曲阜师范大学英语-《英语词汇学 》复习资料

《英语词汇学》复习资料1Ⅰ.Fillintheblanks.Directions:Completethefollowingstatementswithproperwords.The1isthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.2arewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.Theproblemofinterrelationofthevariousmeaningsofthesamewordcanbedealtwithfromtwodifferentangles:3approachandsynchronicapproach.

“Mal-”in“maltreat”isa4prefix,while“inter-”in“interstate”isa5prefix.OldEnglishisdescribedasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishlanguageof6endings,andalanguageof7endings.InmodernEnglish,onemayfindsome8wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Thewordmeaningismadeupof9meaningand10meaning,andthelaterhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningand11meaning.Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories:appreciativeor12.13isthoughttobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.14istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.15referstothejargonofcriminals.Itsuseisconfinedtothesub-culturalgroups,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit.“Pretty”and“handsome”sharethesame16meaning，butdifferin17meaning.___18___analysisisaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponentswhicharealsoknownassemanticfeatures..Radiationand19arethetwocoinageswhichthedevelopmentofwordmeaningfollowsfrommonosemytopolysemy.20dealswiththerelationshipofinclusion,i.e.themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Ⅱ.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfor“true”andFfor“false”.Homonymsaredescendantsofdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisawordofthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Wordsofthebasicwordstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords,sotheyhavestrongproductivity.“Can-opener”usedasslangtomean“all-purposekey”.Nativewordsareneutralinstyle.TheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theFarEast,andIndia.BorrowinghasplayedavitalroleinthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary,particularlyinearliertimes.Thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwordsismorpheme.Stemisaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Baseiswhatremainsofawordaftertheremovalofallaffixes..“Fore-”in“forehead”and“fore-”in“foreknowledge”belongtotwokindsofprefix.Word-buildingandword-formationarerelativesynonyms.Thewordmanuscriptwhichoriginallydenotes“handwriting”onlyhasundergoneaprocessofextensionofmeaning.Parent—childandhusband—wifearetwopairsofconverses.Policeman,constable,bobbyandcoparesynonymsdifferinginintensity.Ⅲ.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock?Whyareprefixesandsuffixesdividedaccordingtodifferentcriteria?Listthefoursourcesofsynonyms.Whatarethecharacteristicsofconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning?Ⅳ.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotherequirement.Classifythethreepairsofantonymsaccordingtotypesofantonymsyouhavelearnedanddescribethecharacteristicsofeachtypeofthem.interviewer/interviewee;male/female;old/young

答案I．Fillintheblanks.1.morpheme2.denizens3.diachronic4.pejorative5.locative6.leveled7.lost8.onomatopoeic9.grammatical10.lexical11.associative12.pejorative13.backformation14.blending15.argot16.conceptual17.collocative18.componential19.concatenation20.hyponymyDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfor“true”andFfor“false”.1-5TTTFT6-10TFFFT11-15TFFTFAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock?Allnationalcharacter2)stability3)productivity4)polysemy5)collocabilityWhyareprefixesandsuffixesdividedaccordingtodifferentcriteria?Prefixesprimarilyeffectasemanticmodificationofthebase,i.e.prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebasebutonlymodifyitsmeaning.Suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase,i.e.thechangeofthewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning.Soprefixesarecategorizedonasemanticbasiswhilesuffixesaredividedonagrammaticalbasis.1)Borrowing;(2)dialectsandregionalEnglish(3)figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords(4)coincidencewithidiomaticexpressionsWhatarethecharacteristicsofconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning?Conceptualmeaningisthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommunicationasthesamewordgenerallyhasthesameconceptualmeaningtothespeakersinthesamespeechcommunity.(3%)Associativemeaningdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminate,liabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc…（3%）Ⅳ.Analyzethefollowingquestionsandexplainthemaccordingtotherequirement.1.Interviewer&intervieweeareconverses;male&femalearecomplementaries;old&youngarecontraries.Complementariestrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.Theyaresooppositetoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheotherorviceversa.Complementariesarenongradable,andtheycannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsofintensitylike“very”toqualifythem.Contrariesaregradableantonyms.Theexistenceofoneisinrelationtotheother.Wecansay:Amanisrichorveryrichandalsowecansayamanisrichthantheother.Contrariesarecharacteristicofsemanticpolarity.Theseantonymsformpartofascaleofvaluesbetweentwopolesandcanaccommodateamiddlegroundbelongingneithertoonepolenortotheother.Conversesconsistofrelationalopposites.Thepairsofwordsindicatereciprocalsocialrelationshipsthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother.Italsoincludesreverseterms,whichcompriseadjectivesandadverbssignifyingaqualityorverbsandnounssignifyinganactorstatethatreverseorundothequality,actionorstateoftheother.

复习资料2I.单选题1.Inthesentence“Iliketoseeamovie.”,thereare________functionalwords.A.2B.3C.4D.52.Conversionisamethod________________________.A.ofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeechB.ofconvertingwordsofonemeaningintodifferentmeaningC.ofderivingwordsthroughgrammaticalmeansD.ofchangingwordsinmorphologicalstructure3.ThefollowingwordshavederivationalaffixesEXCEPT________________.A.subseaB.prewarC.postwarD.desks4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse?A.Conversionreferstotheuseofwordsofoneclassasthatofadifferentclass.B.Wordsmainlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns,verbsandadverbs.C.Partialconversionandfullconversionareconcernedwithadjectiveswhenconvertedtonouns.D.Theconversionbetweennounsandverbsmayinvolveachangeofstress.5._________isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.A.GrammaticalmeaningB.DenotativemeaningC.AssociativemeaningD.Connotativemeaning6.Thewordswhathaveemotivecontentinthemselvesaresaidtocontain__meaning.A.collocativeB.affectiveC.stylisticD.denotative7.__________explainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.A.EtymologicalmotivationB.OnomatopoeticmotivationC.MorphologicalmotivationD.Semanticmotivation8.ThefollowingwordshaveinflectionalaffixesEXCEPT__________.A.worksB.workerC.workingD.worked9.“Smog”isformedbycombining“smoke”and“fog”.SoitisanexampleofA.clippingB.compoundingC.blendingD.back-formation10.Theword“smog”iscreatedbyblending,withthestructureof__________.A.head+tailB.head+headC.head+wordD.word+tail11.Themostimportantmodeofvocabularydevelopmentinpresent-dayEnglishisthecreationofnewwordsbymeansof________________.A.translation-loansB.emanticloansC.wordformationD.borrowings12.Whichofthefollowingbelongstoasemanticfield?A.steed,charger,palfrey,plug,nagB.pony,mustang,mule,stud,mareC.policeman,constable,bobby,copD.domicile,residence,abode,home13.Wordswhichareusedtoshowtheattitudeofapprovalare________________.A.appreciativeB.pejorativeC.conntativeD.collocative14.GeneralfeaturesofEnglishcontainsthefollowingexcept_________.A.simplicityB.receptivityC.adaptabilityD.imprssiveness15.Themostproductivemeansofword-formationinmodernEnglisharethefollowingexcept.A.compoundingB.affixationC.acronymD.conversionII判断题1.TheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theFarEast,andIndia.（

）2.Thewordmanuscriptwhichoriginallydenotes“handwriting”onlyhasundergoneaprocessofextensionofmeaning.（

）3.ThebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishPeriodwasmarkedbytheNormanConquestwhichbroughtmanyLatinwordsintotheEnglishlanguage.（

）4.Wordsofthebasicwordstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords,sotheyhavestrongproductivity.（

）5.Grammaticalmeaningorawordincludespartofspeech,tensemeaning,andstylisticcoloring.（

）6.WordscreatedbycompoundingoccupythehighestpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary.（

）7.Themarkedtermofeachpairofantonymscoversthesenseoftheunmarkedterm.（

）8.Policeman,constable,bobbyandcoparesynonymsdifferinginintensity.（

）9.BorrowinghasplayedavitalroleinthedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary,particularlyinearliertimes.（

）10.“Radiation”showsthatthederivedmeaningsofapolysemanticwordarenotdirectlyrelatedtotheprimarymeaning.（

）III简答题1.Whatarethecharacteristicsofconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning?2.Listdifferenttypesofassociativemeaninganddefinethem.答案I．1-5AADDB6-10BDBCA11-15CBADCⅡ.1-5TFFTF6-10TFFTFⅢ.1.Whatarethecharacteristicsofconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning?Conceptualmeaningisthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommunicationasthesamewordgenerallyhasthesameconceptualmeaningtothespeakersinthesamespeechcommunity.Associativemeaningdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminate,liabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc…2.Listdifferenttypesofassociativemeaninganddefinethem.Explaindifferenttypesofhomonymswithexamples.Perfecthomonymsareknownasabsolutehomonyms,andtheyarewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling.E.gbear(toputupwith)andbear(akindoffruit)Homographsarewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.sow(toscatterseeds)andsow(femaleadultpig)Homophonesarewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear(alovedperson)anddeer(akindofananimal)复习资料3I．Fillintheblanks.Directions:Completethefollowingstatementswithproperwords.The__1isthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.2arewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.Theproblemofinterrelationofthevariousmeaningsofthesamewordcanbedealtwithfromtwodifferentangles:3approachandsynchronicapproach.

“Mal”in“maltreat”isa4prefix,while“inter-”in“interstate”isa5_prefix.OldEnglishisdescribedasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishlanguageof___6__endings,andalanguageof__7__endings.

InmodernEnglish,onemayfindsome8wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Thewordmeaningismadeupof9meaningand10meaning,andthelaterhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningand11meaning.Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories:appreciativeor__12.13isthoughttobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.___14__istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.15referstothejargonofcriminals.Itsuseisconfinedtothesub-culturalgroups,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit.“Pretty”and“handsome”sharethesame_16_meaning,butdifferin_17_meaning.___18___analysisisaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponentswhicharealsoknownassemanticfeatures.Radiationand___19___arethetwocoinageswhichthedevelopmentofwordmeaningfollowsfrommonosemytopolysemy.__20____dealswiththerelationshipofinclusion,i.e.themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Ⅱ.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalseandwriteTorFontheanswersheet:Homonymscomemainlyfromborrowing,changesinsoundandspelling,anddialects.“Radiation”showsthatthederivedmeaningsofapolysemanticwordarenotdirectlyrelatedtotheprimarymeaning.Borrowingisaveryimportantsourceofsynonyms.Awordwhichhasasynonymnaturallyhasanantonym.Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Motivationexplainstheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticformanditsmeaning.Grammaticalmeaningorawordincludespartofspeech,tensemeaning,andstylisticcoloring.Theoriginsofthewordsareakeyfactorindistinguishinghomonymsfrompolysemants.Themarkedtermofeachpairofantonymscoversthesenseoftheunmarkedterm.Ifthewordsdifferinrangeandintensityofmeaning,thewordsarenotidenticalindenotation.ThebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishPeriodwasmarkedbytheNormanConquestwhichbroughtmanyLatinwordsintotheEnglishlanguage.Componentialanalysisistobreakdown.theconceptualsenseofawordintoitsminimaldistinctivecomponents.CelticlanguagemadegreatcontributionstotheexpansionoftheEnglishvocabulary.Nativewordsenjoythesamefeaturesasthebasicwordstockandmore.Shorteningincludesclippingandblending.Ⅲ.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1.Analyzethemorphologicalstructuresofthefollowingwordsandpointoutthetypesofthemorphemesintermsoffreeandboundmorphemes.

unbearableinternationalex-prisoner.2.Howwouldyouexplainthedifferencebetweenbackformationandsuffixation?Giveexamplestoillustrate

yourpoint.3.Listdifferenttypesofassociativemeaninganddefinethem.4.Explaindifferenttypesofhomonymswithexamples.Ⅳ.Analyzethefollowingquestionsandexplainthemaccordingtotherequirement.1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemants?

答案I．Fillintheblanks.1.morpheme2.denizens3.diachronic4.pejorative5.locative6.leveled7.lost8.onomatopoeic9.grammatical10.lexical11.associative12.pejorative13.backformation14.blending15.argot16.conceptual17.collocative18.componential19.concatenation20.hyponymyⅡ.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalseandwriteTorFinthebrackets:1．F2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T11.F12.F13.F14.T15.TⅢ.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1.Analyzethemorphologicalstructuresofthefollowingwordsandpointoutthetypesofthemorphemesintermsoffreeandboundmorphemes.

unbearableinternationalex-prisoner.

un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’isafreemorpheme,and‘un’,‘able’arebounder+nation+al:‘nation’isafreemorpheme,and‘inter,al’areboundmorphemes.ex+prison+er:‘prison’isafreemorpheme,and‘ex,er’areboundmorphemes.2.Howwouldyouexplainthedifferencebetweenbackformationandsuffixation?Giveexamplestoillustrate

yourpoint.Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases.Backformationisthereforethemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes,socalledbecausemanyoftheremovedendingsarenotsuffixesbutinseparablepartsoftheword.Forexample,itisacommonpracticetoadd–er,-ortoverbbasestoformagentialnouns.Reasonably,peoplemakeverbsbydroppingtheendingsuchas–orineditor,-arinbeggarand–erinbutler.3.Listdifferenttypesofassociativemeaninganddefinethem.Connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning,traditionallyknownasconnotations.Stylisticmeaningreferstostylisticf