8D中英文对照课件

TIAutomotive8DProblemSolving

TIAutomotive–问题解决8D(8条规则)Whatisthe8Dprocess?何谓8D流程？Whyaddressproblemsolvingusing8D’s?为何在问题解决方面运用8D？Whatinhibitorsexisttoefficientproblemsolving?高效解决问题存在哪些阻力？Disciplines1through8规则1到8Horizontal8D’s横向分析8D8DForms8D规则的形式LaunchLunacyExercise开始疯狂练习8DQuiz8D规则测验18D中英文对照FlowchartForProblemResolution

问题解决方案流程图Don’tMessWithIt!不要混淆！YES是NO不是YES是YOUIDIOT!你犯错了！NO没有WillitBlowUpInYourHands?是否在你手里被毁？NO不是LookTheOtherWay关注其它方式AnyoneElseKnows?还有谁了解？You’reSCREWED!你受到胁迫！YES是YES有NO没有HideIt隐瞒CanYouBlameSomeoneElse?你能责备他人吗？NO不NOPROBLEM!没有问题！Yes能IsItWorking?可行吗？DidYouMessWithIt?你是否搅混？28D中英文对照Whatisthe8D(EightDiscipline)ProblemSolvingProcess?何谓8Ｄ（8条规则）问题解决流程？8DisaSTANDARDIZEDmethodtoresolveaproblemwhentheCAUSEoftheproblemisUNKNOWN.当问题的起因不明时，8D是一个解决问题的标准化模式。8DisaFORMATtocommunicatecorrectiveactions.8D是对一个纠正措施进行沟通的格式。Amethodtoincreaseawarenessandtoreportprogressonimprovements.一种提升了解度和报告进展的方式。8Disaproblemsolvingtool.8D是一种解决问题的工具。Asaprocess,8D’sshouldbestartedfromthemomentaproblembecomesevident.作为一个流程，8D应该在问题变明显时启动。Asastandard,8Disacodeofconduct:.作为一种标准，8D是行为守则。Factbased以事实为依据Datadriven以数据为导向Commitmenttoattacktherootcause-notthesymptoms追寻问题根源而非表象38D中英文对照InhibitorstoEfficientProblemSolving:

阻碍有效解决问题的几大因素:Problemisnotdescribedcorrectly.未正确阐述问题。Theproblemdescriptionmustbefocusedenoughfortheteamtohandleeffectively.问题阐述必须被足够重视，使团队能有效解决。Theproblemsolvingeffortisexcessivelyexpedited.问题解决过分迅速。Stepsareskippedtoobtainaquicksolution.为快速获得问题解决方案而省略一些步骤。Poorteamparticipation.团队参与性差Notalltheteammembersparticipatedeffectively.并非所有团队成员都能有效参与。Theteamfailedtoconsiderallthepossiblecauses.团队未将问题起因考虑周全。Nologicalthoughtprocessused.未采纳合理思考过程。Problemsolvingeffortlacksthedisciplinetoprioritize,analyzeandreviewtheproblem.解决问题过程中缺少对其分类、分析和评估的规则。48D中英文对照InhibitorstoEfficientProblemSolving:(continued)

阻碍有效解决问题的几大因素:（续）Lackoftechnicalskills.缺少技能。Problemsolversarenottrainedinproblemsolvingmethods,dataanalysis.解决问题者在解决方法和数据资料分析方面未受过培训。ManagementImpatience.管理急躁Excessivelyaggressivetimetableprohibitsaproperproblemdescription,adequateanalysis,rootcausedeterminationandeffectiveimplementationofcorrectiveactions.过分急进的日程表阻碍合适的问题阐述、足够的分析，问题根源确定和有效实施纠正措施。Potentialrootcausemis-identifiedasTHErootcause.错把问题的可能原因当作问题的真正根源。Problemrecursbecausetherealrootcauseismissed.因没有认清问题的真正根源导致问题重现。Permanentcorrectiveactionnotimplemented.没有实施永久性的纠正措施。Managementdoesnotagreewiththeteam’ssolution;doesnotapprovecorrectiveactionsrecommended.管理部门不同意团队的解决方案；不批准建议的纠正措施。58D中英文对照68D中英文对照78D中英文对照88D中英文对照98D中英文对照108D中英文对照118D中英文对照128D中英文对照138D中英文对照Whyaddressproblemswiththe8DisciplineTechnique?

为何以8条规则的技巧来解决问题HistoricalProblemSolvingMethods传统解决问题的方式Threetimesaslongandthreetimesasexpensiveasprevention.在问题防御方面需要多花三倍的时间和经费52%ofproblemsrecur.问题重复率达52%Therefore因此80%oftimeisspentonresolvingroutineproblems.80%的时间花在解决常规问题上Theorganizationischaracterizedasgoodat“situationalcontrol”--FireFighters.机构被认为是善于“局面控制”—救火员。Problemsolvinghistoricallyperformedatexecutive(expert)levels.以往都是由管理（专家）层来解决问题8D--Planning&ProblemPrevention—8D——计划和问题防御Greatestreturnonexperience.对经验的最大回报PermanentCorrectiveActionisrealized.实行永久纠正措施Therefore因此Theorganization’stimeandeffortisspentonplanningandpreventionofproblems.机构的时间和精力都花在计划和问题防御上Theorganizationcontrolsthesituation.机构控制局面Moderateneedforexperienceusingthe8D/teamapproach.运用8条规则/团队方式，需要适度经验。148D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题的技巧Teamsize;3to5members.团队规模；3到5人Champion支持者Hasownershipoftheproblem.问题的所有人Supportsthefinaldecision.支持最终决策Hasauthoritytoimplementthefinaldecision.具有执行最终决策的权利Assiststheteamby:通过以下几点支持团队Settingtheimportanceofthetask.设定任务重点Maintainspressuretocompletethetask不断施压以完成任务。Providesleadership.提供领导Reviewstheteam’sprogress.评估团队的进展Leader领导者GroupMember组员Servesastheprojectmanager.担当项目经理Assuresthattheteamcompletesthetask.确保团队完成任务Setsthemeetingdates.设定会议日期Establishestheagenda.制定会议议程Hasultimatecontrolwithintheteam.

在团队内部具有完全控制权Setsgoalsandobjectives.设定目标Becomeawareoftheproblem.意识到问题

Formateam.组成一个团队1.158D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题的技巧Teammembers.团队成员Bodyofthetaskforce.特别工作组Havetherequiredskills.具所需技能Committedtofollowthe8Dprocess.严格遵循8条规则Musthavegoodjudgement;expectedtomakecompetentevaluationsandrecommendations.必须具备良好的判断力，能作出恰当的评估和建议。Recorder记录员GroupMember组员Takesnotesandpublishes/distributesminutes.作笔记和公布/分发会议纪要。Assistsleaderwithmeetinglogistics.协助领导做好会议后勤工作。Tracksandrecordssignificantnon-teammembercontributions.跟踪和记录非团队成员所作的重大贡献。Takescareofadministrativedetails.关注管理方面的细节。Managesthedatastorage.作好数据/资料存档。Facilitator促进者Optionalposition.可选角色Neutraltosubjectcontent.主题的中立者Encouragesparticipation.鼓励参与Expertingroupprocesses.团队流程中的专家Monitorsandsteersthegrouptowardthedeclaredobjective.监控和驾驭团队朝所定目标努力168D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题的技巧Problemdescriptionisthekeyelementofproblemsolving.问题阐述是问题解决过程中的关键环节ItisadescriptionofWHATISWRONGWITHWHAT.阐述什么是错的，错在哪里Statethesymptom,extentandconsequenceoftheproblem.陈述问题的症状，范围和后果Useaflowdiagramtovisualizetheprocess.运用流程图来说明该流程UseaTimelinetosetthekeytime/dates.以时线来设定关键时间和日期AskwhathasChangedon/about/neartheproblem.询问问题本身和相关情况发生了什么变化Usethe5W’sand2H’stospecifytheproblem.用5W和2H详述问题Who谁What什么When何时Where

何地Why为什么How如何Howmany多少UsetheIs/Is-NotFormat.运用是/否格式DescribetheProblem.问题阐述2.178D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题的技巧DescribetheProblem.问题阐述2.188D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

OperationalDefinition

８条规则解决问题的技巧

运行定义198D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

OperationalDefinition(continued)

８条规则问题解决技巧

营运定义（续）208D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题的技巧UsetheIs/Is-NotFormat用是/否格式DescribetheProblem.阐述问题2.218D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

8条规则解决问题技巧UsetheIs/Is-NotFormat用是/否格式DescribetheProblem.阐述问题2.228D中英文对照ChryslerDrain-BackCheckValve克莱斯勒回排逆止阀TypicalProblemwithanUnknownCause原因不清的典型问题VeryexcitedCustomer(Quality,Purchasing)非常兴奋的客户（质量，采购）VeryexcitedSalesTeam--YourBoss非常兴奋的销售团队—你的老板Youhavenoclue你没有线索ThePanelofexpertshas10opinions专家座谈形成10种观点238D中英文对照ChryslerTruck-Drain-backCheckValve克莱斯勒卡车-回排逆止阀248D中英文对照ChryslerTruck-Drain-backCheckValve莱斯勒卡车-回排逆止阀258D中英文对照NewHavenDrainBackCheckValve8D新港回排逆止阀—8条规则Step2ProblemDescription第2步问题阐述268D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题技巧Identifyallpotentialcauseswhichcouldexplainwhythisproblemhasoccurred.识别可解释为何发生问题的所有可能原因Isolateandverifytherootcausebytestingeachpotentialcauseagainsttheproblemdescription.按照问题阐述来分离并确定问题根源Useacauseandeffects(Fishbone)diagram.采用一张因果（鱼骨）图Graphicallyidentifiesallpastorpresentpotentialcauses.以图表鉴别所有过去或现在的可能导致问题产生的原因。SummarizeontheMOSTLIKELYrootcause.归纳最有可能的问题根源Askwhathaschanged?询问什么已改变？In,On,AroundorAboutthedifference.有关的不同点。Whatarethekeydatesofchange?

变化的关键日期是什么？AskthequestionWHY?Atleast5times.问为什么，至少5次Askinwhatwaycouldthispotentialcausehavecreatedtheproblem?询问这些潜在原因是以什么方式导致问题产生的？Defineandverifyrootcauses.定义和核实问题根源Identifyandselectpotentialrootcauses.识别和选择可能的问题根源Selectthemostlikelyrootcause.选择最有可能的问题根源3.278D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题技巧TypicalElementsforCauseandEffectDiagram因果图的典型要素Manpower人力Material材料Methods方式MotherNature(Environment)自然力量（环境）Machinery机械设备Defineandverifyrootcauses.定义和核实问题根源Identifyandselectpotentialrootcauses鉴别和选择潜在问题的根源3.288D中英文对照298D中英文对照鱼骨图分析308D中英文对照ChryslerDrain-BackCheckValve克莱斯勒回排逆止阀Leak泄漏

ORingO形圈

Dimensions尺寸IDMachiningID加工Plating电镀OversizeID特大IDUndersizestemOD偏小的阀杆Undersizegroove

偏小的槽OutofRound不圆ExcessiveToolMarks过多的工具标记Damaged损坏的Missing缺少的Mislocared错位的ResidueinO-Ringbore在O形圈孔的残渣318D中英文对照NewHavenDrainBackCheckValve8D新港回排逆止阀—8条规则PotentialRootCauseAnalysisandInvestigations潜在根源的分析和调查328D中英文对照NewHavenDrainBackCheckValve8D新港回排逆止阀—8条规则PotentialRootCauseAnalysisandInvestigations潜在根源的分析和调查338D中英文对照接上表348D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题技巧ProcessFlowDiagrams流程图Describetheprocess描述流程Whatisfirst….whatisnext?第一是什么…..其次是什么Timelines日程安排WhathappenedWhen?发生了什么，什么时候发生？Defineandverifyrootcauses.定义和核实问题根源Identifyandselectpotentialrootcauses鉴别和选择可能的问题根源3.358D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

８条规则解决问题技巧ParetoAnalysis帕累托分析SeparatingtheVitalfewfromtheTrivialmany把关键的少数与无关紧要的多数分开80/20Rule80/20原则Defineandverifyrootcauses.定义和核实问题根源Identifyandselectpotentialrootcauses鉴别和选择可能的问题根源3.368D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique–

８条规则解决问题技巧DefineandimplementCONTAINMENTactionstoisolatethecustomerfromtheeffectoftheproblem.定义和实施围堵措施以使客户免受影响Verifythatthecontainmentactioniseffective.核实该围堵措施的效率Typicalcontainment:典型围堵100%inspection-100%检查Replacementwith“certifiedstock”替换“已证明的库存”Alternatesourceforraw(orcomponent)materials.改变原材料和零部件货源Alternatemethodofprocessing.改变加工方式Increasedinspection.提高检查比例Increasedfrequencyoftoolchanges.提高更换工具频率Verification:确认Plan计划Do(Implement)实施Check(Follow-upandreport)核对（跟踪和报告）Act(Evaluatetheperformanceofthecontainment)行动（评估围堵措施执行情况）Implementshort-term(interim)correctiveaction.展开短期（临时）纠正措施Verifyeffectivenessoftheactionstaken.核实所采取措施的效率4.378D中英文对照NewHavenTransCoolerCheckValve8D新港输冷管逆止阀Step4ContainmentAction第四步围堵措施388D中英文对照398D中英文对照408D中英文对照418D中英文对照428D中英文对照438D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

8条规则解决问题技巧Plan计划Defineandimplementthebestpermanentcorrectiveactions.定义和实施最佳永久纠正措施Do(Implement)实施Chooseongoingcontrolstoensuretherootcauseiseliminated.选择正在进行中的控制手法以确保消除问题根源Check(Follow-up&Report)检查（跟进情况和报告）Monitortheimpactofthepermanentcorrectiveactiononceit’sinplace.一旦得以实施，监控永久纠正措施的结果。Act(EvaluatetheperformanceofthePCA)行动（评估永久纠正措施的执行效果）。Implementcontingencyactionsifrequired.如需要，实施紧急措施。Remember,thePCAmustbetiedtotherootcausetoeliminatetheproblem.切记，永久纠正措施必须与消除问题的根源联系起来。Usethe5WHY’stogetresolutiontothesystems(Prevention‘sMethodsFailure)problem用5个为什么来获取系统的（预防措施失败）问题的解决方案Implementlong-term(permanent)correctiveaction实施长期（永久）纠正措施5.448D中英文对照458D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

8条规则解决问题技巧Plan计划Developamethodtoverifytheeffectivenessofthecorrectiveaction.开发一种方式来检验纠正措施的效果。Do(Implement)实施Quantitativelyconfirmthattheselectedcorrectiveactionswillresolvetheproblem.以量化来确认所选纠正措施能够解决有关问题。Check(Follow-up&Report)检查（跟进情况和报告）Testtheproposedcorrectiveactioninapilotsetting.试点测试所建议的纠正措施Simulatethesolutioninaactualprocessorfieldevaluation.模拟问题解决的实际过程或现场评估。Verifythatanotherproblemisnotcreated.核实没有因此而产生另一个问题。Quantifychangesinkeyindicators.把一些主要指标的变化以数量的形式显示出来。Bench/labtesting小规模/实验室测试SPCCharts物料消耗率表ScrapRates废料比率QOSIndicators合格运作指标Act(EvaluatetheperformanceofthePCA)行动（评估永久纠正措施的成效）Assurethatthecorrectiveactionstakenwillnotcauseanyundesirablesideeffects.确保所采取的纠正措施不会产生任何不良的副作用。Verifyeffectivenessofactionstaken(ICA&PCA)检验所采取行动（临时纠正措施和永久纠正措施）的效果6.468D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

8条规则解决问题技巧Modifythosemanagementsystems,operatingsystems,practicesandprocedurestopreventrecurrence.改变那些管理系统，营运系统，惯例和程序以防止问题重现。Policies政策Directives指示Procedures程序Practices惯例Organization机构ManagementSystems管理系统Examinesimilarprocessforrelatedpossibilitiesoffailure.检测可能产生相关问题的类似程序。Describewhatsystemschangeshavebeenimplementedtopreventrecurrence.阐述采取什么系统变化来防止问题重现。SimilarProcesses类似流程Relatedcontrolprocedures相关控制程序7.478D中英文对照8DisciplineProblemSolvingTechnique

8条规则解决问题技巧Whatkindofrecognitionshouldateamgetforajobwelldone?如果工作出色，团队应得到什么样的认可？Whatkindofreward?得到什么样的奖励？Whatformat?奖励的形式是什么？In-housenewspaper内部报刊Luncheon宴席Personnelrecords人事档案Executivecontact公司高级领导接见Money金钱Familyrelatedreward与家庭有关的奖励Travel旅游Whenshouldtherewardbegiven.何时颁发奖励Recognizetheteam’scollectiveeffortsinsolvingtheproblem.认可团队在解决问题过程中的集体努力。Documentwhatwaslearnedinsolvingtheproblem.把在解决问题过程中学到什么以文字记载下来。Acknowledgethesignificanceandvalueoftheproblemsolution.承认问题解决方案的意义和价值。Recognizetheaccomplishmentsoftheteam.认可团队的成绩8.488D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechniqueTIAutomotive-8条规则解决问题技巧07/09/01Step1: FormATeam第1步组成一个团队Champion支持者TeamLeader团队领导者TeamMember团队成员TeamMember团队成员TeamMember团队成员TeamMember团队成员498D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechniqueTIAutomotive-8条规则解决问题技巧07/09/01Step2: DescribetheProblem第2步：阐述问题Listtheproblemspecification;quantifyWhat,Where,WhenandHowmuch.列出问题细节；量化什么，哪里，何时，何地和多少508D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechnique8条规则解决问题技巧07/09/01Step2: DescribetheProblem(continued)第2步：阐述问题（续）518D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechniqueTIAutomotive-8条规则解决问题技巧Step3: DeterminethePotentialandMostLikelyRootCause第3步：确定潜在的和最有可能的问题根源。Notethattherootcausemustmeetallthecriteriainthedefectdescription.注意问题根源必须符合缺陷阐述中的所有标准。528D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechniqueTIAutomotive-8条规则解决问题技巧Step4:ContaintheProblem;take(ShortTerm)ActionTaken:第4步：控制问题；实施（短期）措施Visitstothecustomer,dispositionofmaterials,detailsofinternalcontainmentactions(sortsandreworks),verificationoftheinternalcontainmentactionstaken访问客户，材料配置，内部围堵措施（分类和重做）细节，确认所采取的内部围堵措施538D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechniqueTIAutomotive-8条规则解决问题技巧Step5: DetermineandImplementthePermanent(LongTerm/Irreversible)CorrectiveActionswhichareneeded:第5步：决定和实施所需的永久（长期/不可取消）的纠正措施548D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechniqueTIAutomotive-8条规则解决问题技巧Step6: VerifythatthePermanentCorrectiveActionsTakenareEffective:第六步：核实所采取永久纠正措施的成效UsePayntercharts,capabilitystudies,Paretoanalysisforbeforeandafter,etc.todemonstratethatpermanentcorrectiveactionstakenareeffective.用裴恩特图表、能力研究、帕累托等方法来分析“之前，之后”的情况以证明所采取永久纠正措施是有成效的。558D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechniqueTIAutomotive-8条规则解决问题技巧Step7: ExamineyourSystems:第7步：检查你的系统PreventionSystems预防系统OtherProcessessimilartothoseaffectedbythisproblem其它与受该问题影响相似的流程UpdateFMEA’s,ControlPlans,inspectioninstructionsandothercontroldocumentsthatareassociatedwiththisproblem.Examineotherprocessesandproductsforthepotentialforsimilarproblems.更新失效模式与效应分析、控制计划、检查说明和其它与该问题相关联的控制文件。检查其他程序和产品以预防类似问题发生。568D中英文对照TIAutomotive-8DProblemSolvingTechniqueTIAutomotive-8条规则解决问题技巧Step8: Describehowyoucongratulatedtheteamforit’seffortsandsuccess.第8步：阐述你如何向经过努力而取得成绩的团队祝贺。578D中英文对照仅因缺少润滑油而导致一架喷气式飞机坠毁588D中英文对照8DQuiz8D测试Whatisan8D?8D（8条规则）是什么？Aproblemsolvingprocess.a)一种问题解决流程

b)Astandardcodeofconduct.

b)一种行为符号

c)Areportingformat.

c)一种汇报格式Whenisappropriatetoforma8Dteam?2.什么时候应该组成一个8D团队？Wheneverthereisaproblema)一旦出现问题时

b)Whenyourcustomertellsyoutodoso.

b)当客户叫你这么做的时候

c)Wheneverthereisaproblemwithanunknowncause.

c)一旦出现不明原因的问题时

d)Whentheresidentexpertisnotavailable.

d)当没有常驻专家的时候Whataresomeofthetypesofinhibitorstoefficient/effectiveproblemsolving?3.哪些是阻碍有效解决问题的因素？Thefactthatteamspreventquickdecisiveaction.a)团队没有快速作出决定

b)Problemswhicharedescribedinadequately,incorrectly.

b)描述得不完整、不正确的问题

c)Managementorcustomerimpatience.

c)管理层或客户的急噪情绪

d)Thepotentialrootcauseismisidentifiedasthetruerootcause.

d)可能的根源被错认作真正的根源

e)Permanentcorrectiveactionsarenotimplemented.

e)没有实施永久的纠正措施WhatistheroleoftheChampioninthe8Dprocess?4.8D流程中支持者扮演的角色是什么？Tofacilitatethemeetings.a)促进会议

b)Toleadtheteammeetings.

b)主持团队会议

c)Toprovidethesolutionoftheproblem.

c)提供问题的解决方案

d)Tosupporttheteam’seffortsthroughoutthe8Dprocess.

d)在整个8D流程中支持团队的努力598D中英文对照5.Whataretheimportantfactorsinchoosingwhoshouldbeonateam?选择团队成员的重要因素是什么？a)Size,support,age,change,environment.a)大小、支持、年龄、改变、环境

b)Size,support,expertise,change,environment.

b)大小、支持、专门技术、改变、环境

c)Size,support,expertise,analyticalskills,environment.c)大小、支持、专门技术、分析能力、环境

d)Size,expertise,analyticalskills,teamskills,environment.

d)大小、专门技术、分析能力、团队合作能力、环境6.WhatisthepurposeoftheIS/ISNOTanalysis?6.是／否分析的目的是什么？a)Toclearlydefinetheproblem.a)明确定义问题

b)Toselectpossiblerootcausesoftheproblem.

b)挑选可能的问题根源

c)Todecidebetweenvarioussolutionstotheproblem.

c)在各种问题解决方案中作抉择

d)Toselectthepeoplewhoshouldworkontheproblem.

d)挑选解决问题的人7.Whataretherecommendedactionsifyouhaveincompletedataforyourproblemdescription?7.如果你描述问题时碰到资料不完整应该做什么？a)Takeyourbestguessatrootcause.a)对根源做最聪明的猜测

b)Takeimmediatecorrectiveaction.

b)立刻采取纠正措施

c)Refusetoworkontheproblem.

c)停止解决问题

d)Seekoutanexperttosolvetheproblem.

d)找专家来解决问题

e)Takeinterimcorrectiveactionandmonitortheresultsclosely.

e)采取临时的纠正措施并且密切监控其结果8.ThePDCAcyclestandsfor:8.