文稿说明教案early colonial literature

EarlyColonial SocialbackgroundAmericanPuritanismEarliestAmericanli SocialThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementCaptainJohnSmithPuritanism,PuritansThePilgrimsTheNewEnglandthefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinAmericawasmadeatJamestownin1607.CaptainJohnthemainstay支柱)oftheJamestowncolonyinthecriticalperiodofitsearlyexistenceatruesoldieroffortune,venturesome,resolute,self-reliant,resourcefulamanofgreatgoodsense,andwiththegrasponcircumstanceswhichbelongstothemanofpower.amanofsomelirycraft,who,whileleadingthemoststrenuouslifeofall,efficientlyprotectingandhearteninghislesscourageouscomradesinallmannerofperilous（compiledandwrotewithmuchliryskillthepicturesquechroniclesofthesettlement.

Puritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeantswithintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformationhadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch.TheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicInthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.ThePuritanslivedTheearliestEuropeansettlersofNewEnglandwereEnglishantswhocameinsearchofreligiousliberty.Thepuritansbuiltawayoflifethatwasinharmonywiththeirsomberreligion,stressinghardwork,thrift,piety（虔诚）,andsobriety（节制）.AmericanPuritanism1.Puritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthepuritans2.Earlyinthe17thcenturysomePuritangroupsseparatedfromtheChurchofEngland.(Anglican(英国国教)ideaofthesupremacyofthemonarchinthechurch)ThePuritansbroughtstrongreligiousimpulsestobearinallcolonies.(theyarguedthattheonlyheadoftheChurchinheavenorearthisChrist(notthePopeorthemonarch).Puritanism3.MostofthesemenheldideasinthemainstreamofCalvinisticthought.InadditiontobelievingintheabsolutesovereigntyofGod,thetotaldepravity（.；）ofman,andthecompletedependenceofhumanbeingsondivinegraceforsalvation,theystressedtheimportanceof alreligiousexperience.他们认为是上帝的律法，是行为的准则，认为上帝通达天地，洞悉万物，无所AmericanPuritanism4.Adesiretoseeeducationandenlightenmentforthemasses(especiallysotheycouldreadtheBibleforthemselves)DuringthewholecolonialperiodPuritanismhaddirectimpactonbothreligiousthoughtandculturalpatternsinAmerica.ForbiddenTheoriginofthisphrasestemsfromthebookofGenesisintheOldTestament.GodcreatedAdam.GodthencreatedEvefromAdam'srib.Oncethiswas GodallowedthemtoroamintheGardenofEden,wheretheylivedblissfully.Theywereinastateofinnocence,andsowerevirtuallyimmunetosin,astheyhadnowayofknowingwhatitwas.TheonlyruleintheGardenwasthattheyshouldneverpluckthefruitfromthetreeofknowledge.Allegedly,EvecoercedAdamintongjustthis,withtheresultbeingafallfromgrace.Aware,nowfullycognizanthumanbeings,AdamandEverecognizedtheirindecencyandsocommittedthefirstsininhistory.Asaresultofthis,byChristiantheology,weareallstainedwiththeOriginalSin.Inmodernterms,thephrase"ForbiddenFruit"essentiallysumsupasimpletruth:peoplewillalwaysdesirethatwhichisexpresslyforbiddentothem.ImportanceofAmericanAmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshainfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliture.Ithas e,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,ratherthanasetoftenets,somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmospherethattheAmericansbreathe.WithoutsomeunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenorealunderstandingofAmericancultureandlitureTheThePilgrimswereacongregationof"Separatists"ornon-conformists,theydetermined"aspilgrims"toseekinthenewcontinentahomewheretheymightstillpossesstheircherisheddomofworship,whilelivingunderEnglishlawsandfollowingthecustomsandtraditionsoftheirmother-landTheNewtheregionincludesthefollowingstates:Connecticut康乃（位于东北部,Maine,Massachusetts,NewHampshire新罕布什尔（州名）,RhodeIsland,andVermontn.佛蒙特州（州名，略作VT）locatedintheuppernortheasterncornerofthecountry.Bostonisitsculturalcenter,NewEnglandisperhapsthebest-definedregionoftheU.S.,withmoreuniformityandmoreofasharedheritagethanotherregionsofthecountry.NewEnglandwasconsideredtheinlectualandculturalcenterofearlyAmerica.Harvard,locatedinMassachusetts,wasthefirstcollegefoundedintheUnitedEarliestAmericanli1)AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshainfluencesinAmericanliture.thepuritanstyleofthecontentoftheearliestwritings(includingsermons,travelbooks,diaries,histories,journals,andletters.)theBiblicalItisacommoncethatAmericanlitureisbasedonamyth,thatis,theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.Americanlitureisingoodmeasurealiryexpressionofthepious虔诚的idealismoftheAmericanpuritanbequest.ThepuritansdreamedoflivingunderaperfectorderandworkedwithindomitablecourageandconfidenthopetowardbuildinganewGardenofEdeninAmerica.Firedwithsuchasenseofmission,thepuritansevenlookedtheworstoflifewithatremendousamountofoptimismThePuritansfavoredtheordinaryandsimple,the'instyle.'ThisformofwritingwasusedbymanyPuritanauthorsandwasthoughttobedirectandtothepoint.Theinstyleconsistedofsimplesentencesandeverydayusedlanguage.Itneverhadfiguresofspeechandespeciallynotanyimagery.Puritansstressedhardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.ThesewerethepuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.ContemIheardthemerrygrasshopperthensing,TheblackcladCricketbearasecondpart.Theykeptonetuneandyedonthesamestring,SeemingtogloryintheirlittleArt.ShallcreaturesabjectthustheirvoicesraiseAndintheirkindresoundtheirMaker’spraise byAnneGoddidmakeknowntomehisTruth,AndcalledmefrommynativeceFortoenjoytheMeansofGraceInWildernesshedidmeguide,AndinstrangeLandsformeprovide EmersonsawtheAmericanasAdamhimselfreborn,standingsimpleandsincerebeforetheworld.ThoreauportrayedhimselfasanAdaminhisEden.WhitmanfeltrapturousatthesightoftheAmericansbustlingwithactivityasthechildrenofAdamrestoredtotheirlostparadise.HenryJamestalkedabouttheinnocenceandsimplicityofhisAmericansassomanyNewmeninTheAmerican.ThespiritofoptimismburstoutofthepagesofsomanyAmericanauthors.OptimisticPuritanhasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanli TothepiousPuritanthephysicalphenomenalworldwasnothingbutasymbolofGod.Physicallifewassimultaneouslyspiritual;everypassageoflife,en-meshedinthevastcontextofGod’sn,possessedadelegatedmeaning.TheworldwasoneofmultipleEmerson’sNatureislikea“continuousmonologue”.WithHawthorne,Melville,Howellsandmanyothers,symbolismasatechniquehas eacommonpractice,itisindeedasitshouldbe.Thispeculiarmodeofperceptionwasanessentialpartoftheirupbringing1. Whatisthepuritanstyleof2. WhatisAmerican turebased3.WhatwastheearliestAmericanli ture4. Definethe ryterm“American5.Prepareli tureofreasonandTheAgeofReasonandHistoricalbackgroundforthe tureofReason/AmericanLeadingwritersandtheirThomasTheDeclarationofThomas CommonBenjaminFranklin:PhilipFreneau:“TheWildHoneysuckle”野忍冬花)HistoricalbackgroundTherewasanintensestrainwithTheBritish ernmenttriedtosuppresstheirgrowtheconomically,andruledthemfromabroadpoliticallyandleviedheavytaxonthem.Thesearousedbitterresentmentincolonies.ConstantsresultedinAmericanrevolutionarywar.StampActBostonMassacreIntolerableActs1stContinental1stshotatLexington(thesubjectofacrowd'sangerwouldbestrippedtothewaist.Boilinghottarwaseitherpouredorpaintedontothe whileheorshewasimmobilized.Thenthevictimeitherhadfeathersthrownonhimorherorwasrolledaroundonapileoffeatherssothattheystucktothetar.Oftenthevictimwasthenparadedaroundtownonacart.Theaimwastohurtandhumiliatea enoughtoleavetownandnotcauseanymoreBostonMassacreLightthefuelsoftheBostonTeaFantheflamesoftherebellion1stContinentalCongress(1774)1ststepontheroadtoAmerican1stshotatLexingtoninApril1775startAmericanRevolutiontransformtheTheAmericanRevolutionaryWar(1775–1783),alsoknownastheAmericanWarofIndependence,wasawarbetweentheKingdomofGreatBritainandthirteenBritishcoloniesontheNorthAmericancontinent,wherebythecolonistsoverthrewBritishrule.Spirituallifeofthecolonies—theinfluenceofTheadvocationof reasonorrationality,thescientificmethod,equalityandhumanbeings’abilitytoperfectthemselvesandtheirsociety.TheAutobiography(fromragsto tureofInthe18thcentury,peoplebelievedinman’sownnatureandthepowerofhumanWithFranklinasitsspokesman,the18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofWordshadneverbeensousefulandsoimportantinhumanhistory.Peoplewrotealotofpoliticalwritings.Numerouspamphlets（小册子）andprintingswereTheseworksagitatedrevolutionarypeoplenotonlyinAmericabutalsoaroundtheAmericanThe18th-centuryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonEnlightenmentthinkersandwritersweredevotedtotheidealsofjustice,liberty,andequalityasthenaturalrightsofman.Thecolonistswhowouldformanewnationwerefirmbelieversinthepoweroftheywereambitious,inquisitive,optimistic,practical,politicallyastute,andself-LeadingwritersandtheirThomasJefferson(1743-TheDeclarationofIndependenceThomasPaine(1737-CommonSense(1776)TheAmericanBenjaminPhilip“TheWildHoneyBenjaminFranklin(1706theFirstAmericanandthecultureofself-(scientist,inventor,statesman,printer,philosopher,musician,theonlywriterinthecolonialperiodwhoseworksarereadaspokesmanfortheneworderofthe18thcenturyFranklin’sContributionstotheHewastheonlyAmericantosignthefoursthatcreatedtheUnitedTheDeclarationofTheTreatyofAlliancewithTheTreatyofPeacewithThe pletedAutobiographyisperhapsthefirstrealAmericanwritingaswellasthefirstrealautobiographyinEnglish.“Autobiography”istherecordingofhisrisingfromastateofpovertyandobscuritytowealthandfame.(ragstoriches)TheAutobiographyisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.Through asuccessstoryofself-reliance,thebookcelebrates,infact,thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.syllabus ingAmerican:Franklin,218-20;Autobiography,PartI,230-15DLivingbyprinciple:Franklin,220- ;Autobiography,Part Errataandmoralperfection:Franklin,Autobiography,Part2,276-Franklin’sfamoussayingsinPoorRichard’sAlmanac,anannualcollectionofproverbs:“Losttimeisneverfoundagain.”“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.”“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”“Fishandvisitorsstinkinthree“Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.”“Alein,truthout.”stillpracticalandapplicableAcountrymanbetweentwolawyers,islikeafishbetweentwo（一个乡下人在两个之间，就如同一条鲜鱼在两只猫之间——Threemaykeepasecret,iftwoofthemareIfyouwouldnotbeforgottenasyouaredeadandeitherwritethingsworthyofreading,ordothingsworththeHisstyleischaracterizedbysimplicity,frankness,wit,clarity,logicandThomasIntheAmericanCrisis,Painesaid,“Whatweobtaintoocheap,weesteemtoolightly…”.Nextthereistheimplicationthatthehighestpriceshouldbepaidtothecelestialarticle（天上的）whatisPropagandist,pamphleteer,amasterofpersuasionwhounderstandsthepoweroflanguagetomoveamantoaction.MainTheAmericanCommonTherightsofTheAgeofInwhatsensedoesPaineusetheverb“try”inthefirstsentenceoftheessay“TheAmericanCrisis”?HowdoyouunderstandthetitleoftheItrestoredthemoraleandinspiredthesuccessofthearmy.WithoutthewritingofThomasPaine,theremighthavebeennoarmyforWashingtontolead.Paineusedthewordinthesenseof“testtothelimit”,“subjecttogreat(lackoffood,bare-footedincoldharshwinter,infectiousdiseaseslikePaine’sPainedescribesthenaturalstateofman:AllpeoplearebornequalMarquisdeLaFayetteMajorGeneralWithoutThomasPaine,What AmericaisMountRushmoreNationalThefacesofGeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson,Th reRooseveltandAbrahamInTheDeclarationofIndependence,ThomasJeffersonsaid,“weholdthesetruthtobeself-evident,thatallmenareendowedbytheircreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongthesearelife,libertyandpursuitofThomasEnlightener,nter,aristocrat,lawyer,asymbolofAmericanManofmanytalents:scientist,inventor,musician,linguist,architect,diplomatandPoliticalHeservedhiscountryasMinistertoFrance(1784-1789),SecretaryofState(1789-1793),Vice(1791-1801)andthird(1801-1809).JeffersonianDemocracy,whichincludesfaithintheindividualandcommonman,dislikeanoverlystrong Politically,heisconsideredthefatherofthedemocraticspiritinhisTheDeclarationofTheessay,adoptedJuly4,1776,notonlyannouncedthebirthofanewnation,butalsosetforthaphilosophyofhumandom.ItisastatementofAmericanprinciplesandareviewofthecausesofthequarrelwithBritain,presentedtheAmericanviewtotheworldwithclassicdignity.Itinstilledamongthecommonpeopleasenseoftheirownimportanceandinspiredstrugglefor aldom,self ernmentandadignifiedceinsociety.TheDeclarationOfIndependence-JohnHancockTheDeclarationofOneofthemostimportanthistoricalsoftheAdoptedbytheSecondContinentalCongressinPhiladelphiaonJuly4,ItdeclaredformallytheindependenceofthethirteencoloniesinNorthAmericaGreatHewrotein17daysandwhenheturnedithegrewItholds ernmentthehardworkingsessionsthatJefferson,FranklinandAdamsputintothewritingoftheDeclaration.ThispaintingiscalledDraftingtheDeclarationofIndependencePhilip “PoetoftheAmericannotedforhissatiricalattacksontheBritishandforTheBritishPrison-Ship(1781),anaccountofhiswartimecaptureandimprisonment.“FatherofAmerican“Agiftedandversatilelyric: Define“American2.Whatistheimportanceof“TheDeclarationof3.Befamiliarwiththeimportantworksinthis4.Preparenextchapter“HistoricalAmericanRomanticism(1800-1850s)wewillworkwithourownhandswewillspeakourownmindsWewillwalkwithourownfeet-RalphWaldoEmersonWhatcanyouinferfromthisquotation?“Inthefourquartersoftheglobe,whoreadsanAmericanbook?orgoestoanAmericany?orlooksatanAmericanpictureorstatue?" 1820SydneySmithasked“试问如今天下，谁读的文学？”AmericanHistoricalBackgroundAmericanRomanticismNewEnglandTranscendentalismHistoricalBackgroundThisisaperiodofrapidgrowthandrapidexpansionThisisaperiodofthediscussionofsocialissuesThisisaperiodofthepursuitofnewbeliefThisisaperiodofthedevelopmentofeducationThisisaperiodofforeigninfluencesgrowthandincreasingPopulation,In1810,thepopulationtotaled7,000,000.Fifty-yearslater,atthebeginningofCivilWar,thepopulationreached31,000,000.Anewnationalismemergedasaresultofthissuddeninfluxofimmigration.(AudioaboutIHearAmericaSpreadingindustrializationfilledpeoplewithoptimism.(aboutNewYorkasthelargestcity)PushingfrontierThelargestgroupofforty-niners(淘金者in1849weresocialThewoman’sissue.Somewomenaskedfortheirrightstovoteandtoownproperty.In1837,thefirstwomen’scollegewasestablishedinMassachusetts.Theslaveryissue.Slaveryexistedtogetherwiththeanti-slaveryconceptions.Itwaswiththehelpofthousandsofslavesthattheexpansionoftheeconomybecamepossible.In1833,theAmericanAnti-SlaverySocietywasestablished.However,theenactmentoftheFugitiveSlaveLawin1850showedthestrongholdofmanypeopleonslavery.Thenewlifestyle.Thepursuitofsimplicity,utilityandperfectionremainedanAmericanthepursuitofnewDemocracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.TheageofCommonman,theegalitarian(主义)beliefTheVirginiaDynasty(morethan30years)Widedistributionofperiodicals,moreandmorenativeAmericanwriters:Poe,Melville,Hawthorne,Thoreau,Emerson,andWhitmanForeignSirWalterwithhisbordertales,helpedtowardthedevelopmentofAmericannromanceandtheromanticdescriptionoflandscapeinAmericali ture.(Cooper)TheGothictraditionandthegraveyardcametoAmericaandfoundtheirwayintotheworksofBurns,Byron,Wordsworth,withtheirlyricpoemsofloveandpassionandtheirconcernfornature,addedtothenation’ssingingstrength.O,myloveislikeared,redrose,ThatisnewlysprunginJune.O,myloveislikethemelody.That’ssweetlyyedintune.IwanderedlonelyasaThatfloatsonhigho'ervalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils,Besidethelake,beneaththetreesFlutteringanddancinginthebreezeBlacktenderheartedandlovingfondnessofanimalsanalcoholicmoodyandviolent.cutthecat’seyeoutofitsheadremorsewaryofthenarratorhungthecatsamenightfireagiganticcatgravenimagearopearounditsneck.asuitablecatmissinganeyeawhitemarkinggallowsintensedislikekilldescendedthestairsintothecellartrippedliftsanaxwifestoppedtheblowburiedtheaxinhiswife’swallinguphiswife’scorpseandofremovingallsignsofactivityinthebasement.ThecatwasgoneHerappedsharplyonthewallbehindwhichhiswife’scorpsewashiddenandboastedaboutthesolidbuildofthehouse.Immedia yaninhumanwailemittedfromtheThequicklytoredownthewalltofindtherottencorpseofthenarrator’swifewiththecatsittingonherhead.AmericanAgainstsuchahistorical,socialandculturalbackgrounddidAmericanRomanticismComing20yearslaterthanitsBritishcounterpart,AmericanRomanticismwasregardedasaperiodofRenaissanceinartandli tureintheUnitedStates.(significance)Characteristicsofaninnateandintuitiveperceptionofman,natureandsociety—relianceonthesubconscious,theinnerlifeanemphasison dom,individualismandimagination—rebellionagainstneoclassicismwhichstressedformality,orderandauthorityaprofoundlovefornature—natureasasourceofknowledge,natureasarefugefromthepresent,natureasarevelationoftheholyspirittheuseoffancifulsubjectmatters—senseofterror,Gothic,grotesque,oddandUniquenessofAmericanThenewsubjectBothimitativeandnewsubjectTheWestwardMovement,thepioneeringintotheWest,providedtheAmericanwriterswiththebestsubjectandmaterials.Thewildernessalwaysfilledthemwithhopeanddrovethemtolookforanidealworld.Thenewnessasanation,withpeople’sidealsofindividualismanddom,theirdreamthatAmericawastobebuiltintoanewGardenofEden,wasstrongenoughtoinspireromanticitisderivative.WriterssuchasWashingtonIrving,HenryWadsworthLongfellowandBryant,WhittierandLowelltreatedtraditionalli rythemesbyusingtraditionaltechniquesitisalsoindependent.JamesFenimoreCooperwasoneoftheearliestwriterstodealwithAmericansubjectmatter—theWestwardMovement.InwriterslikeEmersonandWhitman,wedohearvoicesdifferentfromthoseintheEuropeantradition.TheynotonlytreatedAmericansubjectmatterbutalsousedinnovativetechniques.(SongofICELEBRATEmyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,ForeveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoIloafeandinvitemysoul,IleanandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummerThus,RobertSpillerpointedout,“avigorousliryindependence”couldbeseen“intheprocessofemerging”inthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ItisthereforegenerallyheldthattrueAmericanliturewasborninthisperiod.IfIKnowitistruth,thenitisNewEnglandImportance:thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.Representatives:AgroupofNewEnglanders,RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauandMargaretFuller,about30people,mostlyteachersandclergymen,formedaTranscendentalistClubandmetregularlytodiscussmattersofinterestandpublishedajournal,TheDial）toexpresstheiropinions.ThetermisderivedfromtheLatinverb“transcendere”meaning,toriseabove,orpassbeyondthelimits.Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedastherecognitioninmanofthecapabilityofacquiringknowledgeorofknowingtruthintuitively,orofreachingthedivinewithouttheneedofanintercessor.人人心中都有一个可以通过的内省来认识的上帝，……要敢于不通过任何中介ReactionagainstPuritanismNattyBumpoo;thepoetgazingatthewaterfowlOrientalMysticism(Zenretreats sitting或掩饰去爱上帝，包括牧师，等……Whatdoes“transcendentalism”ThewordTranscendentalism,meaningthatknowledgecanbeobtainedthroughmentalprocessapartfromexperiences,wasaKantianterm,denoting,asEmersonputit,“whateverbelongstotheclassofintuitivethought.”Emersonalsosaid,Transcendentalismmeansidealism.MenpossessthegiftofintuitionMenpossessthegiftofinsightMenpossessthegiftofinspirationWhatdidTranscendentalistsThemostimportantthingintheuniverseisspirit,ortheOversoul.TheTranscendentalistsstresstheimportanceoftheindividual.TheTranscendentalistshaveafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicofGod.theTheOversoul(Godisanall-pervadingpoweromnipotentandomnipresent,existinginnatureandmanalike.(similarconceptofNeo-tonism)人人心中都存在一种能使其onecanreconcilebodyandsoul(whichispartof“UniversalSoul”or“Oversoul,”sourceofallThisoffersanewwayoflookingattheworldinsteadoftheNewtonianconceptoftheuniverse(18th-century,theworldmadeupofmatter).Pantheism:AdoctrineidentifyingtheDeitywiththeuniverseanditsphenomena.Godisnota alityasinChristianity.Theism:Beliefintheexistenceofagodorgods,especiallybeliefina alGodascreatorandruleroftheworldAtheism:DisbeliefinordenialoftheexistenceofGodorgods.SongofICELEBRATEmyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,ForeveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoIloafeandinvitemysoul,IleanandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummertheimportanceoftheTheidealtypeofmanistheself-reliantindividualthroughtheperfectionofwhomtheregenerationofsocietycanbeachieved.Thisoffersanewwayoflookingatman.ItisareactionagainstCalvinistconceptthatmanisdepraved,sinful,andcanonlybesavedthroughthegraceofGod.Itisalsoareactionagainstdehumanization,comingatthewakeofcapitalismBetruetoone’sowninnerperceptionorintuitionUnlimitedpotentialofeachindividualNatureisTheTranscendentalistshaveafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicofGod.NatureisthegarmentoftheOversoul.自然是人之心灵的表象。Naturecanbeaguidetohigherunderstanding.Thingsinnaturetendto esymbolic.ThephysicalworldisasymboloftheNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanli ture.ItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,WhitmanandapejorativeThemovementwasoriginallytermed"Transcendentalists"asapejorativeterm,suggestingtheirpositionwasbeyondsanityandreason.(P56)EdgarAllanPoehadadeepdislikefortranscendentalism.Heridiculedtheirwritingsinparticularbycallingthem"metaphor-run,"lapsinginto"obscurityforobscurity'ssake"or"mysticismformysticism'ssake.”1.Definetheli rytermAmericanRomanticismand2.WhataretheforeigninfluencestoAmericanli 3.WhataretheuniquefeaturesofAmericanRomanticism?4.ThemeaningofoversoulAmerican“Inthefourquartersoftheglobe,whoreadsanAmericanbook?orgoestoanAmericany?orlooksatanAmericanpictureorstatue?"1820SydneySmithaskedThiswastheyearinwhichIrving’sSketchBookappeared,theyearCoopertookadarefromhiswife,threeyearsearlier,Byranthadpublishedhispoem.Just7yearslater,Poepublishedhispoetry.WhoreadsanAmericanbook?Almostanyonewhoreadsatall.Irvingwasborninawealthymerchantfamilyandwaswelleducated.HevisitedseveralEuropeancountriesandstayedthereformanyyears.HiswritingsabouttheNewWorldarousedEuropeaninterest.Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,NewYorkCitywasthecenterofAmericanwriting.Irving’sbookcreatedalotofinterestinthelocalhistoryofNewYork,butitwashumorousratherthanaserioushistoryofthecity.Thenwhenhewasfifty,hereturnedtoAmericaandbought“Sunnyside”,hisfamoushome.Therehespenttherestofhislife,livingalifeofleisureandcomfort,exceptforaperiodoffouryears(1842--1846),whenhewasMinistertoSpain.HisfirstbookAHistoryofNewYork,writtenunderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker,wasagreatsuccessandwonhimwidepopularityWiththepublicationofTheSketchBook,hewonameasureofinternationalHismostfamousbookTheSketchBookcontainstwoofthebest-lovedstoriesfromAmericanli ture:“RipVanWinkle”《瑞普·凡·温》and“TheLegendofSleepyTheplotsofbothstoriesarebasedonoldGermanfolktalesbutIrvingfillsthemwiththe“localcolor”ofNewYork’sHudsonRiverValley.asmallDutchvillageneartheHudsonRipVanWinklewaslazyanddidaslittleworkas Riplikedtowanderthroughtownwithhisdog,Wolf,and lstoriestotheneighborhoodchildren.hiswifemindeditverymuchandnaggedhimaboutitallthetime.SheyelledatloudlyenoughtobeheardacrosstownandoftenthrewpotsandotherhouseholditemsatRipandWolf.DameVanWinklewouldcriticizeRipandnagathimnomatterwherehewenttogetHeoftenwenttotheinntorelaxandswapstorieswithhisOneautumnday,RipandWolfwentintothehillstoescapeDameVanWinkle's Whenitwastimetoreturnhome,heardavoicecallingRip,sawasmallmaninold-fashionedclothes.Ripsawmanylittle,beardedmenbowlingninepinsAfterdrinkingthreefullglasses,hebegantogetsleepyRipVanWinklewokeupthenextmorning.Hisdogwasgone,hisclothesweretatteredandtorn,hisgunhadrusted,andhisbeardhadgrownafootinlength.hedecidedtogohome,thoughheknewhewouldgetahorriblescolding.thecharacterofRipVanWinkle,themanwhosleepsfortwentyyearsandawakenstoagreatlychangedworldandalongbeard.Disbeliefnewbuildingsstrangertheoldinnunionho AmericanflagnoisypeopleelectionayoungwomanJudithtakehimhomeMakesenseofhisstorytheghostofHudsonandhiscrewreturnevery20yearscheckonthingsmissthewholeAmericanrevolutionquietandpeacefullifenonagHisstylecanbedescribedasbeautiful.(P60HewasgoodatenvelohisstoriesinanThehumorhasbuiltitselfintotheverytextureofhisHischaractersarevividandHeavoidedmoralizingasmuchaspossible.(P61belletrist,belles-fatherofAmericanshortthefirstwhowoninternationalTheSketchBookalsomarkedthebeginningofAmericanEssayrelativelyshortlirycompositioninprose,inwhichawriterdiscussesatopic,usuallyrestrictedinscope,ortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofModernessayoriginatedfromMontaigne’s“Essais”(1580)法国的随笔EssayRenaissanceperiod(immature)TheimportantessayistatthisperiodisBacon.Heborrowedthetitleforhiscollectionofbriefprosewritings.(1597)BothBaconandMontaignereliedonquotations,examples,andfiguresofBacon’sarealmostpurelyexpositiveandwithmoralpurpose.的随笔篇幅短小，文字简约，充满警语与格言，作者态度客观冷静，论述精辟蕴涵深刻哲理,含有教诲Essaythe19thcentury(thepopularityandInthe19thcenturyperiodicalsincreasedandmodernmagazinessprangup,theyinstrumentaltotherapiddevelopmentofessays.Underthisencouragementappearedanumberofbrilliantessayists,suchasLamb,Hazlitt,HuntandDeQuincy.Theydidnotwriteaccordingtotheoldrulesandmodelsofclassicismbutmadeinformalessayapliablevehicleforexpressingthewriter’sown ality,thusbringingintoEnglishli turethefamiliaressay.Theinformalessayisoftencalledthefamiliaror alessay.FormalandinformalessayTheinformalessayis al,intimate,relaxed,conversational,andfrequentlyTheformalessayisdogmatic, al,systematic,andReadingmakethafu