2023年考研考博-考博英语-山西大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案篇

长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。住在富人区的她2023年考研考博-考博英语-山西大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题Thegreat（）betweentheteamsdidnotmakeforanentertaininggame.问题1选项A.disparityB.discomfitC.discretionD.dislocation2.单选题Wespentanhour（）withthecrowdsaswedidourshopping.问题1选项A.purlingB.cobblingC.jostlingD.tapping3.单选题Menandwomenofallagescanbenefitfrom（）amountsofdailyphysicalexercise.问题1选项A.desperateB.considerateC.literateD.moderate4.单选题Onceuponatime,peoplebelievedstayingahealthyweightwaseasy.Toloseweightyousimplyhadtopracticethereverseofhomeeconomics—spendmorethanyouearned.Unfortunatelyformany,butperhapsnotsurprisingly,itturnsoutthatpeoplearerathermorecomplicatedthanbankaccounts.Tostayahealthyweight,youneedahormonecalledleptontoworkproperly.Itsends“I’mfull”messagesfromthefatcellsuptothebrain,wheretheygo,amongotherplaces,tothesamepleasurecentersthatrespondtodrugslikecocaine.Fatpeopleproduceplentyoflepton,butthebraindoesn’tseemtorespondtoitproperly.LastyearresearchersattheOregonResearchInstitutescannedthebrainsofoverweightpeopleandfoundtheirrewardcircuit（线路）wereunderactive.Theywereeatingmoretotrytogettheenjoymenttheyweremissing.There’salotofevidenceforthefactthatmost,ifnotall,ofushaveasetpointaroundwhichourweightcanvarybyaboutseventoninekilos,butanythingbeyondthatisarealstruggle.Makingchangesishard,particularlyifyourbodyisworkingagainstyou.Sowhynotrejectthetraditionalapproachesandtrysomenewmethod,basedonthelatestresearch,thatworkwithyourbodyratherthanagainstit.SeveralyearsagoresearchersattheNationalInstituteonAginginBaltimorereportedthatwhentheygaveratsverylittlefoodonedayandallowedthemtoeatplentythenext,theyshowedvirtuallyallthebenefitsofapermanentcalorierestrictiondiet.Thesamegoesforhumans,accordingtoDr.JamesJohnson.Howdoesitwork?Besidesforcingthebodytoburnfat,itmayalsocausehormonalchanges.Mostpeoplesaythatthediettakesabitofgettingusedto,butisnotasgrindingastryingtocutbackonaneverydaybasis.Olderdietersmayremembersomethingcalledbrownfat.Unliketheundesirablewhitestuff;thiswasadieter’sdream.Insteadofstoringexcessenergyasfat,brown-fattissueburneditofftokeepyouwarm—atleastinmice.Brownfatfelloutoffavorbecauseresearcherscouldn’tfindmuchinhumansbutnow,thankstotheNewEnglandjournalofMedicine,it’sbackinfashion.Theideaistoexposepeopletocoldtemperatures.Theythenmakemorebrownfatandtheirweightdrops.1.Thelastsentenceinparagraph1indicatesthatpeople’sunderstandingoflosingweight（）.2.AccordingtothefindingsoftheOregonResearchInstitute,（）.3.ThemethodusedbytheNationalInstituteonAgingcanbesummarizedas“（）”.4.Theword“grinding”intheparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto（）.5.Itcanbelearnedthatbrownfat（）.问题1选项A.isunnecessarilycomplicatedB.seemsratherunreasonableC.usedtobelimitedD.canbepartlyjustified问题2选项A.OverweightpeoplegotlesspleasurefromeatingthesameamountB.OverweightpeopleenjoyedeatingmorethantheothersdoC.PeoplewillbecomeoverweightiftheyeatmorethantheyneedD.Peoplearemorelikelytobeoverweightiftheyproducelesslepton问题3选项A.NodietatallB.DietonadailybasisC.DieteveryotherdayD.Dietpermanently问题4选项A.EffectiveB.RealisticC.UnreliableD.Miserable问题5选项A.convertsexcessenergyintofatB.accumulateseasilyinhumanbodiesC.worksbetterinwarmtemperaturesD.burnsextraenergytoproduceheat5.单选题Doyourchildrenworrythattheymightfeelpressureto（）yourhero’simage?问题1选项A.catchupwithB.adduptoC.comeupwithD.liveupto6.单选题CardinalMEZZOFANTIofBolognawasasecularsaintwhowassaidtospeak72languages.Or50.Noonewascertainofthetruefigure,butitwasalot.VisitorsflockedfromallcomersofEuropetotesthimandcameawaystunned.Twocondemnedprisonerswereduetobeexecuted,butnooneknewtheirlanguagetoheartheirconfession.Mezzofantilearneditinanight,heardtheirsinsthenextmorningandsavedthemfromhell.Orsothelegendgoes.In“BabelNoMore”,MichaelErardhaswrittenthefirstseriousbookaboutthepeoplewhomastervastnumbersoflanguages—orclaimto.Ajournalistwithsomelinguisticstraining,Mr.Erardisnotahyperpolyglothimself(hespeakssomeSpanishandChinese),butheapproacheshistopicwithbothwonderandahealthydashofscepticism.Tofindoutwhetheranyonecouldreallylearnsomanylanguages,Mr.ErardsetouttofindModernMezzofantis.Thepeoplehemeetsarecertainlyinteresting.Onemanwithamentalageofninehasavastmemoryforforeignwordsandtheuseofgrammaticalendings,buthecannotseemtobreakfreeofEnglishwordorder.KenHals,whowasalinguistattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyanddiedin2001,wassaidtohavelearned50languages.Professionallinguistssillswearbyhistalent.Butheinsistedhespokeonlythree(English,SpanishandWarlpiri—fromAustralia’sNorthernTerritory)andcouldmerely“talk”inothers.Mr.Erardsaysthattruehyperpolyglotterybeginsatabout11languages,andthatwhilelegendsabound,triedandtestedexemplarsarefew.Attheendofhisstory,however,ErardfindsasurpriseinMezzofanti’sarchive:flashcards.Stacksofthem,inGeorgian,Hungarian,Arabic,Algonquinandnineothertongues.Theworld’smostcelebratedhyperpolyglotreliedonthesametoolsgiventofirst-yearlanguagelearnerstoday.Theconclusion?Hyperpolyglotsmaybeginwithtalentbuttheyaren’tgeniuses.Theysimplyenjoytasksthataredrudgerytonormalpeople.Thetalentandenjoymentdriveavirtuouscyclethatpushesthemtofeatsotherssimplyshaketheirheadsat.1.Theword“hyperpolyglot”(para.2)referstotheonewho（）.2.By“ahealthydashofskepticism”,theauthordemonstratesMr.Erard’s（）.3.Mr.Erard’seffortstofindtheModernMezzofantis（）.4.Whatistheemphasisinthelastparagraph?5.Thepassageismostlikelyapartof（）.问题1选项A.enjoyslearninglanguagesB.receivesstrictlanguagetrainingC.speaksmanylanguagesD.excelsinlanguagetests问题2选项A.biasedopinionB.objectiveattitudeC.strongmotivationD.extremecuriosity问题3选项A.arenotveryfruitfulB.willnotendinvainC.seemtopayoffD.arehighlyappreciated问题4选项A.Thereisnoshortcutinlanguagelearning.B.Weallhavethepotentialtobeagoodlanguagelearner.C.Somepeoplearemoregiftedtolearnlanguages.D.Goodlanguagelearnershavespeciallearningtechniques.问题5选项A.aresearchpaperB.asciencefictionC.anewsreportD.abookreview7.单选题Dogownersmust（）thedog’swasteincontainersprovidedthroughoutthepark.问题1选项A.pickupB.setasideC.disposeofD.takeoff8.单选题Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmoderncivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumandevelopmentlongenoughtosettlebackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.Voiceshavebeenraisedinprotestsincethebeginning,risinginpitchandviolenceinthenineteenthcenturyduringtheearlystagesoftheindustrialrevolution,summoningurgentcrowdsintothestreetsanydaythesedaysontheissueofnuclearenergy.Giveitback,saysomeofthevoices,itdoesn’treallywork,we’dtrieditanditdoesn’twork,gobackthreehundredyearsandstartagainonsomethingelselesschancyfortheraceofman.Theprincipaldiscoveriesinthiscentury,takingallinall,aretheglimpsesofthedepthofourignoranceaboutnature.Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,mattersofabsolutecertainty―Newtonianmechanics,forexample―haveslippedthroughourfingers,andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,ambiguities;someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears,somearecanceledoutright,someundergorevisedversionsoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.JustthirtyyearsagowecallitabiologicalrevolutionwhenthefantasticgeometryoftheDNAmoleculewasexposedtopublicviewandthelinearlanguageofgeneticswasdecoded.Forawhile,thingsseemedsimpleandclear,thecellwasaneatlittlemachine,amechanicaldevicereadyfortakingtopiecesandreassembling,likeatinywatch.Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablycomplex,filledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday’simagination.Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo,thereiseverythingtodo.Whatliesahead,orwhatcanlieaheadiftheeffortsinbasicresearcharecontinued,ismuchmorethantheconquestofhumandiseaseortheimprovementofagriculturaltechnologyorthecultivationofnutrientsinthesea.Aswelearnmoreaboutfundamentalprocessesoflivingthingsingeneralwewilllearnmoreaboutourselves.1.WhatCANNOTbeinferredfromthefirstparagraph?2.Theprinciplediscoveryinthiscenturyshows（）.3.Nowscientistshavefoundinthepastfewyears（）.4.Thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageistosaythat（）.5.Thewriter’sattitudetowardsscienceis（）.问题1选项A.Scientificexperimentsinthepastthreehundredyearshaveproducedmanyvaluableitems.B.Forthreehundredyearstherehavebeenpeopleholdingahostileattitudetowardscience.C.Moderncivilizationdependsonsciencesomansupportsscientificprogressunanimously.D.Somepeoplethinkthreehundredyearsisnotlongenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofscientificmethod.问题2选项A.manhasoverthrownNewton’slawsofphysicsB.manhassolvedanewsetofgiganticpuzzlesC.manhaslostmanyscientificdiscoveriesD.manhasgivenupsomeoftheonceacceptedtheories问题3选项A.theexposureofDNAtothepublicisunnecessaryB.thetinycellinDNAisaneatlittlemachineC.manknowsnothingaboutDNAD.manhasmuchtolearnaboutDNA问题4选项A.scienceisjustatitsbeginningB.sciencehasgreatlyimprovedman’slifeC.sciencehasmadeprofoundprogressD.sciencehasdonetoolittletohumanbeings问题5选项A.criticalB.approvingC.neutralD.regretful9.单选题Ofalltheclassicalcomposers,Tchaikovskyhasbeenaveritablegold-mineasa（）sourceofthemesforpopulararrangements.问题1选项A.lucrativeB.ostensibleC.orthodoxD.tentative10.单选题Manychildrenoften（）whyairplanescanflylikebirdswhilewehumanscannot.问题1选项A.expectB.wonderC.assumeD.anticipate第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项disparity“明显差异”；B选项discomfit“使难堪”；C选项discretion“自行决定权；审慎”；D选项dislocation“（制度、进程、生活方式）紊乱”。句意：两队之间的巨大（）并没有使比赛变得有趣。Dislocation形容制度等，不能和team搭配，disparity可以和team搭配，也符合生活中因为两个团队的巨大差异让比赛有看点的场景。因此A选项正确。2.【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项purling“用反针编织；用金银丝绣”；B选项cobbling“修，拙劣地修补；草率地拼凑，粗制滥造；铺鹅卵石，用圆石铺面”；C选项jostling“推搡，推挤；争夺”；D选项tapping“轻敲，打拍子，窃听”。句意：在购物时我们一个小时（）在人群中。jostling“推搡”和thecrowds搭配，符合购物时拥挤的生活场景。因此C选项正确。3.【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项desperate“绝望的；不顾一切的”；B选项considerate“体贴的；考虑周到的”；C选项literate“精通文学的；受过教育的”；D选项moderate“稳健的；适中的；有节制的”。句意：所有年龄段的男性和女性都可以通过（）的每日体育锻炼受益。根据语境，moderate“适中的；有节制的”搭配physicalexercise“体育锻炼”比较合理。因此D选项正确。4.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。第一段说到“Onceuponatime,peoplebelievedstayingahealthyweightwaseasy.（从前，人们认为保持健康的体重很容易。）”；“Unfortunatelyformany,butperhapsnotsurprisingly,itturnsoutthatpeoplearerathermorecomplicatedthanbankaccounts.（不幸的是，对许多人来说，事实证明人比银行账户复杂得多，但这也许并不令人意外。）”，由这两句可以看出以前人们对减肥的概念很片面、有限，殊不知人体机能是很复杂的，所以最后一句话表明了人们对减肥的理解是很有限的，A选项“复杂难懂的”；B选项“似乎是相当不合理的”；D选项“部分可以被证明的”都不符合段意，因此C选项“过去是有限的”正确。2.事实细节题。theOregonResearchInstitute的研究出现在第二段，原文“LastyearresearchersattheOregonResearchInstitutescannedthebrainsofoverweightpeopleandfoundtheirrewardcircuit（线路）wereunderactive.Theywereeatingmoretotrytogettheenjoymenttheyweremissing.（去年俄勒冈州研究所研究人员扫描超重的人，发现他们的大脑奖赏回路（线路）是不够的。他们吃得更多，试图获得他们错过的乐趣。）”的意思是胖的人和其他人吃同等数量的食物时，他们获得的乐趣会比其他人少，因为他们大脑中的奖赏回路不如其他人，因此会吃更多来试图获得乐趣。B选项“超重的人比其他人吃得更多”；C选项“如果人们吃得比需要的多，他们就会超重”；D选项“如果产生的瘦素较少，人们更有可能超重”都不是该研究的内容，因此A选项“超重的人在吃同样数量的食物时得到的快乐较少”正确。3.推理判断题。theNationalInstituteonAging的研究出现在第四段，原文说到“whentheygaveratsverylittlefoodonedayandallowedthemtoeatplentythenext,theyshowedvirtuallyallthebenefitsofapermanentcalorierestrictiondiet.（当他们一天给老鼠很少的食物，第二天让它们吃大量的食物时，它们几乎显示出了长期限制卡路里饮食的所有好处。）”。所以这个方法可以总结为隔天节食。A选项“不节食”不正确；B选项“日常节食”也不正确；D选项“永久性节食”也不是该研究的内容，因此C选项“隔天节食”正确。4.词义猜测题。第五段“butisnotasgrindingastryingtocutbackonaneverydaybasis.（但并不像每天尝试节食那么痛苦。）”。grinding的意思是“无休止的；（状态）难熬的”，A选项Effective“有效的，实际的”；B选项Realistic“现实的，逼真的”；C选项Unreliable“不可靠的，靠不住的”；D选项Miserable“痛苦的，悲惨的”。因此D选项正确。5.事实细节题。brownfat出现在文章第六段。“Insteadofstoringexcessenergyasfat,brown-fattissueburneditofftokeepyouwarm—atleastinmice.（棕色脂肪组织并没有以脂肪的形式储存多余的能量，而是通过燃烧来保持体温——至少在老鼠身上是这样的。）”，该句说明棕色脂肪燃烧多余的能量来产生热量。A选项“把多余的能量转化成脂肪”；B选项“容易在人体内积聚”；C选项“在温暖的温度下工作效果更好”都与原文事实不符，因此D选项“燃烧额外的能量产生热量”正确。5.【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项catchupwith“赶上；逮捕；处罚”；B选项addupto“总计达”；C选项comeupwith“提出；想出；设法拿出（所需钱款）”；D选项liveupto“符合；做到”。句意：你的孩子是否担心他们会对（）你心目中英雄的形象感到压力?根据语境，liveupto“符合；做到”搭配hero’simage“英雄形象”比较合理。因此D选项正确。6.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第二段第三句Ajournalistwithsomelinguisticstraining,Mr.Erardisnotahyperpolyglothimself(hespeakssomeSpanishandChinese)，（埃拉尔是一名记者，接受过一些语言学训练，但他自己并不是（），他会说一点西班牙语和汉语），会说一点西班牙语和汉语用来补充解释前面的hyperpolyglot，和C选项“会说多种语言”对应，hyperpolyglot是“语言狂人”，故C选项正确。A选项“喜欢学语言”文章没有提到。B选项“接受严格的语言训练”：Erard学过一些，说不上严格。D选项“擅长语言测试”，文章没有讲语言测试。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第三段最后一句Mr.Erardsaysthattruehyperpolyglotterybeginsatabout11languages,andthatwhilelegendsabound,triedandtestedexemplarsarefew.（埃拉尔说，真正的语言狂人大约从会11种语言开始，虽然传说比比皆是，但经过验证的例子却很少。），可知实际上语言狂人没有大家所知的那么多，所以Erard的怀疑是客观的，故B选项“客观的态度”正确，A选项“有偏见的观点”错误。C选项“强烈的动机”和D选项“极度的好奇心”和事例无关。因此B选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Tofindoutwhetheranyonecouldreallylearnsomanylanguages,Mr.ErardsetouttofindModernMezzofantis.（为了弄清楚是否真的有人能学会这么多语言，埃拉尔开始寻找现代的Mezzofantis。），和第三段最后一句triedandtestedexemplarsarefew（通过验证的例子很少），表明Erard的调查目的起码有些成效，故C选项“似乎有回报”正确。A选项“都不是很有成效”：在这过程中Erard遇到很多有趣的人，做了一些测试，得到一些结果。B选项“不会徒然结束”：没有提到后续相关事情。D选项“高度赞赏”：文中没有对调查结果的评价。因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第四段最后两句Theysimplyenjoytasksthataredrudgerytonormalpeople.Thetalentandenjoymentdriveavirtuouscyclethatpushesthemtofeatsotherssimplyshaketheirheadsat.（他们只是喜欢那些对普通人来说是苦差事的工作。天赋和乐趣驱动着一个良性循环，推动他们去完成别人根本不屑的壮举。），天赋和乐趣推动掌握多种语言的人持续不断的学习，也就是对普通人来说是苦差事又不屑的壮举，故A选项“语言学习没有捷径”正确。B选项“我们都有潜力成为一个好的语言学习者”和C选项“有些人在学习语言方面更有天赋”：有的人一开始或许是有天赋，但有天赋还不够，而持续学习不是普通人会做的。D选项“好的语言学习者有特殊的学习技巧”：根据最后一段第三句Theworld’smostcelebratedhyperpolyglotreliedonthesametoolsgiventofirst-yearlanguagelearnerstoday.（世界上最著名的语言狂人使用的工具和今天给一年级语言学习者是一样的。），可知D选项“好的语言学习者有特殊的学习技巧”错误。因此A选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据文章通过多个例子证明自己的观点，可知本文是议论体裁，故A选项“研究论文”正确。B选项“科幻小说”：没有幻想和科技的成分。C选项“新闻报道”：讲述事例不够客观。D选项“书评”：没有详细评价和介绍书。因此A选项正确。7.【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项pickup“捡起；获得；收拾”；B选项setaside“留出；驳回，撤销；不顾”；C选项disposeof“处理；转让；解决；吃光；除掉；卖掉”；D选项takeoff“起飞；脱下；离开；突然成功”。句意：养狗人必须用公园内提供的容器处理狗的排泄物。A选项pickup应该更侧重于捡起狗狗拉在地上的排泄物，而题干中说到了在容器内，在容器内处理狗狗的排泄物更适合，因此C选项正确。8.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段第三句和第四句maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument（甚至长到要投票决定是否继续下去。这是有争议的。），可见对于将科学是否继续进行下去，人们观点不一，有人持敌对态度，故C选项“现代文明依赖科学，所以人们一致支持科学的进步”正确，B选项“三百年来有人一直对科学持敌对态度”错误，D选项“有的人认为三百年的时间不够长，不能让人们对科学方法进行批判性的评价”错误。A选项“过去三百年的科学实验制造出许多有价值的物品”：根据第一段第一、二句，三百年来，我们一直在研究科学，当代每项技术都是通过科学实验而来的。因此C选项正确。2.细节推断题。A选项manhasoverthrownNewton’slawsofphysics“人类推翻了牛顿的物理定律”；B选项manhassolveda