托福超级小范围写作

ThereadingandlisteningcontentsareopposingindealingwiththeGiantAfricanSnailsthatspreadoutinanunfavorablewaydamagingtheecosystemisasevereway.Tobeginwith,byintroducingtheirnaturalpredator,thenumberofsnailscanbecontrolled.Yetthelecturerthinksthatthenaturalpredator,thecrab,canalsodoesharmtothenativecreaturesinthesamearea.ThiswillcausethealreadyunpleasantsituationmoreoutofSecondly,itissuggestedfromthereadingthatpeoplecancatchthesnailsbyhandeasily.However,thespeakeropposestothisideabecausethesnailexcretesliquidsubstancewhentheymoveandthisistoxictohumans.Moreintherealtest,yetthemainideaislikeInthelastce,thelecturerindicatesthatonlymaturesnailscanbespottedbythenakedeyesandbekilledwhentheyarefoundontheboatsorcargoswiththeregulationofthelaw.Asfortheyoung,smallerones,thecolorofthesmakestheminvisibletopeople.Wewilltakethosesnailsasrocksorstonesonthegroundwhenweseethem.Thus,theinspectionoftheboatsorcargosisnotaneffectiveapproachtostopthemspreadingaround.Whoisbetterforgroupwork?A thatdoeswhatthegroupwantshimtodo,ora thatholdsstrongopinionsdifferentfromwhatthegroupwants.异见者(contrarianmaverick)可以规避集体思维定势(groupthink)，因为异见者在危急时刻可以提出预警，举二珍珠港遇袭是因为都高枕无忧，没有人跳出来提醒人突袭的可能。让步Inanygroupororganization,therewillalwaysbecontrarians:peoplewhoopposethepopularopinionandtakeacontraryposition.YouwillprobablyknowwhatIamtalkingabout:theonewhoseemstothinkheissmarterthaneveryoneelseandoftenpointsoutthefallaciousargumentsofthewholegroup.Contrariansnotonlyholddifferentopinionsfromthegroup,butcanalsobeasstubbornasamulewhenitcomestodiscussion.Despitetheword’ssomewhatnegativeconnotationandthecommondislikeforcontrarians,Iamgoingtomakeacaseforthem:theyarebetterforgroupworkthanthesubmissivegroupmemberswhoTobeginwith,contrariansmakeiteasiertoavoidgroupthink.Inpsychology,groupthinkreferstotheproblematicpracticeofseekingharmonyandconformitywithinagroupandturningdownobjectionsattheexpenseofrationaldecisionmaking.Groupthinkcanhavegraveconsequences.Forexample,itwaslargelyduetogroupthinkthattheU.S.NavywasunabletoforeseeandalltheattackonPearlHarborduringthesecondWorldWar.Allthenavalofficersacquiescedinthegroup’sdecision,eitherunawareofalikelystrikeornotboldenoughtovoiceopinionscontrarytothatofthegroup.HadtherebeenafewmilitaryofficerswhowereprudentandcourageousenoughtoadvisecautionagainstJapaneseinvasion,the ewouldhavebeentotallydifferent.Indeed,whenthewholegroupisdangerouslywrong-headed,thepresenceofafewunbiasedcontrarianscanbeamatteroflifeanddeath.Inaddition,itappearstomethatcontrariansalsotendtobeindependentandoriginalthinkers.Afterall,mostpeoplefollowthegroup’sconsensussimplybecausetheyarenotcreativeenoughtocomeupwiththeirownideas.Inmanyoftoday’scutthroatcompetitions,originalideasarethedecisivefactor.Infact,mostofthemajorscientificfindingsandtechnologicalinnovationswerepioneeredbypeoplewithdifferentideas:whatwouldthescientificworldlooklikehadCopernicusalsosubscribedtothepopulargeocentricviewthattheearthwasthecenteroftheuniverse?Throughouthistory,manyoftheinventionswerepossibleonlybecausesomeofthegeniusesweredissatisfiedwiththesociety’scommonpracticeandcameupwithnovel,evenrevolutionarymethods.Asfarasscientificdiscoveriesareconcerned,then,maverickswithunorthodoxideasaremuchbetterforthegroupthanthoseyes-men:complianthelpersarequiteeasytofindbutoriginalthinkersarenot.Admittedly,havingacontrarianinagroupmaysometimesleadtoinefficiencyandevendeadlock.Yetinmyopinion,itsbenefitsfaroutweighitscosts.Acontrariannotonlysavesthewholegroupfromdangerousbooby-trapslikegroupthink,butalsohelpstodriveinnovativebreakthroughs.Accordingly,Ibelievethata whoholdsstrongopinionsdifferentfromthegroupisfarbetterforgroupworkthana whoonlydoeswhatthegroupwantshimtodo.阅读：澳大利亚的夜空上经常会看到移动的发光体，叫minminlights给了三种解释。反射电灯只能解释现在的ThelisteningcontentandthereadingpassagearedifferentinhowtheMinMinlightisproduced.Firstly,thereadingclaimsthatthelightisfromluminousinsectsthatflyingroupabovethesky.However,fromthelistening,itsaysthatthelightleftfromsuchinsectsshouldneverbethatvisibleandstrong.Inaddition,thelightismovableand insometimecircularshape.Thetrailofinsectcanneverhavesuchphenomenon.Inthesecondce,methaneormarshgascanbeusedtoproducelightwhenitisworkedwiththeairundersomecondition.However,thespeakersaysthatthelightsightingspotsareeverywhere.Itmeansthatsomesightingspotsareatthecewherethereisnowatersource;tobemoreexact,therearenomarshesaroundbeingdryces,sohowcanthemethanegasbeingproducedthatcreatesthelightafterwards.Lastly,FataMorganaphenomenonindeedcanreflectlightsfromfaraway,suchasthesourceofheadlightsofauto inmotionfaraway.However,thespeakerproposesthatthisonlyexinsthelightingphenomenonatthepresenttimeaboutMinMinLights.Yet,whenthereisnosuchlightbeingreflected,therearestillMinMinlightsbeingspotted.Thisisapparentlynotthereflectionofanylightnearorfaralike.Doyouagreeordisagree?Itisdifficultforteacherstobebothpopular(studentslikethem)andeffectivehelstudentsin“Aninvestmentinknowledgepaysthebestinterest,”saidbyBenjaminFranklin.Forstudents,theyhopetheycanfindateachertheylikeandatthesametime,theteachercaneffectivelyhelptheminlearning.However,forteachers,theroletheyyshouldbemoreinclinedtohelstudentsinlearningwithefficiency.Thisiswhyweneedteacherstoguideusinacademiainspiteoffactthattheymightnotbelikedbymostofthestudents.Learningprevailsoverpopularityatschoolforteachers.Thus,inopinion,itisreallyarduousforteacherstomaketheirstudentslikethemandmeanwhilealsobeabletoassistthemineffectivelearningatschool.Tobeginwith,effectivelearningisalwaysinvolvedwiththehardtime.Ifateacherhelpshisorherstudentstolearneffectively,itmeanstheaimoftheteachingcanbemeasuredinacertainperiodoftime.Inotherwords,studentsneedtobeconcentratedandserious,stopmakingfunofeachotherlikemostyoungstudentsdo.Thismeansteachershaveanobjecttocompleteandusuallywithinasetperiodoftimeduringwhichstudentswillbedtolearnandperceivetheclassmaterial.Undersuchlearningenvironment,itisnotprobabletomakestudentsliketheteachers.Takemathasanexample.Moststudentsdislikethissubject;ifteacherswantalltheirstudentslearnmultiplicationtableeffectively,theyneedtopressurestudentsintopayingattentiontotheclass,admonishingthemtolearnitbyheartintheclasstime.Withstress,amajorityofstudentswillnotagreemuchwithwhattheteacherdoesintheclass.Studentswillcertainlygrumbleanddislikewhattheteachersdo.Moreover,iftheyhavehardtimefinishingthisclasstaskontime,theymightbepunished.Thecomintstheyhavecaninturngototheteachersintheend.Thus,itisnoteasyforateachertobeabletoeffectivelyassiststudentsandtobepopularatthesametime,ofwhichthetwobehaviorsarecontradictoryinmanyaspects.Secondly,studentsalwaysliketeacherswhocanmakethemfeelatease.Itisalmostimpossibleforteacherstohelpstudentseffectivelyfortheirlearninginahappyway.Tobemoreconcise,learningisnotallfunandrelaxingbecauseweareabsorbingnewthings,whichmightengageusinmemorizingandinfocusing.Takehighschoolandelementaryschoolstudentsasexamples.Moststudentsgotoschoolforfun,formeetinguptheirfriendsandformakingfriendstheylike.Ofcourse,theyalsogotoschoolforlearningnewthings;however,iftheteacherwantstoeffectivelyhelpthestudentslearnnewthingsintheclass,thefunandrelaxingtimewillbeshrunk.Forinstance,inthemid-termsorfinals,teachersaremoreseriousandaffirmative.Studentsdonotlikesuchlearningenvironmentaswellastheteachersatthatspecificperiodoftime.Therefore,howcanateacherbepopularamongstudentsifheorshecarriesouttheeffectivelearningtargetintheclass?Thetwoelementsaredifficulttobeachievedatthesametime.Admittedly,somepeoplemayclaimthatitisnotdifficultforteacherstobelikedbystudentsandstillbeabletohelpthemeffectivelyinlearning.Agreatteachercanalsoproduceawayinwhichstudentscanbehelpedeffectivelyandtheteachercanalsobeliked.Itistheteachingapproachtheteacheradoptsthataffectsthewholelearning.Forinstance，somefamousteachersmake,forexample,mathfunandphysicsintriguing.Studentsarehelpedeffectivelyandtheystillliketheteacher.True,thishappens,yettomoststudents,thetypeofteachertheylikeistheonewhocanbringspleasurestothemandtheonewhocancreatenon-pressure-learningenvironment.Tobepopularamongstudentsandtohelpstudentseffectivelyinlearningareonlyconfinedtocertainsubjects,suchasbasicmath,P.Eclasseswhenteacherscanteachandmakefunintheclass.Asforothersubjectsatschool,includingEnglishli ture,chemistry,algebraandso,theyaredeeplyinvolvedwiththepowerofperception,memorization,brainstormingaswellasassignment.Humanbeingshavebeenmadeattemptstocomeupwithasolutionthattheycan,astheproverbputsit“Killtwobirdswithonestone.”Anobleideaitis,theambitionofreachingaperfect eisthepowerofcivicadvancementforsure.However,itdoesnotfitintothecategoryofeducation.Peopleneedtomakesacrificesinleaning.Whenthemissionofsuchlearningfallsonteachers,theywillofcoursetrytomakeiteasilyabsorbedtostudents.Yetwhenthelattermissioncannotbereached,theteacherhastotargetonhelstudentslearneffectivelynomatterstudentsthemornot.Thus,Iagreewiththeprompt-Itisdifficultforteacherstobebothpopularandeffectivetohelpstudentsinlearning.他的beakbreakThecontentofthereadingandthelisteningistotallyopposingtoeachotherinwhetherGastornisismeat-eatingornot.Inthefirstce,thepassageindicatesthattheappearanceofsuchbirdlookslikeotherflesh-eatingbirds,yetthelecturerrefusedtheideasayingtheappearancecannotdeterminewhetherthebirdsareeithercarnivorousorherbivorousOstrichesandemus(小贴士：如果听不出来时具体名词时，可以用Thebigsizedbirdsmentioned/citedinthelistening代替)arenotmeat-eating.Secondly,thebird’sbeakiscurvedandlarge,whichisapparentlyusedtobreakbonesorcutthroughmeats.However,thelecturersays,thisisnottrue.Thebeakisstraightanditisusedtocrackonnutsorhardnts.Thirdly,thespeakerindicatesthefootprintsleftbyGastornisdon'tshowclaws.Thelastboneofitsfootmaybejustthestructure,notatalon.Thisisopposingtotheauthorsinthattalonsaregreatevidenceaspredatorsthatfeedonmeat.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:Cooperativeabilityismoreimportantthanleadershipintoday’sworld.现今各行业分工明确，没有强人可以独当一面统领全局，需要各专业的人才通力合作才能成事。的.合作能力让公构更加灵活，处理人事变故更加游刃有余：缺了谁都照样转。举苹果公司没有乔布斯照样不人都以机成为，是个都以会好与合共，为作好更广。公益组织去中心化、人与人直接合作的例子。Intoday’sworld,ittakesallkindsoftalents,ratherthanasmallgroupofoutstandingleaders,toactuallygetthingsdoneandachievetheremarkable.Astheoldsayinggoes,noneofusisassmartasallofus.Theageofomnipotentcommandersislonggone.IfIweretoranktheimportanceofcooperativeabilityandleadership,Iwouldputcooperativeabilityfirst.Itallowspeopletobemoreopen-mindedandtheirgroupmoreflexible.Evenbetter,everyone,insteadofjustafew,standstogainfrombeingcooperative.First,thepastcenturyhaswitnessedanunprecedentedlevelofspecialization.Thisisespeciallytrueasfarasthebusinessworldisconcerned.Few,ifany,aresupposedtoknowtheinsandoutsofaspecificenterprise.Itwouldbeunrealisticandfoolishtoexpectanyleadertocomeupwithperfectsolutionstothevariousproblemshisgroupfaces.Individuals,however,usuallyknowbetter.Forinstance,abosswithstrongleadershipmaylackcertainacumenwhenitcomestotechnology,finance,ormarketing.Hisdecisionswouldbemuchmoreinformedifhecouldconsulttheexpertsinthosefields.Notonlywillhehimselfgainmoreknowledgethroughcooperation,the asawholewillbenefitaswell.Adictatorialandintransigentleader,ontheotherhand,willoftenrefusetocooperateandturnadeafeartoothers’soundadvice.Asnooneisinfallible,hewilleventuallymakemistakes,resultinginboth alandpublicloss.Moreover,cooperativeabilityismoreimportantthanleadershipbecauseitallowsa tobemoreresilient.TakemyfavoriteAppleasanexample.SteveJobswasdoubtlessoneofthemostsuccessfulandcharismaticleadersthateverwalkedtheManymighthavetheimpressionthathecreatedandlatersavedApplealmostsingle-handedly.TheymightalsoreasonthatApplewouldquicklyfallapartwithouthim.Despitesuchspeculations,Applesurvived,andeventhrivedafterhispassingin2011:itiscurrentlythemostvaluable intheworld.TimCook,Jobs’handpickedsuccessor,isameekandmuchlesscharismaticleader,yetthe keepstomakeprogressandsurprisetheworld.ThisisonlypossiblebecausealltheexpertsatApplejoinhandstomakethe everstronger.Finally,whilefewofusareblessedwithgreatleadership,everyonecanlearntocooperateandbenefitfromit.Eventhosewithleadershipdonotalwayshavethechancetoexercisetheirpower.Giventhefactthatmostofuseitherarenotsuitableordonothavetheopportunityto ealeader,itismuchmoreimportantandpragmatictodeveloptheabilitytocooperate.Cooperationcanaffectallaspectsofhumanlivesandcanbefoundonadailybasis.Forexample,manyofthevoluntaryorganizationsareverydemocraticanddecentralized:themembersdonotreporttoanyleaderbutcooperatedirectlywitheachother.Forthesethreereasons,cooperativeabilityismoreimportantthanleadershipintoday’s GophertortoisesarelistedasanendangeredspeciesintheUnitedStates.Thereadingpassageintroducesthreemeasuresthatareexpendedtohelprestorethegophertortoisepopulation.However,thelecturerejectseachofthemeasuresasunlikelytoThefirstmeasurementionedinthereadingistheconservationoflongleaf,avitalhabitatforgophertortoises.However,thelecturerarguesthattheabundanceoflongleafpinetreesmayactuallyhaveanegativeimpactontheecosystem,becausetheyblockthesunlightthatisnecessaryforthegrowthofatypeofgrassthatgophertortoisesdependon.Thesecondmeasureistobringyounggophertortoisestoresearchlaboratorieswheretheyarefedandtheirdiseaseiscured,beforereleasingthemtothewild.However,thelecturerconsidersthisasariskypracticebecausegophertortoisesbroughtupinlaboratoryenvironmentismoresusceptibletodiseaseswhentheyarereleasedintothewild,andthesediseasesmayspreadveryquicklyamongthetortoisepopulation.Thethirdmethodistotranslocategophertortoisestoothercarefullyselectedces.Thelecturerejectsthismeasureasevenmoredangerous.Gophertortoise,theprofessorargues,haveastronghominginstinctandwilltrytoreturntotheiroriginalhabitatnomatterwheretheyaretaken.Ontheirwayback,theymayrunintoaseriesofrisks,likebeingrunoverbyacarwhiletheytrytocrossabusynthisinter-dependentsocietyit esincreasinglyimportanttoseekadvicefromourfriends.Whenitcomestowhatkindoffriendcanprovidebettersuggestions,alotofpeopleceagreatemphasisonage,holdingthatelderfriendsaremuchmoreexperiencedandcouldgivemorepropersuggestions.However,inmyopinion,thisshoulddependonacase-by-caseInfieldsrelatedtomarriageandcareer,elderfriends’adviceisespeciallyvaluable.Itisbecausetheyaremuchmorematurethanweare.Forexample,manyyoungpeopletendedtochoosetheirpartnersbasedonfirstappearancesanddisregardedotherimportantaspectssuchasvirtues,careerprospects,etc.Theygotmarriedimpulsivelybutsoonthemarriagewouldfail.Atthistimeitismuchbettertofirstseektheadvicefromourparentsorelderfriendsinadvance,fortheyhavealreadyhadsuchexperiencesthemselvesandhaveseenalotofcouplesbreakupduetoimprudentdecisions.Also,whenitcomestoquestionsrelatedtocareerswecanlearnalotfromelderfriends’advice.Takemeasanexample.BeforeenteringcollegeIhadtodecidemymajor.Alotofstudentschosecomputersciencebecausethiscouldhelpthemmoreeasilyfindajob.However,Ididn’tparticularlylikecomputerscienceandthereforeIcametoseektheadvicefrommyelderfriend,Tony.Heencouragedmetobalancemy alinterestwithfuturecareerprospects.FinallyIchoseEnglishasmymajor.Thedecisionturnedouttobewise.WithoutTony’sadviceIcouldn’tmaketherightdecision.Ontheotherhand,infieldsconcerningthelatesttrendsofourtime,advicefrompeerscanbemoreinformedthanfromelders.Ourpeersaregenerallymoresensitivetothefashiontrendsthanourelderfriends.Forexample,onceIwasgoingtobuyacellphoneandcouldn’tdecideonwhichbrandtobuy.Manyelders mendedanold-fashionedNokiabecauseitwasmoredurable.However,Nokiawasseenasasymbolofbackwardnessamongyoungpeople.Finally,undertheadvicefrommyclassmatesIchosebecauseitwasnotonlyfashionable,butalsoveryeasytouse.Ikeptusingthisphonefortwoyearsandfoundmyfriends’advicetobequitecorrect.Overall,elderfriendsandfriendsofthesameagehavetheirownmeritswhenitcomestoprovidingadvice.Weshouldfirstfigureoutthecircumstancesweareinbeforeturningtoourfriendsforhelp.Thereisalake,threetheoreticalex First,soilisredThesecondisdissolvedchemicals，thereisthiskindofAthirdofthealgae,afterhearingsomewaterout,orpurplishred,hearingMissing(God“Bless”Secondchemicaliswhite,mixedwithothersubstances,isThethird,thenumberofchangesisredseaweed,becausealgaetychange,therealityisthatwaterdoesnot你认为是否应该用tax去fully支持大学生免学Thefundingofeducationhasalwaysbeenoneofthemostdebatedquestionsinthesociety.Regardingwhether shouldusetaxtosupportatuition- educationforcollegestudents,somepeopleholdanegativeviewandbelievethatcollegeeducationshouldbefinancedbystudentsthemselvesandtheirfamilies.However,Idobelievethat ernmentshouldspendaportionofthetaxesonproviding collegeeducationtostudents.Thereasonsareasfollows.Firstofall,educationisoneofthemmostimportantsectorsforernmenttoinveston.Theprosperityandthedevelopmentofanationdependonalargetalentpool,anditisonlythroughcollegeeducationthatthenationcancultivatealargenumberofqualifiedtalentsintechnology,business,politics,culture,andsoon.TakeJapanasanexample.BeforetheMeijiReform,Japanwasanunderdevelopedagriculturalcountrywithonlyafeweducatedpeople.However,afterthereform,especiallyafterthe1895Sino-Japanesewar,theJapaneseernmentinvestedalargeamountofmoney,closeto5percentoftheernmentrevenue,onbuildingschoolsandtraininginlectuals.Asaresult,Japanquicklyrosetooneoftheworld’sgreatpowersduetoitsemphasisoneducation,evenafterthe1945defeat.Therefore,thefutureprofitsgeneratedbysuchinvestmentsoneducationfaroutweighitscurrentInaddition,spendingtaxesonuniversityeducationwillgreatlyreducetheburdensofmanystudentsandfamilies.Nowadaysuniversityeducationisquiteexpensive,costingalmost5years’ofthetotal eofafamily.Aftergraduation,thesestudentshavetofaceheavyfinancialburdens.IhaveafriendwhocomesfromapoorfamilyintheSouthof .Hisfamilyonlyhasanannualeof5000Yuan,yettheannualcostattendanceofuniversityisabouttwotimesthe eofhisfamily.Hehastoborrowloansandworkonweekendstopayoffthedebt.Therefore,hecouldn’tconcentratewellonhisstudy.Therearealsomanyotherwhosimplydropoutofschoolbecausetheycan’tafforduniversityeducation.Ibelieveif ernmentcanuseasmallportionofthetaxestosupporttheuniversitygraduate’stuition,thesestudentscanhaveamorebrightfutureandtheeducationqualitywillbealsoAdmittedly,somepeoplearguethattaxesshouldbeusedonothermoreimportantsectorssuchasnationaldefense,manufacturing,orhealthcare.However,theinvestmentsoneducationcanonlybedescribedas“minimal”comparedtothesesectors.Ifernmentscanuseonlyonefifthofthebudgetofthenationaldefensesectoroneducation,thenallthestudentsincanenjoyacollegeeducationandnation’sdevelopmentcanbegreatlyaccelerated.Therefore,Ifirmlybelieveernmentshouldusetaxtofullysupportatuition-collegeeducation.商业的以免Whichismoreimportant?Cooperativeabilityorleadership?.合作能力让公构更加灵活，处理人事变故更加游刃有余：缺了谁都照样转。举苹果公司没有 Intoday’sworld,ittakesallkindsoftalents,ratherthanasmallgroupofoutstandingleaders,toactuallygetthingsdoneandachievetheremarkable.Astheoldsayinggoes,noneofusisassmartasallofus.Theageofomnipotentcommandersislonggone.IfIweretoranktheimportanceofcooperativeabilityandleadership,Iwouldputcooperativeabilityfirst.Itallowspeopletobemoreopen-mindedandtheirgroupmoreflexible.Evenbetter,everyone,insteadofjustafew,standstogainfrombeingcooperative.First,thepastcenturyhaswitnessedanunprecedentedlevelofspecialization,makingcooperationmoreessentialtosuccess.Thisisespeciallytrueasfarasthebusinessworldisconcerned.Few,ifany,aresupposedtoknowtheinsandoutsofaspecificenterprise.Itwouldbeunrealisticandfoolishtoexpectanyleadertocomeupwithperfectsolutionstothevariousproblemshisgroupfaces.Individuals,however,usuallyknowbetter.Forinstance,abosswithstrongleadershipmaylackcertainacumenwhenitcomestotechnology,finance,ormarketing.Hisdecisionswouldbemuchmoreinformedifhecouldconsulttheexpertsinthosefields.Notonlywillhehimselfgainmoreknowledgethroughcooperation,the asawholewillbenefitaswell.Adictatorialandintransigentleader,ontheotherhand,willoftenrefusetocooperateandturnadeafeartoothers’soundadvice.Asnooneisinfallible,hewilleventuallymakemistakes,resultinginboth alandpublicloss.Moreover,cooperativeabilityallowsa tobemoreresilientthanleadershipdoes.Takemyfavorite Appleasanexample.SteveJobswasdoubtlessoneofthemostsuccessfulandcharismaticleadersthateverwalkedtheearth.ManymighthavetheimpressionthathecreatedandlatersavedApplealmostsingle-handedly.TheymightalsoreasonthatApplewouldquicklyfallapartwithouthim.Despitesuchspeculations,Applesurvived,andeventhrivedafterhispassingin2011:itiscurrentlythemostvaluableintheworld.TimCook,Jobs’handpickedsuccessor,isameekandmuchlesscharismaticleader,yetthe keepstomakeprogressandsurprisetheworld.ThisisonlypossiblebecausealltheexpertsatApplejoinhandstomakethe Finally,whilefewofusareblessedwithgreatleadership,everyonecanlearntocooperateandbenefitfromit.Eventhosewithrealleadershipdonotalwayshavethechancetoexercisetheirpower.Giventhefactthatmostofuseitherarenotsuitableordonothavetheopportunityto ealeader,itismuchmoreimportantandpragmatictodeveloptheabilitytocooperate.Cooperationcanaffectallaspectsofhumanlivesandcanbefoundonadailybasis.Forexample,manyofthevoluntaryorganizationsareverydemocraticanddecentralized:themembersdonotreporttoanyleaderbutcooperatedirectlywitheachother.Forthesethreereasons,cooperativeabilityismoreimportantthanleadershipintoday’s)Humanrelationshiphasalwaysbeenoneofthemostimportanttopicsinourlife.Regardingthebestwaytomaintainarelationshipwithpeoplewecareabout,alotofpeopleholdthatweshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblewiththem.However,inmyopinion,itisbettertoavoidspendingexcessivelylongtimewithpeoplewelove.Thereasonsareasfollows.Firstofall,spendinglesstimewithpeoplewecareabouthelpskeeptherelationshipfresh.We’llloseinterestin ngsomethinggraduallyifwedoittoofrequently.Forexample,somepeoplelikeeatingice-creams,butiftheyeateveryday,soonice-creamswillappeardisgustingtothem.Thisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestoloverrelationship.Alotofcoupleshavetheso-called“seven-yearitch”becausetheyhavestayedwitheachotherfortoolongandgotsousedtoeachother.Iftheycanreducethetimespenttogether,andchangethewaytheyliveoccasionally,along-termmarriagewill elikefirstloveandthey’llneverfeelboredagain.Inaddition,wecanbetterrespecteachother’sprivacyifwereducethetimewespendtogether.Itisinthenatureofpeopletopeekintoothers’lives.Nowadaysthesituation esworseduetotheinventionofsocialmedia.However,deepatourheartweallcraveprivacy,thatis,timealone,undisturbedbyothers.MyfriendJackoncehadagirlfriend.Helovedthegirlsomuchsoheeverychancetobewithher,afraidthatshemightfallinlovewithsomeoneelse.However,eventuallythegirlcouldn’ttoleratehimanymoreandbrokeupwithJack.Hadheleftmoreroomforthegirlandreducedtimetheyspenttogether,itwouldn’thavegotsobadandtheycouldcontinuetheAdmittedly,sometimesmoretimespentwithpeoplewelovewillimprovetherelationship.Forexample,alotofyoungpeopleseldomreturnhometovisittheirparentswhentheygrowup.Eveniftheycanexpresstheircarethroughbuyinggifts,thiswillnotrecethetimespentwiththem.Thereisafamoussongincalled“Oftengohometovisityourparents”,whichbestexemplifiesourparents’hopethatwespendmoretimewiththem.However,thisisonlytruewhenitappliestopeoplewithwhomwehavebeenseparatedforalongtime.Whenitcomestoregularrelationshipssuchasloversorfriends,basedontheafore-mentionedysis,we’dbetternotspendexcessivelylongtimewiththem.古罗马斯巴达克，reading里认为斯巴达克的是真的，并给出了三点，说或怎样成为的，文章Spartacusreturnhomelandfighting他努力拯救罗马slave，古罗马人拿厚禄去收买他，被Spartacus实际是为了复仇和征服古罗马，想要财宝(wealth这本Spartac