言语行为理论合作原则

言语行为理论合作原则第一页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三2Objectives(教学目的):Todrawyourattentiontospeechactsandspeechacttheory.Tofacilitateyoutounderstandtheclassificationofspeechacts.Tohelpyouusethecooperativeprincipletoanalyzebothspokenandwrittendiscourse.第二页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三3Studyfocusandkeyissue(重点与难点)1.StudyfocusThespeechacttheoryThecooperativeprinciple2.KeyissueHowtounderstandtheimpliedmeaningofaspeechortextwiththehelpofthecooperativeprinciple?第三页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三41.Whatisspeechacttheory?(Daietal.87-88;HendersonandBrown◆)

Speechacttheoryisatheoryoflanguage

basedonJ.L.Austin’sHowtoDoThingswithWords.Itsbasicviewisthatlanguageisasmuchamodeofactionasitisameansofconveyinginformation.AsJohnSearleputsit,alllinguisticcommunicationinvolveslinguisticacts.Linguisticcommunicationistheproductionofthesentenceintheperformanceofaspeechact.

Thebasicemphasisofspeechacttheoryisonwhatanutterer(U)meansbyhisutterance(x)ratherthanwhatxmeansinalanguage(L).第四页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三51a.Whatisspeechacttheory?(Daietal.87;BakerandMcenery◆)

Speechacttheoryisaframeworkforstudyingallactsofcommunication.Speechactsconcernlocutionsandtheillocutionaryforcebehindlocutions.Ouraimincommunicationistorealisetheforceofalocution-whethertheaddresseeistotaketheutteranceasanassertion,aquestionoracommand.Example:Ababyscreams(thisisalocution).Hermotherpassesthebabyadummy(themother'sassumptionbeingthattheillocutionaryforcebehindthebaby'slocutionwas"Iwantmydummy!")Thebabyscreamsagain(anotherlocution).Themothertakesawaythedummyandgivesthebabyherbottle(assumption:theillocutionaryforcewasnot"Iwantmydummy!"Itwas"Iwantmybottle!")Thebabyiscontent.第五页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三61b.Whatisspeechacttheory?(Daietal.87-88)6.2.1Austin’smodelofspeechactsSpeechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.ItwasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate50’softhe20thcentury.Itisaphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”Traditionallyphilosopherswereinterestedinthetruth-valueofsentences,i.e.,howtojudgewhetherasentenceistrueorfalse;theybelievedthatastatementwasusedeithertostateafactortodescribeastateofaffairs…第六页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三71c.Whatisspeechacttheory?(Daietal.87-88;Theory◆)6.2.1Austin’smodelofspeechactsSpeechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.ItwasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate50’softhe20thcentury.Itisaphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”↓Speechacttheoryreferstoaphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunicationaimingtoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage.第七页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三82.Whatisaspeechact?(Richardsetal.429)

Aspeechactisanutteranceasafunctionalunitincommunication.Inspeechacttheory,utteranceshavetwokindsofmeaning:Propositionalmeaning(orlocutionarymeaning).Thisisthebasicliteralmeaningoftheutterance.Illocutionarymeaning(orillocutionaryforce).Thisistheeffecttheutterancehasonthelistener.Forexample,I’mthirsty.Propositionalmeaning:Whattheutterancesaysaboutthespeaker’sphysicalstate.Illocutionarymeaning:istheeffectthespeakerwantstheutterancetohaveonthelistener.Itmaybeintendedasarequestforsomethingtodrink.第八页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三92a.Whatisaspeechact?(Richardsetal.429)Therearemanydifferentkindsofspeechactssuchasrequests,orders,commands,complaints,promises.Aspeechactwhichisperformedindirectlyisknownasanindirectspeechact,suchasthespeechactofrequesting“I’mthirsty”.Indirectspeechactsareoftenfelttobemorepolitewaysofperformingcertainkindsofspeechact,suchasrequestandrefusals.Inlanguageteaching,speechactsareoftenreferredtoas“functions”or“languagefunctions”.Therefore,weshouldpayspecialattentiontospeechactsaslanguagefunctions,orhowlanguageisusedtoaccomplishourtasksandgoals.第九页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三103.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconstativesandperformatives?ThephilosopherAustindistinguishesbetweenconstativesandperformatives.Aconstativeisanutterancewhichassertssomethingthatiseithertrueorfalse:

HangzhouisinZhejiang.

HangzhouisnotinZhejiang.Aperformativeisanutterancewhichperformsanact:

Watchout(=awarning)

Ipromisenottobelate(=apromise).Theydifferinthattheformeroftenreportsanactwhilethelatterusuallyperformsanact.(Daietal.88;Richardsetal.339)第十页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三114.WhatisAustin’snewmodelofspeechacttheory?(Daietal.88-89)第十一页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三124.WhatisAustin’snewmodelofspeechacttheory?(Daietal.88-89)Austin’snewmodelofspeechacttheoryAnutterance:It’scoldhere.Thespeaker’sactionofmakingthisutteranceThespeaker’sintentionofmakingthisutteranceThehearer’sresponsetothespeaker’sutterance“It’scoldhere.”Thespeakerwantssomeonetoclosethewindow.Thehearergoestoclosethewindow.LocutionaryactIllocutionaryactPerlocutionaryact第十二页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三135.WhatisSearle’sclassificationofspeechacts?Representatives:stating,describing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.

Youarestudyingveryhard.Itwascoldherelastnight.Directives:tryingtogetthehearertodosomething.

Closethewindows.It’scoldhere.Commissives:committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.

Ipromisenottobelateagain.Iwon’tbelateagain.Expressives:expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.

I’msorrytohearthat.Thanksalot.Declarations:bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething.

InamethecatLily.(Compare:HenamedhiscatLily.)(Daietal.90-91)第十三页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三146.Whatarethe4maximsundertheprincipleofconversation?The4maximsundertheprincipleofconversation:ThemaximofquantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.ThemaximofqualityDonotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.ThemaximofmannerAvoidobscurityofexpression.AvoidambiguityBebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity)Beorderly(Daietal.92-94)第十四页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三15Classwork16-1:FindoutconversationalimplicaturescausedbytheviolationofanyofthefourmaximsinthefollowingexcerptfromDavidCopperfield.3DavidtheOrphan‘David,mychild,’shesaidkindly,holdingmyhand,‘weallhavetoacceptthatourlovedonescandieatanymoment.’Ilookedather,tryingtounderstandwhatshemeant.‘I’msorrytotellyou,’shecontinued,‘thatyoumotherisdangerouslyill.’Therewasamistinfrontofmyeyes,andsuddenlyburningtearsrandownmyface.Iknewthetruth.‘Yourmotherisdead,’shesaid.(David

theOrphan)第十五页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三16Classwork16-2:Findoutconversationalimplicaturescausedbytheviolationofanyofthe4maximsin“WhatIsChinaSayinginCopenhagen?”.Utterancemeaningwithconversationalimplicature:Theytalk,andtalk,andtalk.Theagendaofsummits,meetingsbecomemyopic.Wemightaswelljustpackupandbuttofftoanotherplanetandkickstartanewcarboncyclealloveragain.—Saramyopic:Ifyoudescribesomeoneasmyopic,youarecriticalofthembecausetheyseemunabletorealizethattheiractionsmighthavenegativeconsequences.buttv.intr.Tohitorpushsomethingwiththeheadorhorns.(WhatIsChinaSayinginCopenhagen?★)第十六页，共二十页，编辑于2023年，星期三17Classwork16-3:Findoutconversationalimplicaturescausedbytheviolationofanyofthe4maximsin“WhatIsChinaSayinginCopenhagen?”.Utterancemeaningwithconversationalimplicature:Asofawell-offurbancitizeninShanghai,IturnonAConly2-3hoursadayinthefreezingcolddays.While,whenIwasinUS,IturnonheaterafterIgothomeandt