英语隐喻习语的汉译策略-大学毕业设计

山东财经大学学士学位论文摘要英语隐喻习语的汉译策略XXX隐喻习语是习语的重要组成部分，在我们日常的交流中扮演了重要的角色,正确的理解并使用隐喻习语可以提高英语学习能力和扩展知识面。隐喻由文化体现出来，在语言翻译中出现的频率很高。隐喻的翻译在文化交流中具有举足轻重的地位。在隐喻翻译的过程中，翻译者应该帮助目标语读者获取和源语读者同等的信息，并且保持原文的意象及其文化要素。本文通过对英语隐喻习语的汉译进行分析研究,以提高英语学习者的文化意识和跨文化交际能力,并向目标语读者传达丰富的文化和语义。关键词：隐喻习语；归化；异化；直译；意译；类比翻译

CONTENTSAcknowledgements……………………...iiAbstract………………….iiiIntroduction……………..1ChapterOneIdiomsandMetaphorIdiomsinEnglish……………….2I.EnglishIdioms…………………2II.MetaphorIdioms……………...2III.CharacteristicsofEnglishMetaphoricalIdioms……………..3ChapterTwoMetaphoricalIdiomsinEnglish-ChineseTranslation……4I.ImportanceofMetaphoricalIdiomsTranslation………………4II.SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishMetaphoricalIdioms…………...4ChapterThreeEnglish-ChineseTranslationStrategiesforMetaphoricalIdioms……7I.LiteralTranslation…………...………………...8II.FreeTranslation………………9III.Foreignization……..…………11IV.Domestication……..…………12Conclusion………………15References……………….16 PAGE1IntroductionIdiomsplayaveryimportantroleinlanguageandculture.Theyareusuallyregardedastheessenceoflanguageswithsimplestructuresbutextraordinaryimplications.Theeffectofidiomsinexpressionis“1+1>>2”.Howtotranslateidiomsaccuratelyandsmoothlyisverycrucialforinterculturalcommunication.ThemaindifficultyinChinesetranslationofEnglishidiomsisthelargenumbersofmetaphorscontainedin.Therefore,thestudyofEnglishmetaphoricalidiomsisveryvaluable.IdiomsareconsideredastheessenceofEnglishlanguage,meanwhilemetaphoricalidiomsarethebasicoftheidioms.LearningEnglishinvolvesthestudyofmetaphorsofEnglishidioms;howtotranslateidiomsinacorrectandvividwayisthekeyissuesintranslation.Inlistening,speaking,reading,writingandtranslation,metaphorsplayarolethatcannotbeignored.However,theidiomscastabarrierinEnglishlearningandtranslating,becauseofthedifferentculturesattributetodifferencesonhistoricalbackground,religiousbeliefs,geographiclocation,customsandhabits.Mostofidiomscannotbetranslatedliteraturally,asthewholemeaningofidiomsisusuallymuchbroaderthanthesumofsinglemeaningofeachword.ThusitisespeciallysignificanttoknowthecharacteristicsandthesemanticsoftheEnglishlanguageandtoexploretranslationtricksandmethods.Therefore,thispaperwillanalyzetheconceptsandfeaturesofmetaphoricalidiomsfirstly.AndfromcognitiveandculturaldifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese,theauthorwillhaveafurtherdiscussiononthetranslationofidioms.ItwillbehelpfultothestudyofEnglishidiomsanditstranslationundoubtedly.

ChapterOneIdiomsandMetaphorIdiomsinEnglishI.EnglishIdioms“AnEnglishidiomisagroupofwordswithameaningofitsownthatisdifferentfromthemeaningsofeachseparatewordputtogether.”(CollinsEnglishChineseDictionary，2008).Thefigurativemeaningiscomprehendedinregardtoacommonuseoftheexpressionthatisseparatedfromthe\o"Literalandfigurativelanguage"literalmeaningor\o"Definition"definitionofthewords.Idiomsarenumerousandtheyoccurfrequentlyinalllanguages.Itisestimatedthatthereareatleast25,000idiomaticexpressionsin\o"Englishlanguage"Englishlanguage.IdiomsaretheessenceofEnglishlanguageandtheyhaveuniquesemanticstructureandculturalfeatures.Understandingidioms’featuresfromamulti-dimensionalperspectivecanhelpEnglishlearnerswellunderstandEnglishidiomsandtranslatethemintoChineseappropriately.II.MetaphorIdioms“Metaphorisanimaginativewayofdescribingsomethingbyreferringtosomethingelsewhichisthesameinaparticularway.”(CollinsEnglishChineseDictionary,2008)Boththis“something”thatismetaphoricallydescribedand“somethingelse”thatisusedtotaketheplaceof“onething”havemanynames.Forexample,“tenor”and“vehicle”(Newmark,1982),“focus”and“frame”(MaxBlack,1962),“primarysubject”and“secondarysubject”(MaxBlack,1979),“object”and“image”(Newmark,1982),and“targetdomain”and“sourcedomain”(Newmark,2001:104)areusedinconnectionwithmetaphors.Thetwocomponentsofmetaphorcometogethertoreachapointofsimilarityorresemblance(simileandmetaphor),apointofrepresentation(metonymyandsynecdoche),apointofdeduction(models),orapointofallusion,whichillustratesthedeepstructureofhumanthinkinglinkingonethingwithanother.Thecreationofmetaphorisbaseduponthepsychologicalactivityofassociationofonethingwithanother,andthoseformsmightbesimilarity,resemblanceorcomparison,etc.Itisnotonlyalinguisticphenomenonbutalsoapsychologicalprocess.“Metaphorisinfactbasedonascientificobservableprocedure.Theperceptionofaresemblancebetweenphenomenon,i.e.objectorprocesses.”(Bassnett&Levefere,1990:104)III.CharacteristicsofEnglishMetaphoricalIdiomsi.RetainingSpecificImageryThemeaningofmetaphoricalidiomsisexpressedthroughaspecificimagery,like“dogeatdog”.Itusesdogastheimagerytorepresent“ruthlesscompetition(残酷无情的竞争；自相残杀)”.Soweusethespecificimagerytovisualizetheidiomsthustobewellacceptedbyreaders.ii.AchievingSemanticCoherenceAnotherimportantcharacteristicofmetaphoricalidiomsisthesemanticcoherence.Themeaningofmetaphoricalidiomsisnotthesumofindividualwordsthatmakeuptheidiom,butanewone.Forexample,“catburglar”,whichmeansburglarwhoentershousesbyclimbingupwalls,drain-pipes,etc.

ChapterTwoMetaphoricalIdiomsinEnglish-ChineseTranslationI.ImportanceofMetaphoricalIdiomsTranslationTranslationisthefirststepforthecommunicationbetweendifferentlanguages,whichactuallytakesonthecommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.Themetaphoricalidiomsindifferentlanguagesdemonstratetheunique/similarculturecharacters.Generally,totransmittheinformationhidinginthosecharactersofdifferentculturesisthemostpracticaltaskofthetranslation.Also,itisthecriteriontomeasuretheleveloftranslation.Ignoringthosecharactersintranslationwilllosttheaestheticperceptionofalanguageandleadtothemisunderstandingincommunication.Themetaphoricalidiomswerefiguredbydifferentgeographicallocations,differenthistoricaltraditions,differenteconomicconditions,etc.Thoseresourcesincreasethedifficultyofthetranslationofmetaphoricalidiomsindifferentlanguages.Asamatterofafact,anystrategyortrickscannotbeusedindividuallytoexpressthewholemeaningofidiomscompletely.Howtotranslatemetaphoricalidiomsentirely,correctlyandgraceful,isthekeyissueintranslation,practicallyandtheoretically.II.SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishMetaphoricalIdiomsSimilaritiesFromthesamehumannaturenotonlyinwesternbutalsoinestern,theusageoflanguageissimilarbetweenChineseandEnglish.Focusonmetaphoricalidioms,therearesomehomologouscharactersbothinEnglishandChinese,asthehumanlifeandtheprocessofsocialdevelopment,thinkingpatternandcognitivestyleinChinaandEnglishspeakingcountriesaresimilartoacertaindegree.Besidestheretainingspecificimageryandachievingsemanticcoherencejustmentionedabove,themetaphorlogicofbothlanguagesissameinmanyexpressions.Forexample,expressingahelpintime,“雪中送炭”isatraditionalexpressioninChinese,atthesametime“offerfuelinsnowyweather”alsoexpressthesamemeaning.Thereasonmaybethatatimelyhelpcouldwarmone’sheartalways.Andthatcomesfromthehumanity.DuetothesimilaritiesbetweenChineseandEnglishmetaphoricalidioms,someidiomscouldbetranslatedliterallyintoChinese.ItisthesimpletrickinEnglish-Chinesetranslation,whichwillbementionedinthenextChapter.ii.DifferencesTostudythetranslationofEnglishidiomsintoChinese,weneedtounderstandthedifferencesofculturalconnotationbetweenChineseidiomsandEnglishidioms.“Cultureisacomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”(Wikipedia)Ingeneral,idiomsarecloselylinkedtoaspecificculturelikehistoricalbackground,religion,geographicallocation,customs,andsoon.Alloftheseelementswillgreatlyinfluenceontheformsandmeaningsofidiomsintheparticularenvironment.DifferentfromtheEnglishspeakingcountries,China,anancientnationwith3,000yearsoffeudalhistory,hasneverexperiencedacapitalistsociety.BecauseoftheinfluenceofthefeudalmentalityonChinesepeopleinthelast3,000years,Chineseidiomsarefullofethniccolorandhaveadistinctculturalidentity.Forexample,“三纲五常”comesfromthefeudalethics,inwhichthe“ThreeBasicRules”demandthatakingshouldruleoverhisministers,afathershouldruleoverhissonandahusbandshouldruleoverhiswife.Ingeneral,theyrefertobenevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdomandfidelity(连淑能,2006:334).ThatiswhattheancientChinesepeoplemustobeyinancienttime.Chinaisapolytheisticcountry,andthetraditionalChinesephilosophywasamixtureinfluencedbyBuddhism,ConfucianismandTaoism,whichisdifferentfromtheChristiancultureandWesternphilosophyofEnglishspeakingcountries.Take“三生有幸”asanexample.“AccordingtoBuddhism,therearethreelivesforaperson,thelifebeforebirth,thepresentlifeandthelifeafterdeath,tobefortunateinthethreelives.”(程同春,2005:336-337)Hence,thisidiommeans“tobeexceedinglyfortunate”or“raregoodluck”.Therearealsootherexamples,suchas“借花献佛”,“闲时不烧香,临时抱佛脚”,“立地成佛”andsoon.BesidesBuddhism,wecanalsofindsomeidiomsrelatedtoConfucianismandTaoism.Forexample,theidiom“三教九流”intheancienttimearethreereligionsofConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoismandNineSchoolsofThoughtwhichweretheprimaryschoolsduringthe\o"HundredSchoolsofThought"HundredSchoolsofThoughtperiodofChinaduringthe\o"EasternZhoudynasty"EasternZhoudynasty.“Lateritcomestomeandifferentschoolsofreligionandlearningorvariousoccupations.Itisalsousedtodenotevariousgangsorshadycharactersatthebottomofsociety.”(程同春,2005:336)Theformationofcultureisinseparablefromgeographicalenvironment.Britainisanislandnation.ThemaritimeindustryandfisheriesinU.K.playedanimportantroleinitseconomy.Asaresult,theygeneratedalotofidiomswithnavigationandfishing-relatedindustry.Forexample,“spendmoneylikewater”meanswastemoney.However,Chinaisaland-basednationwithalonghistoryofagriculture.ForthousandsofyearsChinesepeoplemainlyliveonagriculture,andthelinkagebetweenpeopleandlandisindivisible.Therefore,theland-basedproductiveactivitiesandeconomicactivitiesarealsoreflectedinChineselanguage,producingmanyfarming-relatedidiomsandproverbs,like“五谷丰登”,whichmeansabumpergrainharvest.Customsandhabitsarereflectionsofaspecificculturalawareness.TheimageryofthesameanimalmaycausedifferentunderstandingbetweenChinesepeopleandWesterners,asthefeelingstowardsthesameanimalimagerymaynotbethesame.Forexample,theimageryofrabbitisasymbolofagilityintheeyesoftheChinesepeople.Wesay,“静如处子，动如脱兔”.ButtoWesterners,therabbitisasymboloftimidity,sotheyhave“astimidasahare”.Instead,weChineseusetheimageryofmousetodescribeacoward,like“胆小如鼠”.

ChapterThreeEnglish-ChineseTranslationStrategiesforMetaphoricalIdiomsThestudyofmetaphorasafigureofspeechhasahistoryover2000yearsandcomprehensiveresearchworksspringuplikemushrooms.However,theframeworkofthemetaphorstranslationdependsontheseveralfundamentalresearchesreviewedquicklybyfollowingparagraphs.Astooverseasstudiesonmetaphor,itcanbesimplysummedupinseveralpublications.TheoverviewwrittenbyE.SteinhartandE.F.Kittaywasbrief,whichwasonthetheoryofmetaphor,metaphorsandresearchmethodsofmetaphoricaltranslation.Butitdidnotinvolvethestudyofliterarymetaphor(Ortony,1993：5).Abouttheentry“metaphor”inEncyclopediathatKirstenMalmkjor(1991)edited,heprovidedanoverviewoftwomainmethodsinthestudyofmetaphor,“constructionism”and“non-constructivism”,andalsointroducedthe“comparative”and“replace”.AndrewOrtony(1993)wrotean“Introduction”forTheMetaphorsandThinking,inwhichhemadeasummarypresentationofthepaperscollectedbythatbook.Itcanbedeemasasummaryinthestudyofmetaphor.F.R.Ankersmitetal(1993)thought“cognitivetruth”wasthemainmeasureofevaluationeachtheorytraditionally.Inotherwords,onjudgingwhether“cognitivetruth”exists,varioustheoriescouldbedistinguishedinAnkersmitetal’sopinion.StudiesonthetranslationofEnglishidiomshaveundergonealongway.ManyresearchersengagedthemselvesinthetranslationofEnglishidiomsfromdifferentperspectives.BothLiuHuan(2010)andDingYi(2010)studiedonthetranslationofidiomsfromtheperspectiveofrelevancetheoryintheirpaper.WangHong(2008)studiedEnglishidiomstranslationwithanothertheoryinherthesisOnTranslationofEnglishIdiomintoChinesefromthePerspectiveofSchemaTheory.Manyscholarsholdtheideathatidiomshaveaninescapablerelationshipwithmetaphor.Lotsofthesisandessayshavebeenpublishedonthisissue,suchasMetaphoricalFeaturesofIdiomsbyZhangBin(2005),TheAnalysisofMetaphorsinEnglishIdiomsbyJiaoHaihong(2008),TheInterpretationofUnderstandingMetaphoricalMeaningofChineseIdiomswithConceptBlendingTheorybyWUZhong-bo(2007),etc.Concludedfromthosearticles,Englishmetaphoricalidiomswidelyexistandthetranslationofmostofthemisstillthekeyissueintheair.Also,ZhouJin(2010)studiedontheEnglishmetaphoricalidiomstranslationinhisthesisACorpus-BasedStudyofCorrespondencesinImagesandMeaningsbetweenEnglishMetaphoricalIdiomsandtheirChineseTranslations.HanFei(2006)didherresearchonthetranslationofEnglishmetaphoricalidiomsintermsofthecognitivemechanismandculturalcharacteristics.AsformetaphortranslationintoChinese,theresearchfindingsareevidencedbyafewofpertinentbooks,especiallyinChinese,andsomepapersinChinesemajorcorejournalsofforeignlanguageresearch.Wecandividetheseresearchfindingsintotwoperspectives:arhetoricalapproachtometaphortranslationandacognitiveapproachtometaphortranslation.Bothofthemaredemonstratedindifferenttranslationstrategiesandmethods.Basically,translationisanart,asitsprocessingisdecision-makingsubjectively.Therearevariousconditioningfactorsconstrainingthedecisions.However,thedecisionsandchoicesatranslatormakesduringthetranslationprocessarenotcompletelyrandom.Itisconditionedandthedegreeofconditioningvariesconsiderablyanddependsoncircumstances,whichmeansstillwecanfindtherationalefromthetranslation.Weshouldbearitinmind,whenweexaminethestrategiesadoptedbyatranslator.Frequently,thefollowingfourstrategiesareusuallyutilizedinEnglish-Chinesetranslationofmetaphoricalidioms.Itshouldbenoticedthatthebrillianttranslationnormallyisthecomplexoffollowingstrategies,aseachstrategyisnotisolatedfromothers.I.LiteralTranslation“Literaltranslationstrivestoreproducebothideologicalcontentandthestyleofentireliterarywork.Itretainsasmuchaspossiblethefiguresofspeechandthemainsentencestructuresorpatterns(赵艳芳,1993：59).Duetosimilaritiesinhumanlifeandtheprocessofsocialdevelopment,thinkingpatternandcognitivestyleinChinaandEnglishspeakingcountriesaresimilartoacertaindegree.Inthiscase,wecanadoptliteraltranslation.Literaltranslationcanalsorefertoatranslationthatrepresentstheprecisemeaningoftheoriginaltextandattemptstoconveyitsstyleandbeauty,suchas，“sourgrapes”,whichwasoriginatedfromAesop’sFables,meanssomebodyassumesthatwhathecannothaveisoflittleornovalueorimportance.InChinesewecansay“吃不到葡萄说葡萄酸”.InEnglishandChineseculturesourgrapeshavethesamecognitivecharacteristics.Inthiscase,translatorscanresorttoliteraltranslation.Chinesereadersareabletounderstandthemeaningofthisidiom.Inthefollowingmetaphoricalidioms,translatorscanalsochooseliteraltranslation.Originaltext:“Andbecauseofthetranscendenceoftherevelations,inorderthatImightnotbeexceedinglyliftedup,therewasgiventomeathornintheflesh,amessengerofSatan,thathemightbuffetme,inorderthatImightnotbeexceedinglyliftedup.”Translation:“又恐怕我因所得启示的超越,就过于高抬自己,所以有肉中刺,就是撒旦的使者,加在我的肉体上,为要攻击我,免得我过于高抬自己。”Originaltext:“Didtheoldmandemandingcommendationafterrescuingtrytofishforfameandcomplimentsorpropagateintegrity?”Translation:老人救人后“求表扬”,是沽名钓誉,还是弘扬正气？”Originaltext:“Hehasgivenyousuchagoodoffer,pleasestrikewhiletheironishotandtakethisgoodopportunity.”Translation:“他主动给你这样好的条件,你要趁热打铁,好好珍惜这个机会。”Similarmetaphoricalidiomsareasfollows:thekissofdeath(死亡之吻),addfueltotheflame(火上浇油),slicethroughaknotwithasharpknife(快刀斩乱麻),truegolddoesnotfearfire(真金不怕火炼),hastemakeswaste(欲速则不达),adropintheocean(沧海一粟),fishintroubledwaters(浑水摸鱼),andsoon.II.FreeTranslation“Freetranslationisanalternativeapproachgenerallyusedtoconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtocopingitssentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech.”(Lakoff,George,&MarkJohnson.1980：225).DuetoculturaldifferencesinEnglishandChinese,Translationisakindofcognitiveandcreativeactivity.Consequently,whenthemetaphoricalimageinEnglishidiomsisunabletoberetainedandreplaced,wecangiveuptheimageandchangetheoriginaltextintoexpatiation,orinterpretation.ButtranslatorscantrytheirbesttofullytaketheadvantagesofthecharacteristicsofChineselanguage,andminimizethelossoftheoriginalinformationandaestheticvalue.Thereareexamplesinthefollowingpart:OriginalText:“Everyfamilyissaidtohaveatleastoneskeletoninthecupboard.”Translation:“据说家家户户多多少少都有不可告人之事。”Ifthissentenceisliterallytranslatedinto“据说每户人家的柜子里至少都有一具骷髅”,mostChinesereaderswon’tunderstand,anditwillcausereaderstoassociatewithbadthings.Therefore,there’snoneedtoretainitsvehicleimage,anditshouldbesemantictranslated.Theidiomsinthefollowingsentencesuseasimilartranslationmethod:Originaltext:“Wedecidedtoletsleepingdogslieandnottakethemtocourt.”Translation:“我们决定不起诉他们,免得惹是生非。”Originaltext:“Hewassuchawetblanketatthepartythattheyneverinvitedhimagain.”Translation:“他在聚会上异常扫兴,人们不会再邀请他了。”Infreetranslation,metonymytranslationisafrequentlyusedmethod.MetonymyTranslationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL)(Ankersmit,F.R.&J.J.A.Wooij,1993).BecauseofdifferentculturesbetweenEnglishandChinese,asacarrierofculture,languagealsoreflectsculturesoftheEastandtheWest.WeoftenfindthatEnglishmetaphoricalidiomsarethesameasChineseinconceptions,butformsaredifferent.Thefollowingsentencesshowthemetonymytranslation:Originaltext:“Heexplainedthebeautyofthemusictoherbutitwasjustcastingpearlsbeforeswine.“Translation:“他跟她讲解那音乐的美妙之处,但这只不过是对牛弹琴而已。”Similarmetaphoricalidiomsareasfollows:tolaughoffone’shead(笑掉大牙),tomakethemoneyfly(花钱如流水),tobreakabutterflyonthewheel(杀鸡用宰牛刀,),tolookforneedleinahaystack(海底捞针),theappleofone’seye(掌上明珠),adowncat(落汤鸡),andsoon.Ifwechoosethismethod,wemustpayattentionthatsomeEnglishandChinesemetaphoricalidiomsaresimilarinexpressionbutdifferentinmeaning.IfChineseidiomsaresubstitutedforthesekindsofEnglishmetaphoricalidioms,thetranslationmaybespecious,evencompletelymistaken.Forexample“awalkingskeleton”cannotbetranslatedinto“行尸走肉”,infact,itmeansapersonwhoisskinny,inChinesewesay“骨瘦如柴,颜色枯槁”.“Tolockthestabledoorafterthehorsehasbeenstolen”cannotbetranslatedinto“亡羊补牢”,butthephrasemeans“totrytopreventoravoidloss,damage,etc.Whenwetranslatesuchmetaphoricalidioms,carefulanalysisisquitenecessary.Therearemanyexamplesinthistranslationmethod,forinstance:swansong(封山之作),smellarat(心怀疑虑),thedevilmakesworkforidlehands(闲则生非),thethinendofthewedge(预兆),toleadadog`slife(生活贫寒)andtospillthebeans(泄露机密).III.ForeignizationForeignizationservesbettertotheconveyanceofforeigncultures.“Foreignizingtranslationisatranslationstrategywhichdeliberatelybreaksthetargetlanguageconventionsbyretainingtheforeignnessoftheoriginal.ItisSL(sourcelanguage)culture-original.”(张培基,1980:42).Withthedevelopmentofsociety,interestsandexpectationsofreadersarechanging.Peoplebecomeeagertolearnforeignculturesandenjoytheexoticflavorofliteraryworks.Andaforeignizingtranslationaimsprimarilytotransferthe“foreignelements”intheoriginal.Inordertoincreasethecommunicationbetweencultures,foreignizationshouldbeputintowideruseintranslationpractice.Foreignizationisappliedtoidomtranslationinthefollowingoccasions:(1)Idiomswithculturalimageswhoseimplicationisforeigntotargetlanguagereadersbutenjoypopularcomprehensionintargetlanguagecommunity.(2)Idiomswithculturalimageswhichreflectanation’spreferencetocertainexpressionhabitsbutposelittleornodifficultytothecomprehensionofthetargetlanguagereceptors.(3)Idiomswithreligioustermsinthesourcelanguageculturewhosecorrespondingtermsarenotavailableinthetargetlanguageculture.(4)IdiomswithculturalimageswhichmayimplyaneutralmeaningintheSTbutmaybecomederogatoryinmeaningifdomesticatedintotheTLculturalimagesorviseversa.(5)Idiomswhichindicateuniquecustoms,beliefs,valuesandaestheticperspectivesofthecultureinsourcelanguage.Oneoftheaimoftranslationismoretokeeptheculturaldifferencesbetweenlanguagesthantoseekthecommonground.Thevalueofatranslationisdeterminedbyitsdisplayoftheculturaldifferencesandemphasisonsuchdifferences.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldkeeptheculturaldifferencesasmuchaspossible.LawrenceVenutihasbeenoneofthemajorfiguresincontemporaryU.S.translationtheory.Inhiswork,TheTranslator’sInvisibility,hewrote,“Foreignizingtranslationsignifiesthedifferenceoftheforeigntext,yetonlybydisruptingtheculturalcodesthatprevailinthetargetlanguage.Initsefforttodorightabroad,thistranslationmethodmustdowrongathome,deviatingenoughfromnativenormstostageanalienreadingexperience.”(Moon,1998：337)Hesuggeststhatforeignizingtranslationis“highlydesirabletoday”.Moonisawell-knownrepresentativeofforeignization,whoavoidsthetraditionalfluentstrategywhichseeksanillusionoftransparenttranslationprevailinginwesterntranslation..Headvocatesforeignizedtranslationinordertodevelopatheoryandpracticeoftranslationthatresistsdominanttarget-languageculturalvalues.“Foreignizingtranslationcanbeaformofresistanceagainstethnocentrismandracism,culturalnarcissismandimperialism.”(冯庆华,1997：37)Thissentencemeansheregardsthedomesticationasculturalnarcissismandimperialismandthatthepurposeofforeignizationistoresistagainsttheethnocentrismandracism.“Theultimateaimofthisbook,”hesays,“istoforcetranslatorsandtheirreaderstowriteandreadtranslatedtextsinwaysthatseektorecognizethelinguisticandculturaldifferenceofforeigntexts.”(束定芳,1996：57)Aslinguisticsymbols,idiomsusuallyreflectalmosteverypartofthecultureofanation.Thesepeculiaritiescanusuallyshowtheculturalfeaturesofanation.Translatingidiomsfromonelanguagetoanother,therefore,needstoachievetheeffectsofconveyingtheforeignflavorsofthesourcelanguageculture.Foreignizationservesbettertotheconveyanceofforeignculturesintranslatingidioms.IV.DomesticationDanielShawpointsoutthattargetreaderstendtounderstandtheinformationinlinewiththeirownexperience,ratherthanthesourceculture.Headvocatesdomesticatingculturalfactorsintranslation.Hethinksthatoneofthetasksfortranslatorsistoavoidculturalconflicts,whichshouldbepredictedbythetranslator.（Shaw,1991:128）.Consequently,thetranslatorneedstotakesufficienttimeandenergytosettlethepotentialculturalconflicts.Inthisway,thetargetreadercanunderstandwhatthesourcetextmeans.Suchkindoftarget-culture-orientedtranslationreliesonthetranslator’sknowledgeofboththetargetcultureandthesourceculture.AninfluentialrepresentativeofdomesticationisDr.EugeneNida.Heputforwardtheconceptofdynamicequivalence,whichwaslatermodifiedasfunctionalequivalence.AccordingtoNida,inthelightoffunctionalequivalence,notonlytheformofthetranslationshouldbeinaccordancewiththenormsofthetargetlanguage,butalsotheculturalfactorsshouldbedealtwithinlinewiththecanonsofthetargetculture（Nida，1964:225）.Andheclassifiestheequivalenceintotwolevelsthatareminimallevelofequivalenceandmaximallevelofequivalence.Heregardsmaximallevelofequivalenceidealandthushardtoachieveandminimallevelofequivalencefundamentalandbasicrequirementoftranslation.（Nida,1964：226）.Atranslation,whichcannotreachtheminimallevelofequivalence,isinadequate.Theminimallevelisdefinedas“oneinwhichreceptorsofthetranslatedtextwouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateittothepointofbeingabletocomprehendh