRON：球墨铸铁27、CHANGEKEYWAYNOTE:BOREWASSHAFT变化键槽注意：孔径为竖28、WALLTHICKNESS&RIBS=3mm:壁厚及肋骨=3毫米29、CORNERRADII=1.5mm,FILLETRADII=3mm圆角半径=1.5毫米，圆角半径=3毫米30、ALLDIMS.AREFINISHEDSIZES,(FINISHSTOCKNOTINCLUDED)所有尺寸为成品尺寸，（完成库存不包括在内）31、CYLINDERBORESURFACEFINISH:缸径表面处理32、CYLINDERBORETOBECOATEDWITHANINORGANIC,WATERSOLUBLEOIL：缸径待涂一种无机，水溶性油33、THATDOESNOTCONTAINPARAFFIN,CHLORINATEDPRODUCTS,HEAVYESTERS,SILICONE,SILICATES,TEFLON,ORMOLYDISULFATES.不包含石蜡，氯化物产品，重酯，有机硅，硅酸盐，聚四氟乙烯，或钼DISULFATES。34、PARTSTOBEPACKAGED:要包装配件35、OUTERBOXTOBEOFSUFFICIENTSTRENGTHTOPREVENTSHIPPINGDAMAGE.外箱给有足够的力量阻止运输损坏。36、SEESHEET#1FORREVISIONS:修订本，请参阅＃137、GEARCOVERGASKETSURFACE：齿轮室盖垫表面38、VENDOR&DIEID：供销商标示39、APPROXIMATELOCATION：大概位置40、Actualvalue:实际值41、Remark:备注42、FirstArticleInspectionReport:首件检验报告43、IsometricVIEW:轴测图44、CASTINGTOBEANNEALEDANDFULLYSTRESSRELIEVED.铸造将予应力退火和时效处理。45、FLATNESSWITHIN：平面度46、CASTINGADAPTER：铸造适配器47、MATERIALSPEC：材料规格第二篇：英文机械图纸常用翻译词句[范文模版]英文机械图纸常用翻译词句(自己重新整理)62外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。标题栏英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEATTREATMENT）版本号(REVISION缩写REV)工程变更号:E.C.N页码(SHEET)技术要求(NOTES）图号(DRAWINGNO/PARTNO.）和其它一些技术要求，如：1)TOLERANCESUNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIAL未注公差。2)DIMSINmmUNLESSSTATED如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。3)ANGULARTOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。4)DIMSTOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。5)SURFACEFINISH3.2UNLESSSTATED未注粗糙度3.2。notspecifiedsurfaceroughnessisra6.3my没有指定的表面粗糙度Ra6.3my6)40REF尺寸为40，参考值7）410OPENINGREF410开口参考尺寸8）2.5”BSP2.5”圆锥管螺纹9）TYP2POSNS2处10）OD1/4’outsidedimension1/4’的缩写外径值1/4’---应该为:外径值1/4”11）ALLUNSPECIFEDPADI-R3未注圆角R312）TYPCASTRADLLR9.7未注铸造R9.713）REMOVEALLBURRSANDSHARPEDGES棱角倒钝14)STAMP1/4LETTERSDWGDT14331PO刻1/4字图号定单号15)alternativeastmb763c99500翻译替代材质b763c9950016)UNLESSOTERWISESPECIFIED除非指定的17)LEADEDREDBRASS:UNSC83600TOASTMB584，ALTERMATIVE,ASTMB763，C99500含铅红黄铜:牌号号,B584C83600ASTM,也可以用此片号替代,ASTM,C99500B76318)nomarking没有标记19)2.5“BSPTHEXAGON2.5”六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝)20XXHAMFERSNOTDIM未注倒角21)notspecifiedpatterndraft没有指定拔模22)allsharpedgesandburrsaretoberemoved清除所有的锐边和毛刺23)measunngisinmm测量单位为毫米MM24）1.Dimensionaltolerancesunlessotherwisespecified:OnePlace------------------+-0.5Twoplace------------------+-0.30Angles----------------------+-1.0度1..除特别说明外，尺寸公差应小于：１级－－－－－－－－±０.５２级－－－－－－－－±０.３角度－－－－－－－－１°25）2.Castingtolerancesapplytothelocationofcastoutlinefeatureslocatedwithbasicdimensions２.铸造公差适用于具有基准尺寸的铸件轮廓特征区域；26）3．Castingtobefreefromoil,grit,dirtandlooseparticles.３.铸件（表面）须经除油、除尘、除锈和喷砂处理；27）4．Porosityholestobemax2.3diameterby1.6deep.４.砂眼孔最大不能超过直径2.3，深度1.6；28）5.castingqualitytoconformwithgeneralmotorsstandardsandspecifications.５.铸件的质量应符合通用汽车（GM）的标准和技术说明书；29）6.Castingtolerancesarenotcumulative.６.铸件误差不累积；30）7.castingtolerancesunlessotherwisespecified:0.0to75.0+-0.7575.0to20XX0----------------------------+-1.15draftangles------------------------------2度filletradii-3.0cornerradii------------------------------3.0allwalls&ribs-------------------------4.57.无特殊说明时，铸造公差应小于：０.０～７５.０－－－－－－±０.７５７５.０～２００.０－－－－±１.１５拔模角度－－－－－－－－－２°内圆角半径－－－－－－－－３外圆角半径－－－－－－－－３所有壁板和筋厚－－－－－－４.５31）8.MaterialcastironperGM274Mgrade20XX8.材料：铸铁依照GM274M等级20XX32）9.restrictedandreportablesubstancesforpartsperGMW30599.零件中的限制物质和必须明示的物质（环保要求）依照标准GMW3059;33）10.MustcomplywithQP-I.6-009forproductionandQP-I.6-004forPrototypes.10.必须依照QP-6.I-009产品和QP-I.6-004原型生产34）MachiningallowancetobeadoptedwhenturningasurfacetobegroundisequaltoMaxvalueforrequireddimensionwith0.05mmdeviation表达的是加工后基本尺寸的上下偏差，就是±0.0534）METARIAL:ALLOY24,PERMOLD.1,材质：合金24，由模具成型。35)10％OFAREA”ASCAST“ISACCEPTABLE10%的区域允许保持原铸造状态36）break0.2±0.1倒钝尺寸0.2±0.137）NOCUTOFFPOINTALLOWED不允许有切断的点存在38）GR，是磨光的意思39）Eccentricmustbesymmetricand180outofphasewithin0.001TLR这是需要利用投影仪检测的不规则产品的影像，产品的投影会被记录下来，调转180度后，投影与原来的影像的误差在0.001之内；40）STAMPGMM-20XX0-1THISEDGE：是在这条边压印GMM-20XX0-1.STAMPGMM-20XX0-5THISEDGE:是在这条边压印GMM-20XX0-5.41）NOTESUNLESSOTHERISESPECIFIED:注意事项（除非在其他有特别标注）42）COMLCHRCMEXPLATE(BRIGHT).0.004THK,MIN(英语有错误，应该是chromeplate）表面镀铬（亮色）最小厚度0.004,（估计是英寸）43）KnurlRAA16-DIN82straihtknurlm0.5GB6403.3-86指的是螺母表面的滚花滚花形状符合DIN82或者GB6403.3模数0.544）Not/NOTE-Induksiyonilesertlestirme;(inductionhardening)-PS116-1410serlformB'yebakiniz.(Seeform-BforPS116-1410series)-YuzeysertllglPS116-B(SeePS116-Bsurfacehardeness)-Keskinkosevecapakolmayacak.(Removeallsharpedges)注感应淬火见PS116-1410系列表-B表面硬度见PS116-B清除所有尖边45）.removeallburrs&sharpcorners.移除所有毛刺及尖锐的角落。2常见尺寸的标注及要求2.1孔（HOLE）如：（1）毛坯孔：3”DIAO+1CORE（2）加工孔：1“DIA（3）锪孔：锪孔芯子1”;(注C＇BORE=COUNTERBORE锪底面孔);3“0+1;（4）铰孔：1”/4DIAREAM铰孔1“/4;（5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如：例1.6HOLESEQUI-SPACEDON5”DIA(6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLYSPACED均布）DRILL1“DIATHRO＇钻1”通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通）C/SINK22×6DEEP沉孔22×6例2.TAP7“/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级（注UNF=UNIFIEDFINETHREAD美国标准细牙螺纹）1”DRILL1“/4-20XXNC-3THD7”/8DEEP4HOLESNOTBREAKTHRO钻1“孔，攻1”/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20XX攻深7“/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UNIFIEDCOARSETHREAD美国标准粗牙螺纹）1”-14NS-2THRO攻美国固定特种螺纹M1“,每英寸牙数14,精度等级为二级（注NS=NATIONALSPECIALTHREAD:美国固定特种标准）2.2倒角（CHAMFER）例1/8×45°BEV倒角1/8×45°（注BEV=BEVEL，斜面）1.5×45°CHAM倒角1.5×45°(注CHAM=CHAMFER倒角)2.3方(SQUARE)例5”SQUARE5“×5”方2.4剖视（SECTION）例SECTIONA-AA-A剖面2.5圆角半径例1“RR1”RADIUSMUSTBESMOOTHANDBLENDINTOFACE圆弧必须光滑且与平面相切2.6加工余量例DOTTEDLINESINDICATEDMAXFINISH1“/8虚线表示最大加工余量1”/82.7零件标记例USE5“/16RAISEDHAIRLINELET-TERSMARKINGONONESIDEOFBODY用突起高为5”/16的细实线字母在本体一侧打标记14）3关于铸锻件的技术要求例1.FORGINGMUSTBEANNEALEDTOBEBELOW20XXBRINELLHARDNESS锻件必须退火处理，布氏硬度<20XX例2.NORMALIZETO163-20XXHNMUSTBEFREEOFSCALE&RUST锻件正火处理，布氏硬度163-20XX锻件表面不得有氧化皮和锈蚀例例3.FORGINGTOBESHOTORSANDBLASTED锻件需经喷丸或喷砂处理例4.UNLESSOTHERWISESPECIFIEDDRAFTANGLES7°未注明锻造拔模斜度7°例5.CASTTOBEFREEOFEXCESSIVEFLASH铸件不得有过多的毛边例6.DRAFTANGLE2°UNLESSOTHER-WISESPECIFIED未注明铸造拔模斜度2°看英文机械工程图纸并不是高不可攀，只要坚持常看，熟记部分单词即可。4、热处理(heattreatment)例1.HT30Tgearteeth3mmminbelowrootdia40-50HR热处理：感应淬火，在齿轮根径以下的3mm至少是,40-50HRC1.5mincasedeptp层深度最小1.5例2.castingtobefreefromde-carburisationtoallowforpostselectivehardeningto45-55rockwell铸件需防止脱碳随后局部淬火到45-55洛氏硬度postselectiveHardening随后淬火例3.HEATTREATMENT:热处理：HRUHARDENANDTEMPERTO41-45HRC淬火并回火至HRC41－45PREHEAT:预热FROMROOMTEMPERATURE,RAMPUPTO120XXDETREESF(650DETREESC)ANDSOAKATTEMPERATUREFOR45MINUTES.从室温缓慢升至华氏120XX（650氏度），保温45分钟HARDENING:硬化：FROM120XXETREESF(650DETREESC),RAMPUPTO1555DETREESF(845DETREESC)ANDSOAKATTEMPERATUREFOR45MINUTES.从华氏120XX（650摄氏度）加热至华氏1555度（845摄氏度）保温45分钟QUENCH:淬火：INOIL,AS-QUENCHEDHARDNESS53-55HRC.油淬，淬火后硬度53-55HRCEMPER:回火：600DETREESF(315DETREESC)FORTWOHOURS在华氏600度（315摄氏度）下保温2小时NOTE:注意：DECARBORATIONMUSTBEPREVENTEDBYUSINGENTHERVACUUMFURNACEORCONTROLLEDATMOSPHERE.必须防止脱碳，可使用真空炉或者可控气氛炉4.4常见的热处理方式:Tempering回火Annealing退火Nnormalising正火Hardening淬火Casecarburising渗碳CaseHardening表面淬火nitriding氮化aging时效处理inductionhardening感应淬火impedancematching感应淬火hardeningandtempering调质常见的冷却方式：aircooling空冷furnacecooling炉冷oilcooling油冷5、常见的表面处理(surfacetreatment)Coatingforcasting/铸件喷涂1).Normalpainting普通喷漆2).Powderpainting粉末喷漆3).Galvanize(galvanization)电镀镀锌4).Zinccoating镀锌5).Cataphoreticcoating电泳敷层KTL(德语：KathodischeElektrotauchlackierung)6).Hotdipping热浸镀7).Bluing发蓝，black发黑8).Thermalspraying热喷涂9).Electrostaticspraying静电喷涂10).Aqueousrustpreventive防锈水11).Rustpreventiveoil防锈油12).Oxironpainting金属漆13)．Epoxyresinplasticpowderpainting环氧树脂型塑料粉末喷漆14).descaling除污，除氧化皮等blackoxidecoating氧化发黑6.螺纹问题求助BSPT、BSP、BSPP螺纹标准1、BSP是英制管螺纹。不过，有BSP.Tr.,BSP.PI.,BSP.F.之分。BSP.Tr.是锥管螺纹，用于密封接合。BSP.PI.是平行管螺纹，用于密封接合，只有内螺纹，与BSP.Tr.的外螺纹嵌合。BSP.F.为平行管螺纹，用于一般的接合。2、螺紋G與螺紋BSPP一样，均为英制圆柱管螺纹代号牙型角55度3、英制螺纹有几种？BSP螺纹的特点及表示法？两种，BSPP（管螺纹）和BSPT（55度角锥管螺纹，与美制60度角锥管螺纹NPT相对，互不兼容）4、G螺纹与Rp螺纹对比，哪些地方相同，哪些地方不同，两者在用途上有区别吗，能否通用。G螺纹与Rp螺纹都是55°圆柱管螺纹。只是国别(组织)不同而产生了不同的代号而已。G是中国、法国、前苏联、日本的代号；第三篇：机械图纸翻译英文词汇大总结机械图纸翻译英文词汇大总结ALLWELDSCONTINUOUSUNLESSOTHERWISESTATED未注焊缝均为连续焊ALLWELDS3mmFILLETUNLESSOTHERWISESTATED未注焊角高3mm.ALLUNSPECIFIEDRADI-R3未注圆角R3REMOVEALLBURRSANDSHARPEDGES棱角倒钝CHANNEL槽钢RSA708角钢70X70X8M30X1.5pitchM30X1.5的锥螺纹Tackweld点焊OD1/4“outsidedimension1/4”的缩写外径直1/4"75CRS尺寸为75材质为冷轧钢板410OPENINGREF410开口参考尺寸40REF尺寸为40,参考值2.5“BSP2.5”圆锥管螺纹2.5“BSPTHEXAGON2.5”六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝)30x2.5FLATBAR30X2.5扁钢TYP2POSNS2处TOTALCOILSAPROX.9WORKINGCOILSAPROX.RIGHTHANDWOUNDONLY,ENDCOILSSQUARETOTOUCH.总圈数约11圈；工作圈数约9圈；右旋；弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.（此为弹簧技术说明）内扣(母扣)FEMALE外扣(公扣)MALE偏心轴eccentricshaft销轴PIN开口销COTTERPIN螺杆screw紧定螺钉SETSCREW圆螺母ROUNDNUT内六角螺钉SOCKETHEADCAPSCREW六角螺钉HEXHDSETSCREW六角螺栓HEXHDBOLT挡圈closingring弹性挡圈circlip轴承隔套distancesleeveofaxletree轴承axletree深沟球轴承DEEPGROOVEBALLBEARING无扣长non-bucklelongth弹簧SPRING吊环螺钉LIFTINGEYEBOLT开槽盘头螺钉SLOTTEDPANHEADSCREW圆锥滚子轴承TAPEREDROLLERBEARING推力球轴承THRUSTBALLBEARING平键FLATKEY弹簧垫圈SINGLECOILSPRINGWASHER平垫圈FLATWASHER螺母FULLNYLOCKNUT圆螺母ROUNDNUT所有尖角/棱角倒角并去毛刺REMOVEALLBURRSANDSHARPEDGESACCESSAccessory附件ADJAdjustable,Adjust调整ADPTAdapter使适应ADVAdvance提前ALAluminum铝ALLOWAllowance允许LTAlternate改变ALYAlloy合金AMTAmout数量ANLAnneal锻炼ANSLAmerNatlStdsInstituteAPPROXApproximate大约ASMEAmerSocietyofMechEngrsASSEMAssemble装配ASSYAssembly装配AUTHAuthorized授权的AUTOAutomatic自动的AUXAuxiliary辅助的AVGAverage平均AWGAmericanWireGaugeBCBoltCircle螺栓圆周BETBetween之间BEVBevel斜角BHNBrinellHardnessNumber布氏硬度值BLKBlank,Block空白B/NMBillofMaterial材料费BOTBottom底部BPorB/PBlueprint蓝图BRGBearing轴承BRKBreak破裂BRKTBracket支架BROBroach钻孔BRSBrass黄铜BRZBronze青铜B＆SBrown＆Shape棕色＆形状BSCBasic基本的BUSHBushing套管BWGBirminghamWireGaugeCTOCCenter-to-Center中心到中心CADComputer-AidedDrafting电脑辅助设计CAMComputer-AidedMfgCAPCapacity容量CAPSCRCapScrew螺帽CARBCarburize使渗碳CBORECounterbore扩孔CCWCounterClockwise逆时针第四篇：LNG英文图纸翻译中英对照参考美标ASTM/ANSI,德标DIN日标JIS，国标GB/TJBSHHGPIPE是指管子,SMLS是SEAMLESS指无缝,SAW是Submerged-ArcWelding指埋弧自动焊，ERW指电阻焊，EFW指电融焊，都是有缝管。SCH80是壁厚系列，BE是管子端部形式指带坡口，3MM指钝边3MM厚，PE是平口，HalfCoupling:半管接头,BB.阀门盖螺栓连接Boss:螺纹管台Olet好像没见有单独这么写的.weldolet:焊接支管台,sockolet:承插焊支管台,threadolet:螺纹支管台ASMEB36.10是管子制造标准，A333是管子材质标准，低温钢，应该还有等级，如Gr.6BW--对焊的意思;Sch40--管子壁厚等级LR:是指长半径RF密封面为突面SLIP-ON滑套法兰（包括平焊法兰）150LB是压力等级为150磅A-105N表示材质为A105镀镍AS是澳标法兰ANSIB16.5是美标法兰ALLWELDSCONTINUOUSUNLESSOTHERWISESTATED.未注焊缝均为连续焊ALLWELDS3mmFILLETUNLESSOTHERWISESTATED未注焊角高3mm.ALLUNSPECIFIEDRADI-R3未注圆角R3REMOEALLBURRSANDSHARPEDGES棱角倒钝CHANNEL槽钢RSA708角钢70X70X8M30X1.5pitchM30X1.5的锥螺纹Tackweld点焊OD1/4“outsidedimension1/4”的缩写外径直1/4“75CRS尺寸为75材质为冷轧钢板410OPENINGREF410开口参考尺寸40REF•尺寸为40,参考值2.5”BSP2.5”圆锥管螺纹2.5"BSPTHEXAGON2.5”六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝)30x2.5FLATBAR•30X2.5扁钢TYPTOTALCOILSAPROX.9WORKINGCOILSAPROX.RIGHTHANDWOUNDONLY,ENDCOILSSQUARETOTOUCH.总圈数约11圈；工作圈数约9圈；右旋；弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.(此为弹簧技术说明)FEMALE:内扣(母扣)MALE:外扣(公扣)偏心轴eccentricshaft销轴PIN开口销COTTERPIN螺杆screw紧定螺钉SETSCREW圆螺母ROUNDNUT内六角螺钉SOCKETHEADCAPSCREW六角螺钉HEXHDSETSCREW六角螺栓HEXHDBOLT挡圈closingring弹性挡圈circlip轴承隔套distancesleeeofaxletree轴承axletree深沟球轴承DEEPGROOEBALLBEARING无扣长non-bucklelongth弹簧SPRING吊环螺钉LIFTINGEYEBOLT开槽盘头螺钉SLOTTEDPANHEADSCREW圆锥滚子轴承TAPEREDROLLERBEARING推力球轴承THRUSTBALLBEARING平键FLATKEY弹簧垫圈SINGLECOILSPRINGWASHER平垫圈FLATWASHER螺母FULLNYLOCKNUT圆螺母INS隔热H保温HotinsulationC保冷ColdinsulationP防烫伤隔热PersonnelprotectioninsulationT&I伴热TracingandinsulationT管道伴热（冷）TracingEST蒸汽外伴热ExternalsteamtracingIST蒸汽内伴热InternalsteamtracingSJT蒸汽夹套伴热Steam-jackettracingET电伴热ElectrictracingM金属材料MetallicmaterialCS碳钢CarbonsteelCAS铸钢CaststeelFS锻钢ForgedsteelAS合金钢AlloysteelSS不锈钢StainlesssteelAUST奥氏体不锈钢AusteniticCI铸铁CastironMI可锻铸铁MalleableironDI球墨铸铁DuctileironAL铝AluminumBRS黄铜BrassBRZ青铜BronzeCU紫铜CopperLAS低合金钢LowalloysteelFLAS低合金锻钢ForgedlowalloysteelCLAS低合金铸钢CastlowalloysteeTHK壁厚ThicknessSCH表号SchedulenumberSTD标准Standard2oXS加强ExtrastrongXXS特强Doubleextrastrong;CN建北Constructionnorth.H水平HorizontalV竖直、铅直、直立VerticalGRD地坪Ground7~)mUG地下UndergroundeBL装置边界线BatterylimitlineESEW事故沐浴洗眼器EmergencyshowerandeyewasherHS软管站HosestationML接续分界线MatchlinePS管道支架（管架）PipingsupportPR管桥PiperackSTRU构架（构筑物）StructureBLDG建筑物BuildingPD清扫设施PurgedevicePT池PitSHLT棚ShelterCOFF围堰CofferdamFL楼板FloorPF平台Plateform1EL标高ElevationBOP管底BottomofpipeCOP管中心CenterofpipeTOP管顶TopofpipeFOB底平FlatonbottomFOT顶平FlatontopCL(屯)中心线CenterlineTL切线TangentlineSYM对称的SymmetricalBOS支架底BottomofsupportTOS支架顶TopofsupportCL净距（净空）ClearanceCTC中心至中心CentertocenterCTF中心至面CentertofaceCTE中心至端部CentertoendETE端到端EndtoendFEF法兰端面Flangeandface1FTF面到面FacetofaceD直径DiameterDN公称直径NominaldiameterID内径InsidediameterOD外径OutsidediameterDIM尺寸DimensionMAX最大MaximumMIN最小MinimumAVGAPPPT.ELPFDPIDCODDTLSPDWG0DWGNODWGILOWMTOAPPXJOB.No.BEDDDEDDREV.No.DWGSCMLCHOPCSCCSOLCLONCNOATMPNAGWAWGSAWEFW平均Average约、近似Approximate点标高Pointelevation工艺流程图Processflowdiagram.管道和仪表流程图Piping&instrumentdiagram接续图Continuedondrawing详图Datail(ISODWG)管段图Spooldrawing(eachlineisometricdrawing)图号Drawingnumber所在图号Drawingidentification材料表Listofmaterial汇料Materialtake-off附录Appendix工号JobNumber基础工程设计数据Basicengineeringdesigndata0详细工程设计数据Detailengineeringdesigndata修改号Recisionnumber参考图Referencedrawing采样接口Sampleconnection手动Manualcontrol链条操作Chainoperated铅封关Carsealclose铅封开Carsealopen锁闭Lockclosed锁开Lockopen正常关Normallyclose正常开Normallyopen大气压Atmosphere公称压力Nominalpressure绝压表压焊接Welding电弧焊Arcwelding.气体保护电弧焊Gasshielded-acrwelding-e电熔焊ElecricfusionweldingERW电阻焊ElectricResistanceweldingGW气焊GasweldingLW搭接焊LapweldingBW对焊ButtweldingTW定位焊TackweldingSW承插焊SocketweldingCW连续焊ContinuousweldingSEW密封焊SealweldingSFG堆焊SurfacingFW现场焊接FieldweldingHT热处理HeattreatmentPH预热PreheatingSR应力消除StressreliefPWHT焊后热处理PostweldheattreatmentEIT检查、探伤和实验Examination,inspection&testingVE外观检查VisualexaminationUI(UT)超声探伤Ultrasonicinspection(test)RI(RT)射线探伤Radiographicinspection(test)MPI(MT)磁粉探伤MagneticparticleinspectionLPI(PT)液体渗透检验LiquidpenterantinspectionHADT硬度实验HardnesstestingHYDT水压实验HydraulictestingPNET气压实验PneumatictestingCE焊条CoveredelectrodeWW焊丝WeldingwireASSY装配、组合AssemblyF现场FieldSF现场决定SuitinfieldCSP冷紧ColdspringBCT螺栓冷紧BoltcoldtighteningBHY螺栓热紧BolthottighteningCO清洗口CleanoutANNY退火Annealed'PE平端面PlainendBE坡口端BelelledendTHR螺纹ThreadHB布氏硬度BrinnelhardnessFDN基础FoundationINF信息（资料）InformationREF参考ReferenceREV修改Revision5SEQ序号（顺序）SequenceCM色标ColourmarkCA腐蚀裕度CorrosionallowanceUTL公用系统UtilityUC公用工程接头UtilityconnectionQTY数量Quantity)WT重量WeightMHR工时BC螺栓分布圆BoltcircleHP高点HighpointLP低点LowpointSUC吸入（口）SuctionDIS排出（口）DischargeSO蒸气吹扫（口）SteamoutNPT美国标准锥管螺纹NationalstandardtaperpipethreadNPS美国标准直管螺纹Nationalstandardstraightpipethread.DR排液DrainVT放气VentRTG（压力）等级RatingCL等级Class第五篇：机械英文参考文献及翻译Abstract:WithafocusontheintaketoweroftheYanshanReservoir,thispaperdiscussesthemethodofmodelinginthe3DCADsoftwareSolidWorksandtheinterfaceprocessingbetweenSolidWorksandtheANSYScode,whichdecreasesthedifficultyinmodelingcomplicatedmodelsinANSYS.Inviewofthefunctionofthebirth-deathelementandsecondarydevelopmentwithAPDL(ANSYSparametricdesignlanguage),asimulationanalysisofthetemperaturefieldandthermalstressduringtheconstructionperiodoftheintaketowerwasconvenientlyconducted.Theresultsshowthatthetemperatureriseisabout29.934□over3or4days.Thetemperaturedifferencesbetweenanytwopointsarelessthan24□.Thethermalstressincreaseswiththetemperaturedifferenceandreachesitsmaximumof1.68MPaattheinterfacebetweentwoconcretelayers.Keywords:SolidWorks;ANSYS;APDL;birth-deathelement;temperaturefield;thermalstress1IntroductionMassconcreteiswidelyusedincivilandhydraulicengineeringnowadays,anditsthermalstressincreasinglyattractsattentionduringdesignandconstruction.Itisnecessarytoanalyzethetemperaturefieldandthermalstressofimportantmassconcretestructureswithbothroutinemethodsandthefiniteelementmethod(FEM).SomeresearchershavedonealargeamountofsimulationanalysesusingFEMsoftware(Tatro1985;Barrettetal.1992;KawaguchiandNakane1996;ZhuandXu20XX;Zhu20XX),butdifficultiesinthesemethodsremain.Therearetwomaindifficulties:(1)MostmassconcretestructuresarecomplexanddifficulttomodelwithFEMsoftware.(2)CompletesimulationisdifficultwithFEMsoftwarebecauseofthecomplexconstructionprocessesandboundaryconditionsofconcrete.ThestructureoftheintaketoweroftheYanshanReservoiriscomplex.Itis34.5mhighandthereisasquarepressuretunnelatthebottom,thesidelengthofwhichis6m.Theintaketowerwasmodeledinthe3DCADsoftwareSolidWorksandimportedintoANSYSwithaninterfacetool.Then,usingtheAPDLprogram,analysisofthetemperaturefieldandthermalstressduringconstructionwasconducted.2ModelinginSolidWorksandinterfaceprocessingbetweenSolidWorksandANSYS2.1ModelinginSolidWorksSolidWorksisaCAD/CAE/CAM/PDMdesktopsystem,andthefirst3DmechanicalCADsoftwareinWindowsdevelopedbytheSolidWorkscompany.Itprovidesproduct-levelautomateddesigntools(LiuandRen20XX).Theoutsidestructureoftheintaketowerissimplebuttheinternalstructureisrelativelycomplex.Therefore,theprocessofmodelingisundertakenfromtheinsidetotheoutside.TheintegratedandinternalmodelsoftheintaketowerareshowninFig.1andFig.2.图片Fig.1IntegratedmodelFig.2Crosssection2.2InterfaceprocessingbetweenSolidWorksandANSYSANSYSisatypeoflargeuniversalfiniteelementsoftwarethathasapowerfulabilitytocalculateandanalyzeaspectsofstructure,thermalproperties,fluid,electromagnetics,acousticsandsoon.Inaddition,theinterfaceofANSYScanbeusedtoimporttheCADmodelconveniently(Zhang20XX),whichgreatlyreducesthedifficultiesofdealingwithcomplexmodels.TheinterfacetoolsaregiveninTable1.Table1CADsoftwarepackagesandpreferredinterfacetools图表1AftermodelinginSolidWorks,itisnecessarytosavethemodelasatypeofParasolid(*.x_t)soastoimportitintoANSYScorrectly.Then,inANSYS,theimportingofthemodeliscompletedwiththecommand“PARAIN,Name,Extension,Path,Entity,FMT,Scale”orthechoiceof“FileDImportDPARA...”intheGUIinterface.Therearetwomeansofimporting:selectingornotselecting“AllowDefeaturing”，thedifferencesofwhichareshowninFig.3andFig.4.图片Fig.3ImportingwithdefeaturingFig.4Importingwithoutdefeaturing3AnalysisoftemperaturefieldofintaketowerThetemperatureanalysisoftheintaketowerduringtheconstructionperiodinvolvesaspectsofthetemperaturefieldandthermalstress.Thecalculationmustdealwiththeproblemsofsimulationoflayeredconstruction,dynamicboundaryconditions,hydrationheat,dynamicelasticitymodulus,autogenousvolumedeformationofconcreteandthermalcreepstress,whicharedifficulttosimulatedirectlyinANSYS.APDLisascriptinglanguagebasedonthestyleofparametricvariables.Itisusedtoreducealargeamountofrepetitiveworkinanalysis(GongandXie20XX).Thisstudycarriedoutasimulationanalysisofthetemperaturefieldconsideringnearlyallconditionsofconstruction,usingthebirth-deathelementandprogrammingwithAPDL.3.1Solvingtemperaturefieldprinciple3.1.1UnsteadytemperaturefieldanalysisThetemperatureofconcretechangesduringtheconstructionperiodduetotheeffectofhydrationheatofcement.Thisproblemcanbeexpressedasaheatconductionproblemwithinternalheatsourcesinthearea.TheunsteadytemperaturefieldT(x,y,z,D)iswrittenas(Zhu1999):公式1where□isthethermalconductivityofconcrete,cisthespecificheatofconcrete,□isthedensityofconcrete,□istheadiabatictemperatureriseofconcrete,and□istheageofconcrete.Inthe3Dunsteadytemperaturefieldanalysis,thefunctionalformIe(T)is公式2where□Risasubfieldofunite;□0istheareaonsurfaceD,whichisonlyinboundaryunits;c□□□□;□istheexothermiccoefficient;thethermaldiffusivityc□□□□;andistheairtemperature.aT3.1.2InitialconditionsandboundaryconditionsofconcreteTheinitialconditionsarethedistributionlawsoftheinitialtransienttemperatureofinternalconcrete.Thecalculatedinitialtemperatureofconcreteis10□.Theindexformulaofhydrationheatofcementis公式3wheretisthepouringtime.TheconversionbetweenQand□is公式4Theboundaryconditionsinvolvethelawsofinteractionbetweenconcreteandthesurroundingmedium.Whenconcreteisexposedtotheair,theboundaryconditionis公式5wherenisthenormaldirection.BothandaT□areconstantsorvariables(AshidaandTauchert1998;LinandCheng1997).Duringthemaintenanceperiod,theinsulationmaterialsofconcretearesteelformworksandstraws,andtheexothermiccoefficientoftheoutersurfaceisreducedasequivalentprocessing.Theexothermiccoefficientsofthesteelformworkandthestraware45kJ/(m2h+0)and10kJ/(m2h+0)，respectively.Basedonthelocaltemperatureduringconstruction,thefollowingformulacanbefittedaccordingtothetemperaturevariationcurve:公式63.2AnalysisoftemperaturefieldinANSYSThesimulationschemeoflayeredconstruction,whichisbasedontherealconstructionscheme,isshowninTable2.ThepouringdaysinTable2areallthetotaldaysofconstructionforeachlayer.Alayerisnotpoureduntiltheformerlayerispoured.图表2Thefeaturepointsareselectedineverylayerabovethebaseplate.ThemaximumtemperaturesandthetemperaturecurvesaregiveninTable3andFig.5,respectively.Table3Coordinatesandmaximumtemperatureoffeaturepoints图表3图片5Fig.5MaximumtemperaturecurvesFig.5showsthatthemaximumtemperatureofeachlayeroccursonthe3rdor4thdayafterpouring,andthenthetemperaturedecreaseswithtime,whichisconsistentwithrelatedliterature(LinandCheng1997;LunaandWu20XX;WuandLuna20XX).InFig.5,thenumbersoffeaturepointsfrom2to8arecorrespondingtotheirmaximumtemperaturecurvesfromNodetemp2toNodetemp8,andthecurveofNodetemp9istheairtemperaturecurve.Featurepoint8,themaximumtemperatureofwhichis29.934□,occurringonthe20XXhdayofthetotalconstructionperiod,showsthemaximumtemperatureriseduringtheconstructionperiod.Featurepoint4,thecoordinatesofwhichare(16.4,16.0,5.0),showsthemaximumtemperaturedifferenceof23.5340.4AnalysisofthermalstressofintaketowerExpansionorcontractionofthestructureoccursduringheatingandcooling.Iftheexpansionorcontractionofdifferentpartsisinconsistent,thenthermalstressoccurs.Theindirectmethodwasadoptedinthisstudy:thetemperatureofnodeswasfirstobtainedinanalysisofthetemperaturefield,andthenappliedtothestructureasabodyload.4.1SelectionofcalculatingparametersTheparametersofconcretearegiveninTable4.Theelasticitymodulusis公式7Table4Parametersofconcrete图表4Thecreepeffectmustbeconsideredinanalysisoftemperaturestress.Thecreepdegreeofconcreteisinfluencedbythecementtype,water-cementratioandadmixture.Theformulaofthecreepdegreeis公式8Consideringthecreepdegree,theformulaoftheelasticitymodulusisadjustedtobe公式94.2AnalysisofthermalstressinANSYSAsinanalysisofthetemperaturefield,featurepointswereselectedineachlayerabovethebaseplate,andtheircoordinateswerethesameasthoseinthetemperaturefieldanalysis.ThemaximumthermalstressofeachpointisshowninTable5.Featurepoint9,thecoordinatesofwhichare(17.4,10.8,8.0),isthepointwiththemaximumthermalstress.Table5Maximumthermalstressoffeaturepoints图表5ThethermalstresscurvesoffeaturepointsareshowninFig.6.图片6Fig.6MaximumstresscurvesInFig.6,thenumbersoffeaturepointsfrom2to9arecorrespondingtotheirmaximumstresscurvesfromS1_2toS1_9,andtheS1_10curveistheultimatetensilestressofconcrete.Theformulaofconcrete’sultimatetensilestressis公式10Thefiguresandtableshowthatthemaximumthermalstressoftheintaketoweris1.68MPa,occurringonthe90thdayoftheconstructionperiod,whichistheendofthethirdlayermaintenanceperiodandthebeginningofthepouringofthefourthlayer.Itisknownthatthethermalstressincreaseswiththetemperaturedifference.Featurepoint9islocatedattheinterfacebetweenthethirdlayerandthefourthlayer.Thus,itispostulatedthatthemaximumthermalstressiscausedbytheinstantaneoustemperaturedifferencebetweentwolayersinthepouringperiod.InFig.6,theS1_10curveshowstheultimatetensilestresscurveofconcrete.Itisknownthatthemaximumthermalstressofeachpointintheintaketowerduringtheconstructionperiodislessthantheultimatetensilestressofconcrete.5Conclusions⑴TheproblemoftheinterfacebetweenSolidWorksandANSYSisresolvedinthisstudy,realizinganeffectivecombinationoftheadvantagesofbothSolidWorksandANSYSandprovidingabasisforanalysisinANSYS.(2)Usingabirth-deathelementandconsideringlayeredconstruction,dynamicboundaryconditions,hydrationheat,thedynamicelasticitymodulus,autogenousvolumedeformationandcreepofconcrete,thetemperaturefieldandthermalstressduringtheconstructionperiodareconvenientlyobtainedduetothevirtuesofsecondarydevelopmentwithAPDL.(3)Thea