机械原理课程设计 糕点切片机

机械原理课程设计糕点切片机 目录一、设计题目和要求 -3-1.题目： -3-2.工作原理及工艺动作简述 -3-3.原始数据及设计要求（组号：5数据号：3） -3-4.难点提示及注意事项 -3-二、执行机构设计 -4-1．工艺动作分解和机构分解 -4-2.执行机构的选择及评价 -4-三、总体方案设计 -7-1．减速机构设计 -7-2.调速机构设计 -7-3.整机方案机构运动简图 -7-4.拟订运动循环图 -8-四、机构尺寸设计 -9-1.曲柄滑块机构的设计 -9-2.不完全齿轮机构的设计 -10-3.摩擦轮设计 -10-4.减速齿轮设计 -11-5.锥齿轮设计 -12-6.滚筒与传送带设计 -13-五、机构运动分析 -14-1、解析法 -14-2、图解法 -18-六、总结 -19-七、参考文献 -20-八、附图 -21-九、附表 -26-一、设计题目和要求1.题目：糕点切片机2.工作原理及工艺动作简述 糕点切片机的切刀运动机构由电动机驱动，经减速后使切刀实现切片所需的某种往复运动。糕点铺在传送带上，间歇地进行输送，通过改变传送带输送速度或每次间隔的输送距离，以满足糕点不同切片规格尺寸的需要。糕点先成型，经切片后再烘干。3.原始数据及设计要求（组号：5数据号：3）（1）糕点厚度：10~17mm。（2）糕点切片长度：45mm。（3）切刀切片最大作用距离：300mm。（4）切刀工作节拍：50次/min。（5）生产阻力甚小。设计要求机构简单、轻便、运动灵活可靠。（6）电机参考规格：0.55KW/0.75KW1300r/min。4.难点提示及注意事项（1）切削速度较大时，切片刀口会整齐平滑，因此切刀运动方案的选择很关键，切口机构应力求简单适用、运动灵活和运动空间尺寸紧凑等。（2）直线间歇运动机构如何满足切片长度尺寸的变化要求，是需要认真考虑的。调整机构必须简单可靠，操作方便。是采用调速方案，还是采用调距离方案，或采用其它调速方案，均应对方案进行定性分析比较。（3）间歇输送机构必须与切刀运动机构工作协调，即全部送料运动应在切刀返回过程中完成。需要注意的是，切口有一定的厚度，输送运动必须等切刀完全脱离切口后方能开始进行，但输送机构的返回运动则可与切刀的工作行程在时间上有一段重叠，以利提高生产率，在设计机器工作循环图时，应注意上述特点并适当选择输送运动机构的设计参数。二、执行机构设计1．工艺动作分解和机构分解糕点切片机要求完成两个动作：（1）糕点的直线间歇运动（2）切刀往复直线运动2.执行机构的选择及评价糕点直线间歇运动机构可采用棘轮机构、不完全齿轮机构、槽轮机构等。切刀往复直线运动机构可采用导杆机构、凸轮机构、曲柄滑块机构等。糕点直线间歇运动机构：机构名称机构运动简图原理评价棘轮机构通过连杆机构使摇杆往复摆动，再通过棘轮棘爪转换为间歇转动，最后转变为传送带间歇直线运动。1.结构简单，制造方便，运动可靠2.传动平稳，转角准确3.噪声、冲击、磨损较大4.适用于速度较低、载荷不大的场合不完全齿轮机构通过不完全齿轮的转动，带动从动齿轮的间歇转动，再把转动转变成传送带的间歇直线运动。1.结构简单，设计灵活，制造容易，工作可靠2.从动齿轮在传动开始和终止时，速度有突变，会引起刚性冲击，只适用于低速轻载的工作场合。3.在无齿部分，锁止圆弧能使从动齿轮静止。槽轮机构通过主动轮上的圆柱销进入槽轮的径向槽，从而形成间歇转动，再把转动转变成传送带的间歇直线运动。1.结构简单，工作简单，在圆柱销进入啮合和退出啮合时，传动平稳。2.启动和停止时加速度变化大，有冲击，不适合用于高速场合。3.欲改变转角，则需要重新设计槽轮机构，因此槽轮机构多用于不要求经常调整转角的运动中。4.槽轮的槽数不宜过多，故每次的转角较大。切刀的往复直线运动机构方案：机构名称机构运动简图原理评价导杆机构曲柄的整周转动通过连杆带动导杆上下往复运动，从而带动安装在导杆上的刀片切割糕点1.适当设计各杆的尺寸，可实现不同运动规律。2.运动副为面接触，压强小，承载能力大，耐冲击。3．几何形状多为平面或圆柱面，便于加工制造。4.运动积累误差较大，影响传动精度；惯性力不好平衡而不适于高速传动。凸轮机构凸轮的整周转动带动从动件导杆的往复运动，从而带动安装在导杆上的刀片切割糕点1.设计简单，可实现从动件的复杂运动规律要求。2.结构简单紧凑，控制准确有效。3.性能稳定，故障少，维护保养方便。4.凸轮与从动件为高副接触，易于磨损。5.凸轮的轮廓曲线通常比较复杂，因而加工比较困难。曲柄滑块机构曲柄的整周转动和滑块的直线往复运动带动安装在滑块上的刀片切割糕点1.由简单的构件和低副组成，故结构简单，易于制造，成本低廉。2.承载能力大。3.可以匀速，也可以不匀速；可以具有急回特性。执行机构方案评价设计方案评价项目送货机构切刀往复运动机构棘轮机构不完全齿轮机构槽轮机构机构连杆机构凸轮机构曲柄滑块机构可靠性999989经济性888979实用性899999复杂程度7879810工作精度7988109环境友好性797899功耗利用率697799功能完整性91010101010总计617165697074以上表的评价内容为依据，通过综合考虑，糕点切片机的的送货机构选取不完全齿轮机构，切刀往复运动选取曲柄滑块机构。三、总体方案设计1．减速机构设计电动机转速为1300r/min，而切刀工作节拍为50次/min，需要设计减速机构。减速机构采用两级齿轮减速。2.调速机构设计糕点厚度范围可调，为10~17mm，故需要设计机构来调节传送带进给量。如果采用多个不同直径的带轮调节进给量（类似变速自行车变速机构），则制造成本高，机构复杂程度高，调节过程麻烦，且只能实现有级调速，切出的糕点厚度只能为有限的几个值。故采用摩擦轮机构，通过调节摩擦轮接触点与从动摩擦轮中心的距离来调节从动摩擦轮转速，从而调节传送带进给量，控制糕点切片厚度，且糕点厚度为某一范围内的连续值。3.整机方案机构运动简图整机方案(未按比例绘制)4.拟订运动循环图由于切刀工作节拍为50次/min，则完成一次糕点输送和切片过程所需时间为1.2s（T=1.2s）。一个周期内，切刀向下运动时间为2向上运动时间为1.2s−0.553s=0.647s传送带运动时间为T×停止时间为1.2s−0.36s=0.84s两个执行机构运动循环图如下图运动循环图四、机构尺寸设计1.曲柄滑块机构的设计设计曲柄滑块机构的尺寸如下图所示（切刀安装在滑块上）。转角α=78°时，滑块运动到最高点C1点，转角α=244°时，滑块运动到C2点。转角从78到244°过程滑块向下运动（切片），从244°到78°过程滑块向上运动（回程）。曲柄滑块机构极位夹角θ=14°行程速比系数K=(180°+θ)/(180°-θ)=1.169曲柄长AB=38.05mm，连杆长BC=105.13mm。行程H=80mm,偏距e=30mm。当转角α=180°时（曲柄为水平位置），最大压力角为40°。曲柄滑块机构2.不完全齿轮机构的设计已知数据：主动轮转速为ω=5π/3rad/s，即T=1.2s要求主动轮转一圈（360°），从动轮转过90°，休止270°不完全齿轮齿形采用渐开线齿形取运动特性系数k主动轮上锁止弧数M=1从动轮上锁止弧数N=4系数K=2从动轮上锁止弧间齿数z主动轮上锁止弧间齿数z从动轮假想齿数z主动轮假想齿数z模数m=3主动轮首、末齿的修正齿顶高系数f不完全齿轮几何尺寸如下表几何参数主动轮从动轮节圆半径r=30mm36mm齿顶圆半径r33mm39mm齿根圆半径r26.25mm32.25mm齿轮宽度B70mm65mm中心距a=66mm周节t=9.428mm主动轮首、末齿顶圆半径r32.55mm3.摩擦轮设计设摩擦轮主动轮半径为r1,从动轮半径为r2，锥齿轮传动比为i,传送带滚筒的半径加传送带厚度为rs,摩擦轮接触点到从动摩擦轮的距离为r一个周期内，主动摩擦轮间歇转动一次，转动时间为0.36s，转角为π2由于主、从动摩擦轮接触点的线速度相等（忽略滑差率），得主动摩擦轮轮转过π2时，从动摩擦轮转过r1s设计圆锥齿轮的传动比i=6，取r由于s的调节范围为10~17mm，代入上式得r2'变化范围为r圆整后取r两轮的宽度B=ψ×2取ψ=0.2，得B=20mm。摩擦轮加压装置采用弹簧加压，两摩擦轮材料均为橡胶，其摩擦系数μ=0.45~0.60。4.减速齿轮设计采用两级齿轮减速，一级减速齿轮传动比为5，二级减速齿轮传动比为5.2，电动机功率为7.5KW，转速为1300r/min，减速后转速为1300÷5÷5.2=50r/min。减速齿轮相关尺寸数据见下表。名称计算公式一级减速齿轮主动轮一级减速齿轮从动轮二级减速齿轮主动轮二级减速齿轮从动轮模数（m）1.52压力角（α）20°20°齿宽（B）30.525.54540分度圆直径（d）m×z25.5127.540208齿顶高（haha1.52齿根高（hf﹙ha∗﹢1.8752.5齿全高（f）﹙2×ha∗﹢3.3754.5齿顶圆直径（da﹙z＋2ha28.5130.544212齿根圆直径（df﹙z－2ha∗-221.75123.7535203齿距（p）π×m4.716.28齿厚（s）π×m÷22.363.14齿槽宽（e）π×m÷22.363.14顶隙（c∗c∗0.3750.5标准中心距（a）﹙z1＋z76.5124传动比(i)z2÷55.25.锥齿轮设计直齿锥齿轮相关数据传动比i=6模数m=1.5mm小齿轮（主动轮）齿数z大齿轮齿数压力角α名称代号计算结果小齿轮大齿轮分锥角δ9.46°80.54°齿顶高h1.5齿根高h1.8分度圆直径d24144齿顶圆直径d26.96144.49齿根圆直径d20.45143.41锥距R72.99齿根角θ1.41°顶锥角δ10.87°81.95°根锥角δ8.05°79.13°顶隙c0.3分度圆齿厚s2.36当量齿数z16.22584.09齿宽B156.滚筒与传送带设计两滚筒直径一样大，传送带厚度为5mm，滚筒直径d=2*（r五、机构运动分析对本糕点切片机，主要进行曲柄滑块机构的机构运动分析。我们分别采用解析法和图解法进行运动分析。1、解析法解析法运动分析是借助机构分析系统（MAD）完成的。根据曲柄滑块机构的尺寸在MAD中画出机构运动简图如下图。以节点1处的机架为原点，水平向右方向为x方向，垂直向上为y方向。构件1为主动件曲柄，逆时针转动，其角速度为ω=50×2我们用MAD进行运动模拟，并绘制出节点3和节点4的位置、速度、加速度曲线。将运动分析的结果导出到EXCEL中，整理后得到曲柄为任意转角时（每隔1°取一个值）的节点位置、速度、加速度，表格见附表。曲柄滑块机构MAD图节点3的位移曲线如下，横轴为曲柄的转角（单位：°），纵轴为位置（单位：mm），曲线1为节点3的横坐标，曲线2为节点3的纵坐标。节点3的速度曲线如下，横轴为曲柄的转角（单位：°），纵轴为节点3速度（单位：mm/s），其中曲线1为节点3的水平方向速度，曲线2为节点3的垂直方向速度。节点3的加速度曲线如下，横轴为曲柄的转角（单位：°），纵轴为节点3加速度（单位：mm/s向加速度，曲线2为节点3的垂直方向加速度。节点4的位移曲线如下，横轴为曲柄的转角（单位：°），纵轴为节点4的y坐标（单位：mm）。节点4的速度曲线如下，横轴为曲柄的转角（单位：°），纵轴为节点4的速度（单位：mm/s）。节点4的加速度曲线如下，横轴为曲柄的转角（单位：°），纵轴为节点4的加速度（单位：mm/s2、图解法图解法进行机构运动分析，我们分别对曲柄转角为0°、72°、144°、216°、288°等5个位置进行了位移、速度、加速度分析。为用图解法分析，我们分别作出了这5个位置的机构运动简图。为简便起见，机构运动简图仅作出曲柄滑块机构，而略去其他部分。转角0°：易万力转角72°：王博转角144°：李华斌转角216°：林楷转角288°：杨永亮具体图解法过程见附表之后。六、总结经过十多周的课程设计，艰辛和欣慰并存，欣慰是五个人经历很久解决一个棘手的问题，艰辛是在炎炎夏日还要凑在一起讨论，每个人都为此付出了很多课余生活。我们在上学期经常有一个疑问，我们学这些东西干嘛，经历了大半个学期的设计课，我们都恍然大悟，学到了课堂里永远都学不到的东西，比如把理论付诸实践、和同学们并肩合作，这些都是今后我们缺少不了的。在两年大学生活里，如此充实快乐课程很少，在实践中学习，又在学习中实践。不仅解决我们学完就忘的毛病，夯实我们的文化知识，更使我们感受到了机械的魅力，这是很重要的。在这次课程设计中也使我们的同学关系更进一步了，同学之间互相帮助，有什么不懂的大家在一起商量，听听不同的看法对我们更好的理解知识，互相学习，共同提高。在此还要感谢我们的指导老师李老师对我们的悉心的指导，感谢老师给我们的帮助。在设计过程中遇到困难时，是老师的指导帮助我们少走弯路，少犯错误。老师身上有太多的经验值得我们学习，这是书与网络无法教给我们的。在整个设计中我们懂得了许多东西，也培养了我们独立工作与协调合作的能力，树立了对自己工作能力的信心，相信会对今后的学习工作生活有非常重要的影响。而且大大提高了动手的能力，使我们充分体会到了在创造过程中探索的艰难和成功时的喜悦。就算这个设计的结果不如人意，但是在设计过程中所学到的东西才是这次课程设计的最大收获和财富，将使我们终身受益。七、参考文献[1]濮良贵，纪名刚。机械设计。8版。北京。高等教育出版社。2006.[2]孙桓，陈作模，葛文杰。机械原理。7版。北京。高等教育出版社。2006.[3]王昆，何小柏，汪信远。机械设计基础课程设计。1版。高等教育出版社。1995.[4]许连元，李强德，徐祖茂。机械制图。5版。同济大学出版社。2010.[5]同济大学航天与力学学院。理论力学。1版。同济大学出版社。2005八、附图不完全齿轮小齿轮不完全齿轮大齿轮摩擦轮主动轮摩擦轮从动轮一级减速齿轮小齿轮一级减速齿轮大齿轮二级减速齿轮小齿轮二级减速齿轮大齿轮锥齿轮主动轮锥齿轮从动轮九、附表转角x3y3y4v3v4(vy4)a3a4(ay4)138.0440.664105.486199.230199.4661043.16761.720238.0271.328106.151199.230199.6411043.16742.962337.9981.991106.817199.230199.7521043.16723.843437.9572.654107.483199.230199.7991043.1674.371537.9053.316108.149199.230199.7811043.167-15.447637.8423.977108.814199.230199.6961043.167-35.602737.7664.637109.480199.230199.5431043.167-56.086837.6805.296110.145199.230199.3221043.167-76.889937.5825.952110.809199.230199.0301043.167-98.0031037.4726.607111.471199.230198.6681043.167-119.4161137.3517.260112.133199.230198.2341043.167-141.1171237.2197.911112.793199.230197.7271043.167-163.0961337.0758.559113.451199.230197.1461043.167-185.3411436.9209.205114.107199.230196.4911043.167-207.8391536.7539.848114.761199.230195.7611043.167-230.5771636.57610.488115.412199.230194.9541043.167-253.5441736.38711.125116.061199.230194.0701043.167-276.7231836.18811.758116.706199.230193.1091043.167-300.1031935.97712.388117.348199.230192.0691043.167-323.6692035.75513.014117.986199.230190.9511043.167-347.4052135.52313.636118.621199.230189.7531043.167-371.2972235.27914.254119.251199.230188.4751043.167-395.3292335.02514.867119.877199.230187.1171043.167-419.4862434.76015.476120.498199.230185.6791043.167-443.7522534.48516.081121.115199.230184.1591043.167-468.1102634.19916.680121.726199.230182.5581043.167-492.5442733.90317.274122.332199.230180.8751043.167-517.0372833.59617.863122.932199.230179.1111043.167-541.5732933.27918.447123.526199.230177.2651043.167-566.1353032.95219.025124.114199.230175.3371043.167-590.7053132.61519.597124.695199.230173.3271043.167-615.2663232.26820.163125.269199.230171.2351043.167-639.8003331.91120.724125.836199.230169.0611043.167-664.2913431.54521.277126.396199.230166.8061043.167-688.7213531.16921.825126.948199.230164.4701043.167-713.0713630.78322.365127.492199.230162.0531043.167-737.3253730.38822.899128.028199.230159.5551043.167-761.4653829.98423.426128.556199.230156.9761043.167-785.4733929.57023.946129.075199.230154.3181043.167-809.3324029.14824.458129.585199.230151.5811043.167-833.0244128.71724.963130.085199.230148.7651043.167-856.5324228.27725.460130.576199.230145.8711043.167-879.8384327.82825.950131.058199.230142.9001043.167-902.9264427.37126.432131.529199.230139.8521043.167-925.7784526.90526.905131.990199.230136.7281043.167-948.3774626.43227.371132.440199.230133.5301043.167-970.7064725.95027.828132.880199.230130.2571043.167-992.7494825.46028.277133.309199.230126.9121043.167-1014.4894924.96328.717133.726199.230123.4941043.167-1035.9095024.45829.148134.132199.230120.0061043.167-1056.9955123.94629.570134.526199.230116.4481043.167-1077.7295223.42629.984134.908199.230112.8211043.167-1098.0965322.89930.388135.278199.230109.1281043.167-1118.0815422.36530.783135.636199.230105.3681043.167-1137.6695521.82531.169135.980199.230101.5441043.167-1156.8435621.27731.545136.312199.23097.6561043.167-1175.5905720.72431.911136.631199.23093.7071043.167-1193.8965820.16332.268136.937199.23089.6981043.167-1211.7455919.59732.615137.229199.23085.6291043.167-1229.1246019.02532.952137.508199.23081.5041043.167-1246.0196118.44733.279137.773199.23077.3231043.167-1262.4176217.86333.596138.023199.23073.0881043.167-1278.3056317.27433.903138.260199.23068.8021043.167-1293.6706416.68034.199138.482199.23064.4651043.167-1308.4996516.08134.485138.689199.23060.0791043.167-1322.7806615.47634.760138.882199.23055.6471043.167-1336.5006714.86735.025139.060199.23051.1701043.167-1349.6506814.25435.279139.223199.23046.6501043.167-1362.2166913.63635.523139.371199.23042.0891043.167-1374.1887013.01435.755139.504199.23037.4891043.167-1385.5567112.38835.977139.621199.23032.8521043.167-1396.3087211.75836.188139.723199.23028.1811043.167-1406.4357311.12536.387139.809199.23023.4771043.167-1415.9267410.48836.576139.879199.23018.7421043.167-1424.773759.84836.753139.934199.23013.9791043.167-1432.965769.20536.920139.973199.2309.1901043.167-1440.495778.55937.075139.995199.2304.3771043.167-1447.353787.91137.219140.002199.230-0.4581043.167-1453.531797.26037.351139.992199.230-5.3131043.167-1459.020806.60737.472139.966199.230-10.1841043.167-1463.815815.95237.582139.924199.230-15.0711043.167-1467.906825.29637.680139.866199.230-19.9701043.167-1471.287834.63737.766139.791199.230-24.8781043.167-1473.951843.97737.842139.700199.230-29.7951043.167-1475.892853.31637.905139.592199.230-34.7171043.167-1477.104862.65437.957139.469199.230-39.6421043.167-1477.580871.99137.998139.328199.230-44.5671043.167-1477.315881.32838.027139.171199.230-49.4891043.167-1476.304890.66438.044138.998199.230-54.4081043.167-1474.543900.00038.050138.809199.230-59.3191043.167-1472.026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