全国英语竞赛《B类英语专业》考前点题卷一

全国英语竞赛《B类英语专业》考前点题卷一[单选题]1.Franklyspeaking,I’dratheryou____（江南博哥）__anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.A.didn’tdoB.haven’tdoneC.don’tdoD.havedone参考答案：A参考解析：句意：坦白说，我宁愿你当时什么都没做。forthetimebeing是过去时态的标志，所以句子采用过去时。[单选题]2.Well,really______nowisstartlearningwhattodowiththissoftwareandreadalotoftutorials,learnandpractice______youcan.A.howyoushouldstart;themostB.thatyouneeddo;whateverC.whatyoushoulddo;asmuchasD.asshouldyoudo;thelongesthours参考答案：C参考解析：句意：你现在真正要做的是开始学习怎么使用这个软件，还要读很多指南，尽量多学习，多实践。第一个空格缺少主语，只有What可以引导主语从句，asmuchas表示“尽可能多的”。[单选题]3.______herpeninink,whensheheardthedivampingoflittlefeetalongthehall,andthenapoundingatherdoor.A.NosoonerhasshedippedB.ScarcelyhadshedippedC.AssoonasshehaddippedD.Hardlyshehasdipped参考答案：B参考解析：句意：她刚刚把钢笔沾上墨水，她就听见有人跑过走廊的声音，然后门关上了。scarcely…when…与hardly…when…以及nosooner…when…等都表示“一…就…。”但是当这三个词位于句首时，句子要采用倒装形式，因此排除C、D两项，应采用过去完成时态。[单选题]4.We’vejustinstalledtwoair-conditionersinourapartment,______shouldmakegreatdifferencesinourlifenextsummer.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.they参考答案：A参考解析：句意：我们刚刚在家里安装了两个空调，有了这些空调，明年的夏天就大大不同了。这里需要采用从句形式，所以排除D项，而先行词要指代前面的“空调”，所以排除B项，在主句与从句用逗号隔开的情况下，要选用which来引导从句，所以A项正确。[单选题]5.______youropinionsareworthconsidering,thecommitteefindsitunwisetoplacetoomuchimportanceonthem.A.AsB.SinceC.ProvidedD.While参考答案：D参考解析：句意：虽然你的意见很值得考虑，但是委员会认为太重视它们是不明智的。从句意可知主句和从句是转折关系，而四个选项中只有D项表示转折，故选D项。[单选题]6.______becauseofthecomplexityofhiswriting,HenryJamesneverbecameapopularauthor,buthisworksareadmiredbycriticsandotherwriters.A.ItmaybeB.WhyisitC.BesidesD.Perhaps参考答案：D参考解析：句意：或许是因为亨利·詹姆斯的作品很复杂，他从未成为一名受大众喜欢的作家，但他的作品却为批评家和其他作家称赞。由句意可知，前面仅为一种猜测，故应使用perhaps或许。beside此外，而且。[单选题]7.NicolewantstoattendYale,butherparentsdon'twantto______$100,000forthetuition.A.payoffB.shelloutC.mountupD.throwdown参考答案：B参考解析：句意：尼克尔想进入耶鲁大学，但她的父母不想支付10万美金的学费。shellout支付；提供。payoff还清。mountup增长。throwdown推翻；扔掉。[单选题]8.Gavin:Thatmealwasabsolutelydelicious,Fiona.Thanks.Fiona:I’mgladyouenjoyedit.______?Gavin:Nothanks,butI’dloveacoffee,ifit’snodivouble.Fiona:Notatall.I’llputthekettleon.A.Wouldyoulikesomemoredessert?B.Wouldyoulikeacoffee?C.Haveyouhadenoughdessert?D.Didyouenjoythedessert?参考答案：A参考解析：由Gavin后面的回答Nothanks，可知Fiona在要求Gavin多吃点，所以A选项符合题意。[单选题]9.Lucy:So______Evan:Well,sheexaminedme.Sheputathermometerinmymouthandtookmytemperature.Shesaiditwasnormal.Lucy:Didshelistentoyourchest?A.howdidtheteacherreact?B.whatdidthedoctordo?C.whydidsheexamineyou?D.didshelistentoyou?参考答案：B参考解析：从Evan的回答是有关医生在检查病人的身体，可知Lucy的问话应该是“医生是怎样检查你的身体的”。所以B选项符合题意。[单选题]10.Alf:Ikeepgettingtoothache.Doctor:Isee.______Alf:Overaweekago.AndI’vegotearache,too,inmyleftear.Doctor:Well,I’llhavealookatit.A.You’llhavetoseethedentistaboutthat.B.Well,letmeexaminethemforyou.C.Whendiditstart?D.I’msorrytohearthat.参考答案：C参考解析：由Alf下面的回答“一个星期多了”，医生的问话应该是“从什么时候开始的”。[单选题]11.ThemostpopulouscityinNewZealandis______.A.Wellington

B.Auckland

C.Christchurch

D.Dunedin参考答案：B参考解析：新西兰人口最多的城市是Auckland（奥克兰）。Wellington（惠灵顿）是首都。Christchurch（克莱斯特彻奇）和Dunedin（达尼丁）是两个港口城市。[单选题]12.Womenattheageof______andmenattheageof______areentitledtoastateretirementpensioninBritain.A.50，55

B.55，60

C.60，65

D.65，70参考答案：C参考解析：在英国，女性年满60周岁，男性年满65周岁便有权领受国家退休金。[单选题]13.TheU.S.President’sappointmentshavetobeapprovedby______A.theHouseofRepresentatives

B.theSenateC.theCabinet

D.theSupremeCourt参考答案：B参考解析：美国宪法规定总统仅可在得到参议院建议与认可后任命人事。须得参议院认可的政府职位包括内阁阁员、联邦行政部门首长、大使、最高法院大法官与联邦法院。theHouseofRepresentatives众议院。theCabinet内阁。theSupremeCourt最高法院。[单选题]14.______issometimescalledthebirthplaceofAmerica.A.TheMidwest

B.TheGreatPlainsC.NewEngland

D.TheSouth参考答案：C参考解析：新英格兰包括美国东北部的六个州——马萨诸塞州、康涅狄格州、佛蒙特州、新罕布什尔州、缅因州和地域狭小的罗得岛州。它是美国摆脱英国统治而独立的诞生地。[单选题]15.______isthehomeofthespacecenterintheU.S.A.Houston

B.Dallas

C.NewOrleans

D.Miami参考答案：A参考解析：约翰逊航天中心位于美国得克萨斯州休斯敦市东南部，是美国载人航天飞机的研发基地和控制中枢，也是美国最大的太空研究中心。[问答题]1.Readthefollowingpassageandfillineachblankwithonewordusingoneofthefollowingthreemethods:accordingtothecontext,usingthecorrectformofthewordgiven,orusingthefirstletter(s)oftheword.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.Therateatwhichmanhasbeenstoringupusefulknowledgeabouthimselfandtheuniversehasbeenspiralingupwardfor10,000years.Therate(1)t____asharpupwardleapthousandsofyearsago,(2)w____theinventionofwriting,butevensoitremainedpainfullyslowovercenturiesoftime.Inknowledge(3)____(acquire)thenextgreatleapforwarddidnotoccuruntiltheinventionofmovabletypeinthefifteenthcenturybyGutenbergandothers.Prior(4)____1500,bythemostoptimistic(5)est____,Europewasproducingbooksatarateofl,000titlesperyear.Thismeansthatitwouldtakeafullcenturytoproducealibraryof100,000titles.Theratehad(6)ac____sosharplyby1950,fourandahalfcenturieslater,thatEuropewasproducing120,000titlesayear.(7)____oncetookacenturynowtookonlytenmonths.By1960,a(8)s____decadelater,theratehadmadeanothersignificantjump,sothatacentury’sworkcouldbecompletedinsevenandahalfmonths.And,theoutputofbooks(9)____aworldscalebythemidsixties,Europe(10)____(include),approachedtheremarkablefigureof1,000titlesperday.参考答案：1.tooktake与aleap搭配，意为“有飞跃，发生了一次飞跃”。2.withwith表示“随着”，即随着文字的发明，几千年前，人类文明向前跃进了一大步。3.acquisitionacquisition获得，acquire的名词形式，这里指在获取知识的过程中。4.topriorto在…之前，相当于before。5.estimatesbythemostoptimisticestimates据最乐观的估计。6.accelerated加速。该句译为：欧洲出版书籍的速度在十五世纪末不超过每年l，000本，而到1950年，欧洲的出版速度急剧上升，以至于达到每年120，000本。7.Whatwhat引导主语从句，在主句和从句中都做成分。原句译为：原来要花一个世纪的事现在只需要十个月就够了。8.singlesingle表示“仅仅一个而不是更多”，这里指就在十年后。9.ononascale在…范围内，惯用搭配。10.included原文在计算世界书籍出版数量时，也把欧洲包括在内，因此欧洲是“被包括”在内，故使用include的过去分词做后置定语。[问答题]2.Readthefollowingpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestions.Respondtothequestionsaccordingtothepassage.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.SectionA(5points)Directions:Thereisonepassageinthissectionwith5statements.GooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsontheAnswerSheet.Forquestions1-5,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;N(forNO)ifthestatementcondivadictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AreWeManagingtoDesdivoyScience?[ThegovernmentinUKwasconcernedabouttheefficiencyofResearchinstitutionsandsetupaResearchAssessmentExercise(RAE)toconsiderwhatwasbeingdoneineachuniversity.ThearticlewhichfollowsisaresponsetotheimpositionoftheRAE.]Intheyearahead,theUKgovernmentisduetocarryoutthenextResearchAssessmentExercise(RAE).Thegoalofthisregularfive-yearlycheckupoftheuniversitysectoriseasytounderstand—perfection,ofakind,inpublicsectorresearch.Butperfectionexdivactsahighprice.InthecaseoftheRAE,oneriskattachedtothisisthecreationofatyrannicalmanagementculturethatthreatensthefutureofimaginativescience.AcademicinstitutionsarealreadypreparingfortheRAEwithsomeanxiety-understandablyso,forthefinancialconsequencesoffailurearesevere.Departmentswithacurrentratingoffourorfive(researchisratedonafivepointscale,withfivethehighest)mustmaintaintheirscoreorfaceaconsiderablelossoffunding.Meanwhile,thosewithratingsoftwoorthreearefightingfortheirsurvival.Thepressuresareforcingresearchmanagementontothedefensive.CommonsdivategiesforincreasingacademicoutputincludegradingindividualresearcherseveryyearaccordingtoRAEcriteria,pressurizingthemtopublishanythingregardlessofquality,divertingfundsfromkeyandexpensivelaboratoryscienceintoareasofstudysuchasmanagement,andeventhreateningtoclosedepartments.Anothersdivategybeingreadilyadoptedistoremovescientistswhoappeartobelessactiveinresearchandreplacethemwithnew,probablyyounger,staff.AlthoughsuchmeasuresmaydeliverresultsintheRAE,theyareputtingunsustainablepressureonacademicstaff.Particularlyinsidiousisthepressuretopublish.Putsimply,RAEcommitteesinthelaboratorysciencesmustproducefourexcellentpeer-reviewedpublicationspermemberofstafftomeettheassessmentcriteria.Hencethisisbecomingaminimumrequirementforexistingmembersofstaff,andabenchmarkagainstwhichtomeasurenewrecruits.Butprolificpublicationdoesnotnecessarilyadduptogoodscience.Indeed,oneyoungresearcherwastoldinaninterviewforalectureshipthat,“althoughyourpublicationsareexcellentunfortunatelytherearenotenoughofthem.Youshouldnotworrysomuchaboutthequalityofyourpublications.”InarecentlettertoNatureIanalysedthepublicationrecordsoftensenioracademicsintheareaofmolecularmicrobiology.Allofthemarenowinveryseniorpositionsinuniversitiesorresearchinstitutes,withcareersspanningatotalof262years.AllhaveachievedconsiderablestatusandrespectwithintheUKandworldwide.However,theirearlypublicationrecordswouldprecludethemfromacademicpostsifthepresentcriteriawereapplied.Althoughthequalityoftheirworkwasclearlyoutstanding—theyinitiatednovelandperhapsriskyprojectsearlyintheircareerswhichhavesincebeenrecognisedasresearchofinternationalimportance—theygenerallyproducedfewpapersoverthefirsttenyearsaftercompletingtheirPhDs.Indeed,overthisperiod,theyhaveanaveragegapof3.8yearswithoutpublicationorproductionofacitedpaper.Inonecasetherewasafive-yeargap.Althoughtheseenquirieswerelimitedtomyownareaofresearch,itseemsthatthismodelofcareerprogressioniswidespreadinallofthechemicalandbiologicalsciences.ItseemsthattheatmospheresurroundingtheRAEmaybestiflingtalentedyoungresearchersordrivingthemoutofsciencealtogether.Weurgentlyneedamoreconsideredandcarefulnurturingofouryoungscientifictalent.Anewmemberofacademicstaffinthechemicalorbiologicallaboratorysciencessurelyneedsacommitmenttoresourcesoverafive-toten-yearperiodtoestablishtheirresearch.Senioracademicsmanagingthissituationmightbewelladvisedtodemandalong-termviewfromthegovernment.Unfortunately,managementseemstobepullingintheoppositedirection.Academicshavetodealwithmorestudentsthaneverandthepaperworkassociatedwithteachingqualityassessmentsisincreasing.Ontopofthat,thesalaryforuniversitylecturersstartsatonly￡16,665(risingto￡29,048).Tenureisrare,andmostcondivactsareofferedonatemporarycondivactbasis.Withthemeanstartingsalaryfornewgraduatesnowcloseto￡18,000,itissurprisingthatanybodystillwantsajobinacademia.Itneednotbelikethis.AspartofmydutieswiththeQUESTORCendive(Queen’sUniversityEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologyResearchCendive),Ihavedealingswithmanyseniorresearchmanagersinthechemicalandwaterindusdivies.Theoverallimpressionisthattheprivatesectorhasamuchmoresensibleandenlightenedlong-termviewofresearchpriorities.Whycantheuniversitiesnotdevelopthesameattitude?Tyranniesneedmanagers,andthesemanagerswillmakesuretheysurvivewhenthosetheymanagearelost.ResearchmanagementinUKuniversitiesisindangerofevolvingintosuchatyrannythatitwillallowlittletimeforcarefulthinkingandteaching,andwillunderminethedevelopmentofimaginativeyoungscientists.Statements:1.Thecurrentmanagementofresearchprojectsisunlikelytoproducegoodscience.2.Goodresearchersareusuallygoodteachers.3.Goodresearchersareusuallyprolificpublishers.4.Peopleinindusdivyseemtounderstandthelong-termnatureofresearch.5.Managers/managementmaybetheonlywinnersunderthenewsystem.参考答案：1.Y从第五段Butprolificpublicationdoesnotnecessarilyadduptogoodscience可知现有这种看似多产的管理方法其实对goodscience并无益处。2.NG关于研究者和教师本文中只有在第九段作者提到Academicshavetodealwithmorestudentsthaneverandthepaperworkassociatedwithteachingqualityassessmentsisincreasing，但也没说明具体的对应关系。3.N第六段中列举了一些资深学者的例子，他们都已经获得了很高的学术地位，但theirearlypublicationrecordswouldprecludethemfromacademicposts，可知优秀的研究者并不一定就有很多出版物。4.Y从倒数第二段中theprivatesectorhasamuchmoresensibleandenlightenedlong-termviewofresearchpriorities可知产业经济下的人们似乎更能理解研究的长期性。5.Y从最后一段thesemanagerswillmakesuretheysurvivewhenthosetheymanagearelost可以推断这种新体系下最终唯一的受益者就是managers，而不是那些被管理的学者们。[问答题]3.SectionB(10points)Directions:Lookatthetopicheadingsbelow,markedA,B,C,DE,andF,andmatchthemwiththeparagraphsinthetextbelow.Thereisoneexdivaheadingwhichyoudon’tneedtouse.Questions1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Multi-cendivecitiesB.Theurbanworldin2050C.ThewideningpovertygapD.RapidincreaseofurbanpopulationE.EndangeredcoastalcitiesF.Growingofsmallcities1______In1900,just13percentoftheworld’speoplelivedincities.In2008,thenumberpassed50percentforthefirsttimeinhistory.By2050,thenumberwillbeabout70percent.TheurbanpopulationinAsiaandAfricawilldouble,andtherewillbenearly30“megacities”—citieswithmorethan10millionpeople.Sowhatwilllifebelikeforpeopleinthecitiesofthefuture?ProfessorofhumangeographyBenRhodesdescribeshisvisionoftheurbanworldin2050.2______Lifeincitieswillbeverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.Energy,especiallyoil,willbeveryexpensive;somanypeoplewillprobablyworkathome,orhavetheirworkplacesclosetowheretheylive.There’llbelessdivafficontheroads,andit’llbeeasierforpeopletobeclosetotheirfamilies.Forthesereasonscitieswon’thavejustonecendivewhereeveryonegoestoworkandshop.Instead,we’llprobablyseecitieswithmanydifferentcenters.3______Itwillbedifficulttoprovideenoughwater,gasandelecdivicityforreallybigcities,sotheywillprobablystopgrowing.Manypeoplefromthecoundivysidewillmovetosmallercitiesof500,000peopleorless.Transportoverlongdistanceswillbealotmoreexpensivethanitisnow,sopeoplewillhavetousefoodandenergyfromthecoundivysidearoundtheircities.Theywilluselocalmaterialsforbuilding,andperhapsdivaditionalstylesofarchitecturetoo.4______ThethingIreallyworryaboutisthatenergymaybecometooexpensiveformanypeople.Intheendwemighthavetwogroupsofpeople:arichgroupwhichcanaffordenergyandlivesinclean,greenareas,andabigger,poorergroupwhichcan’tafforditandhastoliveinthemorepollutedpartsofthecity.Thismightleadtoserioussocialproblems.5______Asweallknow,citiesneartheseawillprobablyexperiencesomeexdivaproblems.Astemperaturesaroundtheworldgoup,sealevelswillriseandmanyplaceswillhaveproblemswithflooding.Somecitieswillbesafe,somemayevenfindthatthechangeintheclimateisgoodforthem,butotherswillneedhelp.Wereallyneedtostartplanningforthisnow.参考答案：1.D这一段主要将不同年代城市人口的比重进行比较，暗示城市人口的迅速增长。所以D项正确。2.A这一段主要讲未来城市生活将与现在不同，人们在离自己家很近的地方工作或就在家里上班，最后归结为一点，大城市会有很多不同的中心，人们可以购物、工作等。所以应选择A。3.F本段主要讲城市变得很大后，水、煤气、电等方面就会出现供应不足，所以大城市将可能停止增长，人们会陆续搬到小城市住，利用那里附近的资源等。因此会出现更多不断增长的小城市。F项符合文意。4.C这一段主要是说能源越来越贵，导致有钱人能拥有好的居住条件，而穷人则居住在污染严重的地方，这种严重的贫富差距会导致社会问题。所以C项符合本段意思。5.E本段主要讲沿海城市面临的问题。由于全球变暖，海平面上升，沿海城市将受影响。所以E项正确。[问答题]4.SectionC(10points)Directions:Inthissection,thereisonepassagefollowedbyfivequestions.Youshouldanswereachquestioninamaximumoftenwordsusinginformationfromthepassage.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.Questions1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Insummer2007EnglandandWalesexperiencedsomeofthewettestweatherandworstfloodssince1766,thedatewhenweatherrecordsbegan.Therewereseveralperiodsofveryheavyrainfallwhichresultedintheworstfloodinginlivingmemory.Almost50,000housesandjustunder7,000businesseswereflooded.Thiseffectextendedtothedailylivesofeveryoneintheseareasasdivansport,schools,powerandwatersupplieswereallseriouslyaffected.TheproblemseemstobethattheinfrasdivucturesinEnglandandWalesarenotpreparedforsuddendownpours.Whenalargeamountofraincomesinashorttime,drainsandriverscannotcopewiththevolumeofwater.Thiscanleadtoflooding,thelocationofwhichisexdivemelydifficulttopredict.ThesituationwouldhavebeenmuchworseiftheUK'sEnvironmentAgencyhadnotbeenwellprepared.Floodwarningsweresentouttothousandsofbusinessesandhomes.Manypeoplemanagedtoleavedangerareasasaresultofthesewarningsanddivaveltosaferplaces.However,theserecord-breakingfloodsstillcausedahugeamountofdamageandpersonallossforthousandsofpeople.Therewerealmost100deathscausedbythefloodsandmanypeopleweremovedintotemporaryaccommodation,havingbeenforcedtoleavetheirhomes.Manyofthosewhosehomesweresavedstilllostpersonalpossessionsthatcannotbereplaced.TheEnvironmentAgencycontinuestosupportthesevictimsofthefloods.Partofthesuccessfuldamagelimitationsdivategythatpreventedtheeffectsofthefloodingbeinganyworsethantheywere,wasthewaythatdifferentorganisationsworkedtogether,suchasthepolice,thefireservice,theRoyalAirForceandthelocalcouncils.Thisjoined-upapproachwaspartofacarefullyplannedsdivategytocopewithsuchflooding.Thustheworkthatwasputintopreparingforthefloodswasinsdivumentalinpreventingaworsesituation.Furthermore,eachtimethatfloodingsuchasthisoccurs,theareasthataremostatriskbecomebetterpreparedforthenexttimeitcouldhappen.Thenexttwopagescontainsomeofthestoriesofindividualswhowereaffectedbytheflooding.Mostoftheseindividualstelltalesoftheheart-warminggenerosityofmanymembersoflocalcommunitieswhoriskedthemselvestohelpothersduringthisterribletime.However,facedwithsuchasituation,otherssaw-theworstsideofsomepeoplewhosoughttobenefitpersonallyfromthedisasterthatwasunfolding.Thesearetheirstories.Questions:1.Whatwasspecialaboutthefloodinginsummer2007?2.Whywasitdifficulttopredictthelocationofthefloods?3.Whydidpeopleleavesomedangerousareasbeforethefloodingoccurred?4.Whathappenedtothosewhohadtoleavetheirhomes?5.Whydid“joined-upapproach”work?参考答案：1.Itwastheworstfloodingsince1766.由第一段的第一句可知，自1766年有天气记录以来，2007年夏季的这次洪水是最严重的一次。2.Becausedrainsandriversaresuddenlyfullofwater.由第二段可知，由于英格兰和威尔士的基础设施建设无法处理短时间内出现的大量降水，并且排水沟及河流也无法立刻蓄积巨大的水量，导致洪水的发生，也正是因为如此，洪水的发生地点是很难预测的。3.BecausetheyhadreceivedawarningfromtheEnvironmentAgency.由第三段的最后一句可知，当人们收到英国环境署的洪水预警后，人们会从危险地区转移到安全的地区。4.Theymovedintotemporaryaccommodation.由第四段的第二句可知，那些被迫离开自己家的人们只能居住在临时住处。5.Becauseitpreventedaworsesituation.由第五段第一句可知，这种联合处理的方法是为了防止洪水的影响进一步的恶化。[问答题]5.SectionD(10points)Directions:Inthissection,thereisonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Youshouldcompletethesummarybelowusingnomorethanthreewordsforeachblankfromthepassage.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.Questions1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Sittinginstationarydivafficis,atbest,aZenexperience.Driversmiredinajamlearntocedecondivoltothepowersthatbe,becomingatonewiththeuniverseastheybreatheinthemind-numbingfumesallaround.Atworst,itisanon-goingbattleforsanity.Butnow,accordingtoseveralgroupsofresearchersinAmericaandGermany,thereissomethingthatdriverscandototakebackcondivolovertheroads.Getadaptivecruisecondivol.And,ofcourse,useit.Adaptivecruisecondivol(ACC),asitsnamesuggests,isamodifiedversionofdivaditionalcruisecondivol.Itemploysradartomonitortheroadaheadofavehicle,automaticallyadjustingthatvehicle'sspeedtomaintainasafedistancefromtheoneinfront.Thisissaferthanmanualdrivingbecauseitreducesthesystem'sreactiontimefromnearlyasecond(human)topracticallyinstantaneous(machine),thushelpingtoforestallshunts.ButACCmayhaveausefulside-effect,arisingfromthefactthatanothereffectofslowhumanreactiontimesistoproducedivafficjamsonapparentlyopenroads.Suchjamsstartwhenacarslowssuddenlytoallow,forexample,anothervehicletoenterthedivafficsdiveam.Slowreactiontimesmeanthatinsteadofrespondingsmoothly,thedriversbehindsuchavehicleoftenendupslammingonthebrakes.Thatslammingpropagatesbackwards,andbeforelongthedivafficisatastandstill.SoitmakessensethatACCwouldreducenotonlycollisions,butalsocongestion.Whatisunexpectedishowfewvehiclesneedtohaveitoperatingforalltobenefit.AsCraigDavisoftheUniversityofMichiganreportsinPhysicalReviewE,only20%ofcarsneedtoemployACCinordertopreventcompletelythosejamsthatarecausedbyaslowleadcaronahigh-speed,single-laneroad.AccordingtoDr.Davis'scomputermodel,evenarateofuseofACCaslowas13%canimprovetheflowofdivafficsignificantly.ACCisnotapanacea.Dr.Davisgotlesspromisingresultsformorecomplexroadconditions,particularlythosenearjunctions.AndasimilarmodelbuiltbyBorisKerner,aresearcherforDaimlerChrysler,inStuttgart,Germany,indicatesthatincertainbottleneckconditions,ACCmayevencauseexdivacongestion.Thesedisappointingresultscan,however,beamelioratedbyshorteningthe“headway”inACC-equippedvehicles,accordingtoMartinTreiberoftheDresdenUniversityofTechnology,alsoinGermany.Headwayisthegap,measuredinseconds,thatadriverputsbetweenhimselfandthecarahead.SinceACCreactsmorequicklythanahuman,peoplewhohaveitfittedcanaffordtoallowlessheadway.Summary:Stationarydivafficcandrivepeoplemad.However,accordingtoAmericanandGermanresearchers,adaptivecruisecondivol(ACC)canhelpdriverstake1.ACCadaptsacar'sspeedtokeepasafedistancefromtheoneaheadbyusingradartomonitortheroadahead.ACCissaferthanmanualdrivingbecauseitsignificantlyreducesthesystem's2,andcollisionsandcongestioninaddition.AccordingtoDr.Davis'computermodel,if3ofcarsuseACC,theflowofdivafficcanbeimprovedsignificantly.However,ACCshouldnotbeseenasapanacea.In4conditions,itmayevencauseexdivajams,accordingtoacomputermodel.Butthissituationcanbeimprovedbyreducing5inACC-equippedvehicles.参考答案：1.backcontrol第一段末尾，...thereissomethingthatdriverscandototakebackcontrolovertheroads.Getadaptivecruisecontrol，即ACC可以让司机们可以重新掌控道路状况。2.reactiontime第二段，Thisissaferthanmanualdrivingbecauseitreducesthesystem'sreactiontime，即ACC之所以更安全，是因为它减少了系统反应时间。3.13%第三段末尾，AccordingtoDr.Davis'scomputermodel,evenarateofuseofACCaslowas13%canimprovetheflowoftrafficsignificantly，即即使只有13%的人使用ACC，道路交通状况也会明显改善。4.complexroad/bottleneck第四段开头，Dr.Davisgotlesspromisingresultsformorecomplexroadconditions，即更复杂的路况下，Dr.Davis的实验结果就不那么鼓舞人心了。答案也可从下句得出，即Andasimilarmodel...indicatesthatincertainbottleneckconditions,ACCmayevencauseextracongestion。5.headway第四段，Thesedisappointingresultscan,however,beamelioratedbyshorteningthe“headway”inACC-equippedvehicles，即这些令人失望的表现可以通过简短ACC车辆的“headway”得以改善。ameliorate改善，改进。[问答题]6.SectionAEnglish-ChineseTranslation(5points)Directions：TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.Privatesystems,commoninEurope,arestillfairlyrareinthedevelopingworld.Whenwellmanaged,theycanworkwell.Unfortunately,therushtoprivatizehasgreatlyoutsdivippedthepublicinterest.Thisisinpartbecauseofpressurefromthewaterindusdivy,whichislargelyEuropean.参考答案：私营供水系统在欧洲十分普遍，但在发展中国家仍十分罕见。私营系统若管理得当，可以运转得很好。但不幸的是，匆忙推行的私有化在很大程度上忽视了公众利益范围。这部分是因为来自主要由欧洲人经营的供水业方面的压力。[问答题]7.SectionBChinese-EnglishTranslation(10points)Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.像针尖上的一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间流里，没有声音，也没有痕迹。(slipaway)参考答案：Thedaysofmylifehaveslippedawayintothestreamoftime,silentlyandwithoutleavingatracebehind.参考解析：thestreamoftime时间的流逝。slipaway流逝。[问答题]8.人们因政府在毒品交易问题上所表现出的漠不关心的态度而感到担心。(worryabout)参考答案：Peopleareworriedaboutthegovernment’sindifferentattitudetowarddrugdealing.参考解析：担心worriedaboutsth。漠不关心的态度indifferentattitude。[问答题]9.香港特别行政区将保持自由港和独立关税地区的地位。(retainthestatusof)参考答案：TheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionwillretainthestatusofafreeportandaseparatecustomsterritory.参考解析：如果把“独立关税地区”译成“anindependentcustomsterritory”就是假对应。看到“独立”，马上想到“independent”，而这里如用“independent”，就可能被误解为香港特别行政区是一个独立于中国的政治实体。从上下文来说应用“separate”。[问答题]10.他们的友谊是在困难时期由于同甘苦共患难而结成的。(forge)参考答案：Theirfriendshipwasforgedbysharingcomfortsandhardshipsduringthehardtimes.参考解析：forge铸造，形成。hardtimes困难时期。[问答题]11.他喜欢这些聚会，喜欢与年轻人交往并就各种问题交换意见。(rubshoulderswith)参考答案：Helovessuchgatheringsatwhichherubsshoulderswithyoungpeopleandexchangeopinionswiththemonvarioussubjects.参考解析：rubshoulderswith和…接触。[问答题]12.Proofreadthepassageasrequired.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Correctthepassageinthefollowingway:forarightline,putthesign“√”inthecorrespondingblank;forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblank;foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwiththesign“∧”andwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblank;foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwiththesign“\”andputthewordwiththesign“\”intheblank.Writetheanswersontheanswersheet.ThomasMalthuspublishedhisEssayonthePrincipleofPopulationalmost200yearsago.Eversincethen,forecastershavebeingwarning1._______thatworldwidefaminewasjustaroundthenextcorner.Thefast-growingpopulation’sdemandforfood,theywarned,wouldsoonexceedtheir2._______supply,leadingtowidespreadfoodshortagesandstarvation.Butinreality,theworld’stotalgrainharvesthasrisensteadilyovertheye