突破12 句子成分、简单句与特殊句式-2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识专项突破(通用版)

2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识专项突破(通用版)12句子成分、简单句与特殊句式【知识突破】一、句子成分句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型：1、基本句型的词序划分符号(没有统一规定,仅供参考)：主语：定语：主语：定语：()谓语：—状语：[]宾语：宾补：〈〉表语：主谓句型：S－Vi。主系表句型：S－Vlink－P主谓宾句型：S－Vt.－O主谓双宾句型：S－Vt－O间宾－O直宾主谓宾补句型：S－Vt－O－C例句：Jimisworking[veryhard][now].（他现在正非常努力地工作。）Sheisyoung.（她年轻。）Itlookslikerain.（天看上去要下雨。）Theboy[always]kickedthedog[withhisfeet].（这男孩老是用脚踢那只狗。）Hehas[never]boughtmeatoy[sincelastyear].（从去年起他没给我买过一个玩具。）Hefeltsomething(cold)<movinguphisleg>.（他感到有个冰冷的东西顺着腿上爬。）2、英语词类与句子成分关系图句子成分词类或短语主语*谓语宾语*表语*定语*状语*宾语补足语名词√√√×√√√√√√×√代词√√√×√√√√√√√××形容词×××√√√√√√×√√数词√×√√√√√×√动词时态语态形式×√√√×××××动词不定式√√×√√√√√√√√√动名词√√×√√√√√××动词现在分词×××√√√√√√√动词过去分词×××√√√√√√副词×××√√√√√√介词短语×××√√√√√√[注释]1、“√”表示某种词类可以充当某个成分,“√√”表示某种词类经常充当某个成分,“√√√”表示某种词类最经常充当某个成分。“×”表示某种词类不能充当某个成分。2、“*”表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。3.主语(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：Thepainterpaintedaverynicepicture.(画家画了一幅漂亮的画。)/TheyfoughtagainstSARSbravely.(他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。)/Toseeistobelieve.(耳听为虚眼见为实)./Helpinganimalsistohelppeople.(帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：ItisverycomfortabletohaveaClassAseatduringthelongjourney.(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。)/Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.(=Itisbadforyourhealtheatingtoomuch.)(吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略：(Itis)nothing.((那)没有什么。)/(It)doesn’tmatter.((那)没有关系。)/(I)thankyou.((我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：Themanlooksworried,doesn’the?(这个人看上去很着急不是吗？)/Tigersaredangerousanimals,aren’tthey?(老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keepthekeyboardsclean,children.(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。)(省略了主语)/Yougothereandfetchmeaglassofwater.(你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及therebe句型主语在动词之后。如：Computersaremadeinthisfactory.(计算机生产于这家工厂。)/Wherearethey?(他们在哪儿？)/Doestheboylikestayinghome?(这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。NeitherJimnorRosehaspassedtheexam.(Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。)/TheChinesepeopleareahardworkingandbravepeople.(中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)(8)主语可以由从句充当。（请参阅后面有关主语从句的文件讲解）4.谓语(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如：Hetravelledinspaceforthefirsttime.(他首次在太空旅行。)/WhoteachesyouEnglishthisyear?(今年谁教你们的英语？)/Thepizzahasgonebad.(那块烤馅饼已经变坏。)/(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+［语态助动词］+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现)。记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如：IamsorryIammakingsomuchnoisebutIhaveto.(对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)/Hecan’thavefinishedreadingthe800longnovel.(他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。)/Somethingmustbedonetostopthefowlflufromspreadingout.(该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1+原形动词”、“be+原形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式：①情态动词+原形动词。如：You’dbettergooverthelesson.（你最好复习这一课。）②shall/will/would+原形动词。如：Theyshouldhavebeenthereonce.（他们应该去过那儿。）③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：Whatareyoudoingthisevening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/Manytreeshavebeencutdownsince1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。）④have+过去分词。如：Manytreeshavebeencutdownsince1970s.（意思同上）⑤一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：Hedoesnotenjoyhimselfverymuch.（他日子过的不好。）/Didanyofyouseedinosaureggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）⑥行为动词1+行为动词2(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：Hemadeuphismindtobeavet.（他拿定主意要做个兽医。）/Feelinggoodaboutyourselfisessentialtofeelinggoodaboutlife.（自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。）/Theywakeuptheotherfamilymembers,calling,“MerryChristmas!”（他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着：圣诞快乐！）/ThekingsofancientEgypthadstrongtombsbuiltforthemselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。）(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式一般现在时be(是)动词；现在某些时态和语态的助动词beam(单一);are(单二);is(单三);are一般过去时be(是)动词；过去某些时态和语态的助动词bewas(单一);were(单二);was;(单三)were一般现在时have(有)动词；现在完成时态的助动词havehave(单一);have(单二);has(单三);have一般现在时行为动词和助动词dodo(单一、单二);does(单三)do实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外）原形动词(单一、单二);动词+s/es(单三)原形动词其他各时态语态的谓语动词单复数形式相同记住：主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。Airandwaterisnecessarytousall.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如：TheOlympicGamesisheldeveryotheryear,isn’tit?Yes,itis.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？是的。)5.宾语(1)由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如：TheangelalsocametoJosephandtoldhimthesamething.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语)/Hetoldmethatthecompanycouldnotaffordtopayhimsomuchmoney.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语)/Theyenjoywatchingfootballgamessomuchthattheyoftenforgettheirlessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语)/Ithinktobeachildren’sdoctorisveryrewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)(2)只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listentotheradio.(listen不是及物动词,故加to。)/Canyouhearanythingexciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？)(3)宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：Whatdidhesee?(他看见了什么？)/Whatdoeshewritealetterwith?(他用什么写的信？)/Withwhatdoeshewritealetter?(他用什么写的信？)(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Pleaseputtheshoesaway.(请把鞋子收起来。)/Pleaseputawaytheshoes.(请把鞋子收起来。)/Pleaseputthemaway.(请把它们收起来。)(5)动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：Heoftengivesmesomehelp.(他常常帮我。)②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make,buy,borrow时,介词用for.如：Pleasemakemeakite.(请给我做个风筝。)或Pleasemakeakiteforme.(6)在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：Ifoundthejobratherdifficult.(我发觉这个工作相当难做。)/Ifounditratherdifficulttodothejob.(7)宾语可以由从句充当（请参阅有关宾语从句的文件讲解）。6.表语(1)说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如：Hebecameadoctorafterhelefthighschool.(高中毕业他当上了医生。)/Therubberwheelsareoverthere.(橡胶轮子在那边。)/Hedoesnotfeellikeeatinganythingtodaybecausehehascaughtabadcold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。)/Whoisit?(谁呀？)(2)表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turnget,grow,feel,seem)之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。(3)代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：It’sI.(It’sme.)是我。(4)只能作表语的形容词有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。Hewasterriblysorryforhiscarelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。)/Pleasemakenonoisehere;thebabyisasleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。)/Iamonlyinterestedinsittinginaboatanddoingnothingatall!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。)/Iamnotaloneinthinkingso.(并非只有我才这样想的。)(5)表语也可以由从句充当。7.定语(1)修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如：Putitinthetopdrawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。)/FranceandSwitzerlandareEuropeancountries.(法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。)/Hismotherandfatherarebothcollegeteachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。)/ThisisthedaythatIcanneverforgetinmylife.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)(2)单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：冠词/物代年龄/形状/大小/温度色彩来源质地/材料目的/用途被修饰的名词(中心词)athemyhis…old,young,…red,yellow,blue,…Chinese,English,American,…wooden,woolen,glass,silk,paper…meeting,tennis,sports,reading,swimming,…box,shoes,room,pig…long,short,round,square…big,large,small,little…hot,cold,warm,cool…(3)时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如：Icouldnotfindmywayout,soIstayedthereallalong.(我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)(4)介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面：Themonkeyinthecagewascaughtyesterday.(笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)(5)形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如：Herememberedeverythingunusual.(他记得所有不寻常的事情。)(6)定语还可以用从句充当。(7)注意：由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。8.状语(1)说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如：Iwasnotbornyesterday.（我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。）/Formanyofthesefamiliesacollegeeducationwassomethingnew.（对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。）/Hewokeuptofindhishouseonfire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。)/Youcannotleaveuntilyourworkisfinished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)(2)多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如：Hewentoufoftheroomataquarterto23:00lastnightandthendisappearedintothedark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。)/(3)状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。(4)注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。9.宾语补足语(1)补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如：CallhimJim,please.(请叫他Jim。)/Itriedmybesttomakehimhappy.(我竭尽所能让他开心。)/Askhertocometodinnertomorrow.(请他明天来。)/Heletthesmalleranimalsbringfoodtohim.(他让小动物们给他带食物来。)(2)部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如：Lethimin,Itellyou!(我跟你说,让他进来！)/Pleaseputitaway.(请把它收起来。)二、简单句与特殊句式1、简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。2、简单句的种类：简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。3、陈述句：用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。▲陈述句的肯定式：Heisamiddleschoolstudent.（他是个中学生）/Ihaveahammerinmyhand.（我手上有把锤子）/Sheteachesusgeography.（她教我们地理）/Thenewplaywasgoodenoughandeverybodyenjoyedit.（新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢）▲陈述句的否定式：1)谓语动词如果是tobe、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如：Mybrotherisnotateacher.（我的弟弟不是教师）/Hedoesnothaveacousin.（他没有堂兄弟）/Iwillnotgotheretomorrow.（明天我不去那儿）/Mymotherisnotcookingamealinthekitchen.（我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭）/Youmustnotmakesuchmistakesagain.（你不该再犯类似错误了）/Wehaven’tdiscussedthequestionyet（我们还没有讨论那个问题呢）.2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加donot(don’t).如：Idon’tknowanythingaboutit.(此事我一无所知)/LiMingdoesnotfeedpigsinthecountryside.（李明不在农村养猪）/Wedidn’texpecttomeetherrighthere.（我们没指望着在这里见到她）/Wedidn’thaveameetingyesterdayafternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与havegot的否定式相同。如：Ihaven’t(got)anybrothersorsisters.（我没有兄弟姐妹）[注意]①句子中如果有all、both、verymuch/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not…atall等；Allofthemwentthere.→Noneofthemwentthere.（他们全都去了那里→他们全都没去那里）②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时,则视为否定句。如：Fewpeoplelivetherebecauselifethereisveryhard.（几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了）③陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如：That’syourboss?（那就是你的老板？！）④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即：主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如：Theoldmantoldmethathewouldliveherefortenmoreyearsbeforehereturnshome.（老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家）/Couldyoutellmewhoyousawatthepartylastnight?（能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗？）4、疑问句▲一般疑问句：用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。1)一般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词是tobe、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。如：Isheanengineer?（他是工程师吗？）/Haveyougottoday’snewspaper?（你有今天的报纸吗？）/Shallwegotoseeafilmthisevening?（我们今晚去看电影好吗？）/Canyouexplainit?（你能解释它吗？）/Isthereanyfishforsupper?（晚饭有鱼吗？）/Wouldyouliketogooutforawalk?（你想出去散步吗？）谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do/does/did,原来的谓语动词改为原形。如：Doyougetupatsixeverymorning?（你天天早晨六点起身吗？）/Doesshestudyhard?（她学习努力吗？）/Didyougothereyesterday?（昨天你去那儿了吗？）2)一般疑问句的回答：一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如：Willyoujoinusinplayingbasketball?（你加入我们打篮球好吗？）—Yes,wewill.（是的我们会。）/—No,wewon’t.（不我们不会。）Haveyougottoday’snewspaper?（你有今天的报纸吗？）—Yes,Ihave.（是的有。）/—No,Ihaven’t.（不没有。）回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。[注意]回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。3)一般疑问句的否定结构(即否定形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将“not”置于主语之后或者将“not”放到主语之前与be,have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如：Willhenotcome?（他难道不来吗？）/Isn’tyoursisteraPartymember?（你的姐姐不是党员吗？）/Haven’tyouanybrothers?（你没有哥哥吗？）/Don’tyouliketheplay?（你难道不喜欢这个话剧吗？）/Can’twewalkalittlefarther?（我们不能走远些吗？）/Won’tyousitdown?（你不想坐下吗？）/Hasn’tsheheardofthematter?（她没听说过这事儿？）这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”；如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如：Can’theanswerthequestion?(他不能回答这个问题吗？)—Yes,hecan.(不,他能回答这个问题。)—No,hecan’t.(是的,他不能回答这个问题。)▲特殊疑问句：要求具体回答的问句。1)特殊疑问句结构是：疑问代词+一般疑问句+？除who以外的疑问代词短语疑问副词如：Whatdoyouwant?（你要什么？）/Who(m)areyoulookingfor?（你在找谁？）/Whosemagazineisthis?（这是谁的杂志？）/Whichclassareyouin?（你在哪班？）/Whendidyougetupthismorning?（你今早什么时候起身的？）/Wherehaveyoubeen?（你到哪儿去了？）/Whydidhegotobedsoearly?（他为什么这么早睡觉？）/Howdidyougothere?（你是怎么去的那儿？）但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同：如：Whoisdancingoverthere?（谁在那边跳舞？）有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如：Whatisonthewall?（什么东西在墙上？/墙上有什么？）/Whichisyours?（哪个是你的？）/Whosebookisinyourbag?（谁的书在你的书包里？）[注意]从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用！如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词：疑问代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,疑问副词：when,where,why,how,how构成的短语：howmany(多少个)(独立用；或跟可数名词),howmuch(多少)(独立用；或跟不可数名词),howold(多大年纪),howfar(多远),howoften(多常),howlong(多久,多长),howsoon(多久以后),howmanytimes(多少次),等等。3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如：Whydon’tyouaskJiminstead?(常缩略为Whynot…?)(你为什么不转请Jim呢？)4)特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如：Whenandwherewereyouborn?(你是何时何地出生的？)5)疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如：Whatdoyouwantacomputerfor?=Forwhatdoyouwantacomputer?(你干嘛要一台电脑呢？)▲反意疑问句：反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。1)构成：由两部分组成：前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be,have,助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构；反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致；反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。陈述句部分附加问句部分注意点肯定陈述句否定的简短一般问句当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词；否则就使用do/does//did.否定陈述句肯定的简短一般问句如：Heisold,isn’the?(他老了不是吗？)/Themanwentaway,didn’the?(那个男人走开了不是吗？)/Heisn’told,ishe?(他不老是吗？)/Heneverwentthere,didhe?(他从没有去过那里是吗？)2)反意问句的回答：无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循：“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”如：Themanwentaway,didn’the?(那人走开了,不是吗？)——Yes,hedid.(是的,他走了。)/No,hedidn’t.(不,他没有走。)Themanneverwentthere,didhe?(这人从来不去那里,是吗？)——Yes,hedid.(不是呀,他去的。)/No,hedidn’t.(是呀,他不去。)▲选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。1)构成：(1)一般疑问句+or+第二选项？(2)特殊疑问句+第一选项(+第二选项)+or+第三选项？2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes/no回答。如：Isyourfriendaboyoragirl?–Agirl.(你的朋友是男孩还是女孩？是女孩。)/Whichdoyouprefer,coffeeortea?–Tea,please.(你要哪一样咖啡还是茶？请来茶吧。)/Whichdoyoulikebest,singing,dancingorskating?--Dancing,ofcourse.(唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样？当然是跳舞啦！)5、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。▲祈使句的肯定式：动词(原形)+其他如：Pleasegivemeahand.(请帮忙)/Shutup!(住嘴！)▲祈使句的否定式：Don’t+动词原形+其他如：Pleasedon’ttalkinlowvoices.(请不要低声讲话。)/Don’tlookback!(不要掉头看。)[注意]以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面。如：Let’snottroublehim.(我们不要打扰他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如：Pleasedohelpme!(请千万帮帮我。)6、感叹句：感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！”▲对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是：What+(a/an)+(形容词)+名词+陈述句结构(主谓语),用来强调句子中的名词,如：Whatagood,kindgirl(sheis)!(她是多么善良的好女孩！)/Whatbadweather(itis)!(天气真糟糕！)▲仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是：How+形容词/副词+陈述句结构(主谓语),用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。Howcarefullytheoldmanwalks!(这老人走路真小心！)/Howdeliciousthefoodis!(这食品真好吃！)/Howbeautiful!(真美呀！)▲有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。Heissittingonatiger’sback!(他坐在老虎的背上！)/Aniceshot!(漂亮一击！)/Goodgoal!(好球！)7、倒装句：谓语的一部分或者全部放在主语之前的句子称为倒装句。（1）THEREBE句型以及以here、there开头的句子。如：Therearealotofchildrenintheshowroom.(在展览室里有许多的小孩。)/Herecomesthebus.(公交车来了。)/Theregoesthebell.(铃响了。)/ThedooropenedandincameMrLee.(门开了,李先生走了进来。)（2）用“So/Nor/Neither+助动词+主语”倒装结构表示第二个人物的情况与上文的人物情况相同。如：Tomwenttothebeachlastweek,and,sodidI.(Tom上个星期去了海滩,我也是。)/LiMei’sboughtnothingfromtheshop.NeitherhasJim.(李梅没有在店里买什么,Jim也没有买。)（3）在疑问句中,通常使用在主语之前安放助动词的倒装方法,对主语提问除外。如：Howdidhefindthelostbook?(他是怎么样找到丢失的书的？)/Wherearetheygoingtospendthesummervacation?(他们打算到哪儿过暑假？)（4）感叹句中通常将被感叹的部分前移,而将句子的主谓语整体后置。如：Whatabeautifulflower(itis)!(那是多漂亮的花！)（5）有引号引用某人的原话时,引号外面的主谓一般采用倒装形式放在句尾,但是,若主语是代词则不倒装。如：“Whatonearthareyoudoingupthere?”saidthefather.(父亲说：“你在上边到底干什么？”)/“Whatonearthareyoudoingupthere?”hesaid.(他说：“你在上边到底干什么？”)【能力突破】一、简单句与特殊句式1.________fineweatheritistoday!A.Whata B.How C.Howa D.What2.—Doyou________abighead?—Yes,I________.A.has;do B.have;do C.has;don’t D.have;does3.What________shehave________dinner?A.do,for B.does,for C.is,at D.can,to4.—Longtimenosee!________isyourgrandfather?—Heisfine.Thankyou.Pleasesayhellotoyourfamily.A.How B.Where C.Who5.—________studentsarethereinyourclass?—Fifty.A.Howmany B.How C.Howmuch D.What6.Eattherightfoodand____________healthy.A.tobe B.tostay C.be D.are7.—CanBobsingthesonginEnglish?—______.A.Yes,Ican B.No,hecan’t C.Yes,heis D.Yes,hecan’t8.—WhoisJimmy?—________.A.Heismyfriend B.Heisverynice C.HeisinBeijing9.—AreyouAlice?—________.MynameisAlice.A.Yes,I’m B.Yes,Iam C.No,I’m D.No,I’mnot10.—______isthehotel?—It’sbetweenthebankandthepark.A.Why B.Where C.What11.—________swiminthisriver.It’squitedeep.—Thanksfortellingme.A.No B.Not C.Don’t D.Doesn’t12.—doyouhaveart?

—OnWednesday.A.When B.What C.How13.—Isthatyourbook?

—________.A.Thatisn’t B.Itisn’t C.Yes,thatisn’t D.No,itisn’t14.—________?Yourfacelookspale(苍白的).—Idon’tfeelwell.Iwanttogotoseeadoctor.A.What’swrong B.What’sthewrong C.Whoareyou D.Whatareyou15.—AreJillandHeleninClassTwo?—________.TheyareinClassFive.A.Yes,theyare B.Yes,sheis C.No,theyaren’t D.No,sheisn’t16.—________aretheshoes?—They’re20dollars.A.When B.Howmuch C.Howmany D.What17.—Aretheseyour________?—Yes,________are.A.sisters;they B.sister;they C.sisters;these D.sister;these18.—_________takeschargeofthemeeting?—Tony.Heknowsmuchabouttheproject.A.Why B.Where C.What D.Who19.—______aretheshoes?—About100yuan.A.Howmany B.Howmuch C.What D.Who20.—________isyoursister?

—Sheiseight.A.Howold B.How C.Howmuch D.Howmany21.____smartthedriverlesscaris!Ireallywanttohaveone.A.What B.Whata C.Whatan D.How22.There________anywaterintheglass.A.is B.are C.isn’t D.aren’t23.—IsheJack?—________.HisnameisDale.A.Yes,heis B.No,heis C.Yes,heisn’t D.No,heisn’t24.________honestboyheis!A.Whatan B.What C.Howan D.How25.—Didyouwatchtheshowthismorning?—Yes.________excellenttheydid!A.Whatan B.How C.What26.—CanJaneplaychess?

—No,she________.A.doesn’t B.isn’t C.can’t27.—________isitfromourschooltotheairport?

—Abouthalfanhour’swalk.A.Howlong B.Howfar C.Howmuchtime D.Howsoon28.Here________yourpens.A.is B.are C.am29.—_________didyourparentsgolastweek?—TheywenttoWuhantovisitmyaunt.A.What B.Why C.Who D.Where30.—________runinthehallways.—Sorry,Mr.Wang.A.Don’t B.Doesn’t C.Didn’t D.Isn’t31.—Havewegotanytomatoes?—________.A.Yes,wehave B.Yes,weare C.No,wearen’t32.—Mom,mustIcleanmyroom?—No,you__________.A.mustn’t B.needn’t C.can’t D.maynot33.—MustIdohomeworkfirst?—No,you________.A.needn't B.can't C.mustn't34.—TuYouyouhaswontheNobelPrize.（诺贝尔奖）—_______greatsheis!WeChinesearesoproudofher.A.Whata B.What C.Howa D.How35.—________doyougotoschoolearlyeveryday,Sam?—Tocleantheclassroom.A.How B.Where C.When D.Why36.—Excuseme.________?—Yes,thereis.It’snexttoapostoffice.A.Whereisthebank B.HowfaristhebankC.Isthereabanknearhere D.HowcanIgettothebank37.—________dothey________?—Theyworkinarestaurant.A.Where;work B.How;work C.What;work D.How;works38.—Hello,Jack!__________doesittakeyoutorideabiketoyourofficeeverymorning?—Oh,it’shardtosay.Itusuallyspendsthirty-sixminutes.A.Howmany B.Howmuch C.Howfar D.Howlong39.—It’saniceday.________gooutandhaveapicnic?—Oh,that’sagoodidea.A.Whydon’t B.Howabout C.Whynot D.Let’s40.—________doyoupractiseswimmingafterschool?—Sometimes.A.How B.Howmany C.Howlong D.Howoften41.______doesyourfathergotoworkinthemorning?Atseven.A.Why B.What C.Where D.Whattime42.LookatthephotooftheSmiths._________happytheyare!A.Howa B.How C.What D.Whata43.________ishe?Helooksoverweight.A.Howmany B.HowmuchC.Howheavy D.Howweight44.______?

Heismygrandfather.A.Who’sshe B.Who’she C.What’she45.—What________educationalmovieTheBattleatLakeChangjinis!—Yeah.Ilikeitverymuch.A.a B.an C.the D./46.Thereislittlesaltleftforustocookfood,________?A.aren’tthere B.isn’tthere C.arethere D.isthere47.—Jack,couldyoucometomybirthdaypartytomorrow?—Sorry,I________.Ihavetolookaftermygrandmotherathome.A.won’t B.mustn’t C.couldn’t D.can’t48.Tom,________lateforschoolagain.A.isn’t B.don’tbe C.doesn’tbe D.aren’t49.________excellentperformancetheartistsgaveattheCCTVGalaonNewYear’sEve!A.What B.How C.Whata D.Whatan50.—What’stheweatherlikenow?—________.A.It’sblue B.It’sE-G-G C.It’sbig D.It’scold51.IthinkwecanfinishalltheworkbeforeFriday,________?A.don’tI B.can’twe C.canwe52.—Isthereabankoverthere?

—___________.A.Yes,there’s B.No,itisn’t C.Yes,thereis53.—Youhavelittlehomeworktodoeveryday,_________?—_________.Ihardlyhavetimeformyhobbies.A.doyou;Yes,Ido B.doyou;No,Idon’tC.don’tyou;Yes,Ido D.don’tyou;No,Idon’t54.—________arrivelateforclass,Mike.—Iwon’t.A.Can’t B.Doesn’t C.Don’t D.Do55.—Lisa,________willthenewparkbebuilt?—Itwillbebuiltinthecenterofthecity.A.who B.where C.what D.why56.—_______doyoulivefromschool?—About15minutes’busride.A.Howmuch B.HowlongC.Howfar D.Howsoon57.—Aretheseyourcousins?—________.A.Yes,theyare B.Yes,theseare C.No,thesearen’t58.—________doyouusuallycometoschoolinthemorning?—Bybike.A.What B.Where C.When D.How59.—________doyouexercise?—Everyday.Exercisingisgoodforhealth.A.Howoften B.Howlong C.Howsoon60.—________wonderfulexperienceitwastotakepartintherecordingofCallmebyfire!—Yes.Thoughtheyarenotyounganymore,theyworkhardintheirownfield.A.What B.How C.Whata D.Howa61.—________doyouknowaboutTom?

—SinceIwasakid,wehaveknowneachotherwell.A.Howmuch B.Howlong C.Howoften62.Thereisabridge________theriver.Becarefulwhen________it.A.across;over B.over;crossing C.over;across D.over;cross63.—MustIfinishmyhomework?—No,you_______.Youmaydoittomorrow.A.needn’t B.can’t C.mustn’t D.couldn’t64.Grandpa,followthedoctor’sadvice,________youwillbewellverysoon.A.and B.or C.so65.—Paul,canyoucometomypartythisSaturday?—_________.Ihavetohelpmymotheraroundthehouse.A.Seeyouthen. B.OK.Let’smeetat11.C.Sorry,Ican’t. D.Great,I’dloveto.66.Tellmethewaytothecinema,________you?A.will B.need C.shall D.may67.—DoeshespeakEnglish?—______.Hecanspeakalittle.A.Yes,hedoes B.No,hedoesn’t C.Yes,heis68.—________doyoulikelearningEnglish?—BecauseIthinkitisveryinteresting.A.What B.How C.Where D.Why69.—Thestrawberrieslooknice.________arethey?—30yuanakilo.A.Howold B.Howlong C.Howmany D.Howmuch70.—AreyouAlice?—________.A.Yes,I'm B.Yes,sheis C.No,I'm D.Yes,Iam71.—Grandma,you________needtobuyanyfruitnow.Youcandoitafterdinner.—OK.A.doesn’t B.don’t C.isn’t D.aren’t72.—Stevenhadnothingforbreakfastthismorning,________?—________.Becausehehadafever.A.hadn’the;No B.hadhe;Yes C.didn’the;yes D.didhe;No73.Why________thepolicemanoverthere?Hemayknowthewaytothehotel.A.don'task B.don'ttoask C.nottoask D.notask74.—Heisn’taJapanese,ishe?—________.HeisfromJapan.A.Yes,heis B.No,heisn’t C.Yes,heisn’t D.No,heis75.Thedirtywaterfromthefactoryhascausedseriouspollution,_________?A.didn’tit B.hasn’tit C.won’tit D.doesn’tit76.—________wonderfulthemusicis!—Yes.Itmakesmerelaxafterabusyday.A.Howa B.Whata C.How77.—Canyourbrotherplaychess?—Yes,he________.Buthecan’tplay________.A.can;good B.can’t;nice C.can;well D.can’t;fine78.—Hi,Dave.DoyouwanttowatchPeterRabbit2(《彼得兔2》)thisevening?—I’dloveto,butI_______gooutonschooldays.A.don’thaveto B.can’t C.haveto D.can79.—Isthereahotelaroundhere?—________.It’sonBridgeStreet.A.Yes,itis B.No,itisn’t C.Yes,thereis D.No,thereisn’t80.—Therewillbeaconcertinourschooltomorrownight.—________excitingnewsitis!A.What B.How C.Whatan D.Howan81.________excitingitis!Ourcountryputherfirsthomemadeaircraftcarrier(国产航空母舰)inthewateronApril26inDalian.A.How B.WhatC.Howan D.Whatan82.__________theboyisrunning!Hemustbethefirstplace.A.Whatfast B.Howquick C.Howfast D.Howslowly83.—Andy,willyourcousingoforapicnicthisSunday?—IfIdon’tgo,________.A.sodoeshe B.sohedoes C.neitherwillhe D.neitherdoeshe84.Whynot________ticketsaheadoftime?Hisconcertissopopular.A.book B.tobook C.booking D.booked85.—Iwasavolunteeratthe2022BeijingWinterOlympicGames.—Goodforyou!________valuableexperienceyouhad!A.How B.Whata C.What D.Howa86.—Didn’tshecometoschoolyesterday?—________,though(虽然)shewasnotfeelingwell.A.No,shedidn’t B.No,shedid C.Yes,shedidn’t D.Yes,shedid87.—________greatfootballplayerChristianoRonaldois!—Yes,heis________popularthatthefootballfansaroundtheworldadmirehimverymuch.A.Whata;so B.What;so C.How;such D.How;so88.—Johndrawspicturesverywellinourschool.—_______.Heispopularwithhisschoolmates.A.Soheis B.Sohedoes C.Sodoeshe89.—________you________freetomorrow?—Yes,Iam.A.Are;goingto B.Are;will C.Are;willbe D.Are;goingtobe90.Look!________happilythestudentsareplayingintheplayground!A.How B.What C.Whata D.Howa91.Tommy,_______playbasketballinthestreetnexttime.Youmaygethitbyacar.A.do B.don'tC.must D.mustn't92.—Thepriceofvegetableshas________inthepastfewdaysbecauseoftherainstorm.—________.A.risen;Soithas B.raised;Soithas C.raised;Sohasit93.Lilyusedtopaintpicturesafterschool,________?A.didshe B.doesn'tshe C.didn'tshe D.doshe94.—________you________TVatthemoment?—No,youcanturnitoff.A.Did;watch B.Are;watching C.Do;watch D.Have;watched95.—LiLeiisverystrictwithhimself,hehasimprovedhismathalotthisterm.—________,and________.A.Sohehas;soyouhave B.Sohehas;sohaveyouC.Sohashe;sohaveyou D.Sohashe;soyouhave96.—Couldyoutellme_______ittakestowalktotheDisneyland?—About20minutes.A.howfar B.howlong C.howoften D.howsoon97.–Lastsummerholiday,Ididn’tgoanywhere.Howboring!–.ButI’mgoingsomewhereforaholidaythissummer.A.NeitherIdid B.NeitherdidI C.SodidI D.SoIdid98.—________interestingthestorybookis!—Yes.Ihavereadittwice.A.Whatan B.What C.Howan D.How99.yousmellsomethingburning?Goandseewhat'shappening.A.Can B.May C.Must D.Need100.—Wow!______cleanairwehavetoday!—Yes.Look!AlotofadultsaredoingKungfuoverthere.A.How B.Whata C.Howa D.What二、句子成分1.Hi