硕士入学考试：2021年英语一考研真题与答案解析

硕士入学考试：2021年[英语一]考研真题与答案解析SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.Itlinyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmuscle1ossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11.Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.16therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ranout[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]wentby12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription1.Cpeaks答案解析：此处考察词义辨析+句间逻辑关系。文章首段首句为主题句，谈到一个概念：流体智力（fluidintelligence），是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和快速、逻辑和抽象地思考以解决新问题的能力有关。想要解决空格处需要分析整句话的逻辑关系。前文提到青年人，后文提到这种流体智力智力随着年龄增长会慢慢下降，所以根据时间发展的关系，前面提到这种智力在青年时达到峰值（peaks），并且会停留一段时间，随后随着年龄的增长会逐渐下降。正确答案为peaks。pauses暂停；return恢复，返回；fades逐渐消退。2.Dgenerally答案解析：此处考察词汇辨析。根据上一道题目的具体分析，不难得出空格处应该是对这种普遍现象得修饰，weage体现我们大所数人，所以应该选择Dgenerally。alternatively要不然，或者（二者择其一）；formally正式地，正规地；accidentally偶然地。3.Awhile答案解析：此处考察句内逻辑关系。空格处所在句子是以转折词But开始，但考察句内之间的意思转折：但是，3年纪增长不可避免，科学家发现某些大脑功能不会发生变化。年纪增长和科学家的发现是对立的观点，所以应该选择while，尽管。since因为；当......时；once一旦；until直到。4.Cconsumption答案解析：此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词and将空格处与前文muscleloss并列，行车前后近义词的关系，那么空格处要选择一个与肌肉消失表达意思相近的词。所给选项中只有C选项consumption意思是消耗的意思，带入原文符合句意。detection侦查，勘察；accumulation积累，积攒，增加；separation分开，分离。5.Apossibility答案解析：此处考察词义辨析。suggest一词是解题的关键，这个单词用在考研英语的文章中大部分都是暗示的意思，that引导的同位语从句中句子的谓语动词前还有情态动词may表推测，这都是在说明一种不太确定的可能性，所以选择possibility。decision决定；goal目标；requirement要求。6.Adelay答案解析：此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词or将空格处和前文prevent构成近义词的关系，delay延迟和prevent阻止是相近句意表达。ensure确保；seek寻求，请求；utilize利用，使用；7.Cincluded答案解析：此处考察词义辨析。根据题干和选项特点不难看出句中that引导的是一个定语从句，从句列举了data的具体分类和实验人群，所以定语从句是在具体说明data的内容，要选择included包含，包括。modified改变；supported支持；predicted预测。8.Bcompared答案解析：此处考察动词短语词义搭配和辨析+上下文语境。空格处表devoteto把......专用于，完全用于；compareAtoB将A和B进行比较；convertAtoB将A转变成B；applyAtoB将A应用于B。空格处所在句意为将那些数据和已知报道进行....。后文和下文都是在进行不同情况的比较来得出答案，所以应该选择compare。9.Awith答案解析：此处考察介词的用法。这个介词里只有with能体现的是某种状态：有着较高腹部脂肪检测结果的中年人.......10.Cscored答案解析：此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格处所在句子表达：有着较高腹部脂肪单位的中年人在流体智力检测时得分不高，测量智力是会得出具体分数的，就像我们平时说的智力测试。lived生存，活着；managed完成；scored得分；played表现。11.Dwentby答案解析：此处考察动词短语辨析。...astheyearswentby.随着时间的流逝，也算是固定的搭配。ranout耗尽，放弃；setoff出发，动身，启程；drewin吸引，拉入。12.Battributable答案解析：此处考察形容词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号代表前后两句话讨论得是一个问题，有可能相同也有可能相反。分号前说免疫系统对于女性来说的作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响的。attributableto归因于...;superiorto优于，胜于；parallelto平行于，与......平等；resistanceto抵抗。13.Cinvolved答案解析：此处考察非谓语动词词义辨析。分析了上一题，这一道题也迎刃而解，空格处所在句子是在表达对于男性而言，免疫系统没有对其产生影响，didnotappeartobeinvolved，似乎不涉及在内。14.Dexplain答案解析：此处考察动词辨析+句意理解。Itishopedthat...体现出是寄希望于以后的实验研究来得出结论。alter改变，变更，更改；spread开展，传播；remove移除，清除。15.Dtreatment答案解析：此处考察词义辨析。空格处所在句子表明：希望今后的研究能够解释这些差异，并可能导致对男人和女人的不同待遇。因为有差别才应该采取不同的对待方式。compensations补偿；symptoms症状；demands要求，需求；treatments处理，对待。16.BMeanwhile答案解析：此处考察段落之间的逻辑关系。therearesteps体现出有一些措施可供参考，可见空格处所在段落体现本段与上一段之间的递进的关系。meanwhile同时；Likewise同样地，也；Therefore因此；Instead代替，而不是。17.Dtake答案解析：此处考察定语从句+短语搭配。therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfat...youcan的前面省略了定语从句关系词that，从句修饰steps，takestepstodo短语表示采取措施做某事。Change改变；watch注意，观察；count数数。18.Awell-being答案解析：此处考察固定短语搭配。physicalandmentalwell-being身心健康。19.Alevel答案解析：此处考察词义辨析+句意理解。空格所在处意思是给大家推荐两种生活方式，一是保持或提高你的有氧运动水平。Love喜爱；knowledge知识；space空间。20.Cdiet答案解析：此处考察单词辨析+定语从句。空格处后面that引导的从句是这道题的解题关键：that引导定语从句，对前面的名词进行修饰，那么从句的内容就是先行词得以选出得重要线索。从句中主要讨论事物的问题，那么空格处应该填入diet饮食符合语法结构和句意表达。Design设计；routine行程，流程；prescription处方。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(40points)Text1HowcanBritain'strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'sriseanaverageof2.7percent,maybeafactionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceInd-er(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetwork.Shouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincoln-shirehavetosubscribethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromsurvey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersinthesouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativitypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthetestwaveofstrikesrestsonthewines.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirement,sothatevenwhenstrikesoccurservicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldfrompartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservicesinterruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Theythreatofnationalizationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengerfares[A]haskeptpacewithinflation.[B]isabigsurprisetocommuters.[C]remainsanunreasonablemeasure.[D]willeasetrainoperatorsburden.答案：C22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor[A]railtravelers.[B]cardrivers.[C]localinvestors.[D]ordinarytaxpayers.答案：A23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators[A]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.[B]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.[C]areofferingcompensationtocommuters.[D]aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions答案：B24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface[A]thelossofinvestment.[B]thecollapseofoperations.[C]areductionofrevenue.[D]achangeofownership.答案：D25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork[C]CanNationalizationBringHope?[D]Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable答案：DText2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia'sbleakratedeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.Theyarealreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogrammehasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButtheCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnnsHopkinsUniversity.That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect,Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndonesia'sphaseinoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provinces.“Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Farrowsays.That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically.ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvest.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.FarrowsuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn'treducepoverty.Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts”26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,CCTprogrammesaimto_____.[A]Facilitatehealth-carereform[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff[C]Improvelocaleducationsystems[D]lowerdeforestationrates答案：B27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoexcitedtoshowthat_____.[A]cattleraisinghasbeenamajorlivelihoodforthepoor[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation答案：D28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Farrowintendstofindout_____.[A]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs[B]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation[C]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss[D]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange答案：C29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaisvaluableinthat_____.[A]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries[B]itwillreduceregionalinequality[C]itcanprotecttheenvironment[D]itcanbenefitgrainproduction答案：A30.Whatisthetextcentredon?[A]Theeffectsofaprogram.[B]Thedebatesoveraprogram.[C]Theprocessofastudy.[D]Thetransferabilityofastudy.答案：AText3Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter一theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-Soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof‘SmilingVictorians'makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth.”ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistrymouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular“pearlywhites”wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedgnashers)lackedclass:drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.31.Accordingtoparagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter______.A.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotographyB.highlightedsocialmedia'stoleinVictorianstudiesC.re-evaluatedtheVictorian'snotionofpublicimageD.changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians.答案：D32.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.TheyarerareamongphotographofthatageB.TheyshoweffectofdifferentexposuretimesC.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventionsD.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians答案：A33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingpicturesinthe1890s?A.TheirinherentsocialsensitivenessB.TheirtensionbeforethecameraC.TheirunhealthydentalconditionD.Theirdistrustofnewinventions答案：C34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas______.A.athought-provokingideaB.amisguideattitudeC.acontroversialviesD.adeep-rottedbelief10答案：D35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksteminphotographs?B.WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographdifferently?C.WhatmadephotographdevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmilinginphotographbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?答案：AText4FromtheearlydaysofbroadbandadvocatesforconsumersandWeb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationfromwhathavebeenthelifebloodoftheInternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofl-inpartbecauseofpush-backfrombroadbandprovidersanti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.Afederalappealscourtunchangedinagain.Tuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution.Itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsforthedirtinessofColumbiaCourtwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunications(FCC)omnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.ThepublicanpennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadopted.Whenithadademocraticmajorityin2015.Butrejectedthecommission'sauthority.Torequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.TheCommissionarguethatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglornerablelikeATRTfavorsitsownvideo-stressingserviceattheexpenseofNotfishandAppieTOcapsontheirrivalsstreamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday.theappealscourt.Unanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadband.providescitingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatingmore.ButJudge.PatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat"theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodembroadbandservice”,andsaidCongressontheSupremeCourtcouldintervenetoavoidtrappingInternetregulationsintechnological.Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC’sattempttoblockallstaterules.Onnotneutrality,whilepreservingtheCommission'spowertopromptindividualgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCaliforniawhenenactedatoughnetneutrallylawsintheworldoftheFCC'sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.TherehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviderswouldA.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolB.showpartialityintreatingclientsC.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkD.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals答案：B37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCCA.takesananti-regulatorystanceB.stickstoanout-of-dateorderC.hasissuedaspecialresolutionD.hasallowedthestatestointervene答案：B38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?A.Itengagesinanti-competitivepracticesB.ItprotectsagainstunfaircompetitionC.ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigationD.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice答案：A39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecisionA.focusesontrivialitiesB.conveysanambiguousmessage.CisoutoftouchwithrealityD.isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.答案：C40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?A.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervisionC.RulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservicesD.Congressneedstotakeactiont0ensurenetneutrality.答案：DPartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.HereareafewwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.Inaddition,“(41)________”Onecompanythat'sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.ItusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocessMoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)_______Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyassessrisk.Domingossays,“(43)________”Improvedaccuracy“Machineleaningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,”saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”(44)________ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive,”saysDomingos.“(45)________”A.AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.B.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.C.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.D.We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.E.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.F.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.G.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.41.F42.B43.G44.C45.EPartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10points)WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)InmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eight,or10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.Eachofthe