笔译教学与实践方法谈课件

笔译教学与实践方法谈

华东师范大学张春柏

笔译的教与学：从宏观到微观

宏观：文化对比

微观：三个主要层次：

词汇

句子

语篇

1.1词汇层面（形式、意义）

1.1.1词汇的形式：英语词汇的形态变化，如:

1.同一个词不同的词性（e.g.arrive,arrival,toarrive,arriving；beauty,beautiful,beautify;inform,informative,information)

2.各类词的不同语法形式，如名词的性、数、格和动词的时态、语态、语气等

e.g.

(1)他去看儿子去了.(son,sons?)

(2)John’sbook

(3)A:Dad,Imissedyou.

B:Missedormiss?

A:Both.(4)A:Youcan’tarrestme.I’m

Norfolk.

B:YouwereNorfolk.

--QueenIlizabeth“黔之驴”:

(5)突然,驴子叫唤了一声,老虎以为它要咬自己,便吓得逃走了.

(6)几天以后,老虎听惯了驴子的叫声，不再那么害怕了。

(7)驴子不仅大叫起来,并用后蹄狠狠地踢老虎.(5a)gavealoudbray

(6a)gotusedtothedonkey’s

braying(cf.brays)

(7a)notonlybrayedloudly…(9)随后跳舞开始了。

(9a)Thentheydanced.

(9b)Thentheybegantodance.

(9c)Thenthedancebegan.

(9d)Thendancingbegan.1.1.2词汇的意义

1)词义的确定问题

村民们向解放军战士泼水,他们也笑着回敬.

cf.1a)smiledandsplashedback

1b)splashedbacksmilingly

1c)laughedandsplashedback

1d)splashedbacklaughingly

2)在高度竞争化的时代，建立一个国际性的分销与服务网络十分迫切。

Inthiscompetitiveworld,itisurgenttosetupaninternationaldistributionandafter-servicenetwork.

3)这是中国从几十年的建设中得出的经验.

Thatiswhatwehavelearnedfromdecadesofdevelopment.

4)社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明,中国反对霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。

SocialistChinashouldshowtheworldthroughitsactionsthatitopposedtohegemonismandpowerpoliticsandwillneverseekhegemony.5)1979年10月去英国，第一次看到国外的情况，对比自己的国家，我心里比较难受。

Ref.InOctober,1979IwenttoEngland.ThereIcametoseeconditionsquitenewtome;comparingthemwiththoseinmyowncountryIcouldnothelpfeelingdisheartened…

2.Connotationanddenotation.E.g.

1)菊花，龙……

2)ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

中国哲学：天人合一，物我交融，和谐，悟性：求全，求圆满，求对称，平衡，心领神会，心理时空的顺序。

反映在语言上：重意合，主动语态，重复全面，平衡对称D.词汇（句子）的节律性(esp.whenputinsentences).E.g.

A)汉语中的双音节词和２＋２词组（时间，年龄，etc..)

1)Sheistwenty-fiveandbeautiful.

2)Butyoucouldn’ttellmewhatitsmellslikeintheSistineChapel.You’veneverstoodthereandlookedupatthatbeautifulceiling.(GoodWillHunting)

3)高耸入云／腰缠万贯／风和日丽/美不胜收,etc.

4)风和日丽之时，佘山、金山、崇明岛隐隐可见。

原译：Onadayofgentlebreezeandbrightsun,theTowerdominatesanindistinctviewof…

改译：Onafineday,youcanevensee…inthedistance,thoughnotveryclearly.

5)Puritans,asizeablepercentageoftheearliestsettlersinMassachusetts,wereapious,self-disciplinedpeople,butthey...

原译:最早到麻州定居的移民中，相当大一部分是清教徒，他们是虔诚的和严于律已的人。

试比较:--大多为虔诚自律的清教徒

6)Inthedoorwaylayatleasttwelveumbrellasofvariouscolorsandsizes.

?门口堆着至少十二把各种颜色和尺寸的伞．

Ref.门口堆着一堆伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一．7)两千一百万台湾同胞都是中国人，都是骨肉同胞、手足兄弟。（江泽民八项主张）

The21millioncompatriotsinTaiwanareallChineseandourownfleshandblood.2.句子(Sentences)

A.Hypotaxisvs.parataxis(形合与意合)

1)Whenhewaswalkingacrossthestreet,hewasknockeddownbyacar.

2)Ifyoudon’tgothere,Iwon’tgoeither.

3)IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?

4)幽幽岁月，苍海桑田．

5)门铃一响，来了客人，从不谢客，礼当接待．

5)Suddenlythebellrang,announcingthearrivalofavisitor.AsIhadneverrejectedanyguest,IthoughtIshouldthisoneaswell.

B.Staticvs.dynamic(静态与动态）

1)孔子的家里很穷，但是他从小就认真读书，刻苦学习。二十多岁的时候，做了个小官。他很有学问，办事认真，工作出色，三十岁左右，就已经很出名了。

1a)

Hebecameapettyofficialinhisearlytwenties.Ashewaslearned,workedinearnestandmadeanoutstandingshowinginperforminghisduties,hehadalreadyearnedahighreputationbytheageofthirty.

Revised:

1b)Hebecameapettyofficialinhisearlytwenties.Bytheageofthirtyhehadalreadyearnedahighreputationforhisprofoundknowledgeandearnestattitudetowardshisworkaswellashisoutstandingperformance.

2)一架从昆明起飞的小飞机,载着我们,飞越群山,把我们送到了景洪.

2a)?AsmallplanetookofffromKunming,carriedus,flewoverthemountains,andsentustoJinghong.Improved:

2b)AsmallplanefromKunmingflewoverthemountainsandsentustoJinghong.

(backtranslation)3)公元前278年，也就是屈原六十二岁那年，他在汩罗江边，听到秦国军队攻破了楚国的国都，便怀着悲痛的心情，抱了一块石头，投汩罗江自杀了。3a)?In278BC,QuYuanwas62.BesidetheMiluoRiver,heheardthenewsthatthearmyofQinhadbrokenthroughthecapitalofChu.Hewassoheartbrokenthatheheldastone,jumpedintotheriver,andkilledhimself.3b)Intheyearof278B.C.,whenhewas62andstayingatthesideoftheMiluoRiver,QuYuanheardthatQintroopshadfinallyconqueredChu’s

capital.Overwhelmedwithgriefanddespair,hedrownedhimselfintheriver,withalargestoneinhisarms.

4)Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcavesandbydimlamps.

4a)党的干部住寒冷的窑洞，吃简陋的饮食，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作着。C.Substitutivevs.reiterative(替代与重复）etc.(substitutionvs.repetition)

1)他不懂法语,我也不懂法语.

1a)Hedoesn’tknowFrench.NeitherdoI.

2)三弦兄,钢琴呢?钢琴怎么不见了?钢琴被人偷走了.快抓小偷…

3)Shakespeare’scharactersarereallyalive,soaresomeofJaneAustin’s.

3a)莎士比亚戏剧中的人物都是生活中的现实人物，简.奥斯汀小说中的有些人物也是生活中的现实人物。(汉语中不省略)4)五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意义，在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地反封建主义。五四运动所以具有这种性质，是……五四运动是在当时世界革命号召之下，是在俄国革命号召之下，是在列宁号召之下发生的。五四运动是当时无产阶级世界革命的一部分。……4a)TheMay4thMovementwasananti-imperialistaswellasananti-feudalmovement.Itsoutstandinghistoricalsignificanceistobeseeninafeature,which…itsthoroughanduncompromisingoppositiontoimperialismaswellastofeudalism.TheMay4thMovementpossessed….TheMay4thMovementcameintobeingatthecalloftheworldrevolution,oftheRussianrevolution,andofLenin.Itwaspartof…5)Amanmayusuallybeknownbythebookshereadsaswellasbythecompanyhekeeps;forthereisacompanionshipofbooksaswellasofmen;andoneshouldalwaysliveinthebestcompany,whetheritbeofbooksorofmen.5a)要了解一个人，可以看他交什么样的朋友，可以看他看什么样的书，因为有的人跟人交朋友，有的人跟书交朋友，但不管跟人交朋友还是跟书交朋友，都应该交好朋友．D.词序问题试比较:1)Ihaven’treadthisbook.1a)我没看过这本书.1b)这本书我没看过.2)你不去我也不去.2a)Iwon’tgothereifyoudon’tgo.2b)Ifyoudon’tgothere,Iwon’tgoeither.3)Because/when/after/before…e.g.

3a)Ididn’tgotherebecauseIwasill.

3b)BecauseIwasill,Ididn’tgothere.4)（从前）海边住着一位渔夫。

4a)Attheseasidelivedafisherman.

4b)Afishermanlivedattheseaside.

4c)Therelivedafishermanattheseaside.

(samestructure,differentmeanings)E.句子的拆与合

1)In1979hevisitedtheUSforthefirsttime,wherehemethisfirstwifeJane.

1a)1979年他第一次去美国。在那里他遇到了他的第一任妻子Jane.2)In1979hevisitedtheUSforthefirsttime.TherehemethisfirstwifeJane.

a)1979年他第一次去美国。在那里他遇到了他的第一任妻子Jane。

（note:backtranslation.Aquestion:isthereanydifferenceintheEnglishversionsabove?)3)山脚下有一座小屋,屋子的周围有一道竹篱笆。

或：山脚下有一座小屋。屋子的周围有一道竹篱笆。

3a)Atthefootofthehillwasasmallhutwithabamboofencearoundit.

3b)Atthefootofthehillwasasmallhut.Aroundthehutwasabamboofence.

F.InformationstructureofthesentenceGrammaticalanalysis

Subject+predicate,e.g.1a)JohnlovesMary.1b)MarylovesJohn.2a)Thereisabookonthedesk.2b)Onthedeskthereisabook.

Informationstructure

Halliday&Hasan(1976:27):INFORMATIONSTRUCTURE...istheorderingofthetext,independentlyofitsconstructionintermsofsentences,clausesandthelike,intounitsofinformationonthebasisofthedistinctionintoGIVENandNEW…

Theme:given/initialelement/whatistalkedabout

Theme:new/therestofthesentence/whatisaboutthetheme

3a)Mr.Brownistheirteacher.

3b)TheirteacherisMr.Brown.

(differentpresuppositions/answerdifferentquestions)cohesionCohesion…isthemeanswherebyelementsthatarestructurallyunrelatedtooneanotherarelinkedtogether,throughthedependenceofoneontheotherforitsinterpretation.(Halliday&Hasan,1976:27)(Fromsentenceleveltolongerstretchesoftextsuchasparagraphs…)e.g.

4)Johnismyfriend.HeisMary’shusband.

5)Johnhaslosthisbook/tooth.

acceptabilityvsgrammaticality(textvs.non-text)6a)“Nowcomesthepresidenthere.It’sthewindowhe’ssteppingthroughtowavetothecrowd.Onhisvictoryhisopponentcongratulateshim.‘Gentlemenandladies.Thatyouareconfidentinmehonoursme…’(fromHalliday,1978:134)

Improved:

6b)Nowcomesthepresidenthere.He’ssteppingthroughthewindowtowavetothecrowd.Hewascongratulatedonhisvictorybyhisopponent.‘Gentlemenandladies.Thatyouareconfidentinmehonoursme…’

R1

T1R2

R3

(constanttheme)7)MostAmericanshavegreatvigorandenthusiasm.Theyprefertodisciplinethemselves….Theypridethemselvesontheirindependence.Theyarepreparedtotaketheinitiatives….Theywilltakeanysortofjobanywhere….Theydonotcaretobelookedafter…TheaverageAmericanchangesorherjobnineortentimesduringhisorherworkinglife.2.Focusedthemeprogression(Constantrheme)T1

T2R(R1=R2=R3=Rn)

T3

Tn8)TheChinesepeopleisagreatpeople.

TheAmericanpeopleisagreatpeople.

TheFrenchpeopleisalsoagreatpeople….

3.Linearthemeprogression

T1

→R1

↓

T2(=R1)→R2

↓

T3(=R2)→R3

↓

Tn→Rn

3.9)Onceuponatimetherelivedafishermanattheseaside.Hehadaverygreedywife.Thisoldwomanaskedthepooroldmantocatchatleast100fishaday,otherwiseshewouldnotgivehimanythingtoeat….10)Imetanoldfriendyesterday.Hehadaverybeautifulwifewhoworkedinahospital.Thishospitalisthebestoneinourcity….11)Creditcardsenabletheirholderstoobtaingoodsandservicesoncredit.Theyareissuedbyretailstores,banks,credit-cardcompaniestoapprovedclients.Thebanksorcredit-cardcompanysettlestheclient’sbills,invoicinghimmonthlyandcharginginterestonanyoutstandingdebts.Theirprofitcomesfromthehighrateofinterestcharged….(mixture)

Rheme-splitprogression(cf.linearthemeprogression).:

11)Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups.Thefirstgroup….Thesecondgroup….Andthelastgroup….12)Theplaywasveryinteresting,butIdidn’tenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomantroubledme.Iturnedaroundandlookedatthem,buttheydidn’tpayanyattentiontome.ApointAllthesepatternsofthematicprogressioninEnglishhavetheircounter-partsinChinese,but…

汉语的逻辑率对英语的形态率

汉语:一、时间的先后顺序,e.g.1)听到这个消息，大家都高兴得跳了起来。

2)他父亲去世后，他再也没有吸过毒。1)Hedecidedtotakeawalkintheparkwhenhefinishedtheexperiment.

（cf.Whenhe…,hedecidedto…)

他做完实验后，决定去公园里散散步。二、因果顺序：先因/条件后果1）昨天他生病了，所以没来。2）你不去我也不去。

3)我老公他看你下岗了，舍不得花钱，就自己跑到电影院买了两张票，今天晚上请我们两个人去看电影。

(《老房有喜》）

3a)Myhusbandhasboughttwofilmticketsforustonight,becauseyou’relaidoffandhavetocutyourexpenses.

4a)Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill.

4b)Becausehewasillhedidn’tcome.

5a)Iwon’tgothereifyoudon’tgo.

5b)Ifyoudon’tgothere,Iwon’tgoeither.

(Notethedifferentpresuppositions)

语篇翻译实例：

豫园

位于上海市南的豫园是著名的古典园林。花园的原主人姓潘，曾是明代四川省的布政使。花园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，二十年以后才建成。后来，潘家败落，其子孙急于出售，一些商人得以低价购入。以后豫园与城隍庙合并，成为其“西花园”。鸦片战争和太平天国时期，外国侵略者不止一次在此驻军，因此，历史上豫园屡经灾难，许多原有的丰采不复存在。

位于上海市南的豫园是著名的古典园林。花园的原主人姓潘，曾是明代四川省的布政使。花园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，二十年以后才建成。

YuYuanGarden,locatedinthesouthernpartofShanghai,isafamousclassicalgarden.Theoriginalownerofthegarden,Pan,wasoncethegovernorofSichuanProvinceduringtheMingDynasty.Constructionofthegardenstartedin1558butwentonandoffforlackofmoney.Itdidnotcometocompletiontilltwentyyearslater.

前两句改译:

TheYuYuanGardeninthesouthofShanghaiisafamousclassicalgarden.ItwasoriginallytheprivategardenofamannamedPan,whowasoncethegovernorofSichuanProvinceduringtheMingDynasty.

b)InthesouthofShanghaithereisafamousclassicalgardennamedYuYuanGarden.Itwas….第三句改译:

Theconstructionofthegardenstartedin1858,butitwasnotcompleteduntiltwentyyearslater(becauseitwentonandoff)forlackofmoney.Structureoftheparagraph1)introduction(ofthegarden)2)itsoriginalnature3)itsconstruction4)changeofhands5)itsincorporationwiththeTemple6)itsdevastationduringtheWarsanditsconsequences后来，潘家败落，其子孙急于出售，一些商人得以低价购入。以后豫园与城隍庙合并，成为其“西花园”。

WhenthePanswentintoadecline,theirdescendantswereeagertosellthegarden,somebusinessmenboughtitatalowprice.LateritwasincorporatedintotheCityGodTempletobecomeits“WestGarden”.Later,itwasboughtbysomebusinessmenatalowpricefromhisdesperatedescendentswhenthefamilywentintoadecline.SomeyearsafterthatitwasincorporatedintotheCityGodTempleandbecameits“WestGarden”.鸦片战争和太平天国时期，外国侵略者不止一次在此驻军，因此，历史上豫园屡经灾难，许多原有的丰采不复存在。

DuringtheOpiumWarandtheTaipingRevolution,foreignaggressorsstationedtheirtroopsinthegardenmorethanonce.Asaresult,thegardenexperiencedrepeateddevastationinitshistoryandlostmuchofitsoriginalgrandeur.Improved:DuringtheOpiumWarandtheTaipingRevolution,thegardensufferedrepeateddevastationbyforeignaggressors/troops(stationedthere)and,consequently,lostmuchofitsoriginalgrandeur.Englishtranslation(原译)T1---R1(YuYuan/is…)T2---R2(Theoriginalowner/was…)T3---R3(Constructionof…/started…)T4---R4(It/didnotcometocompletion...)T5---R5(When…theirdescendents…)T6---R6(Later/itwas…)T7---R7(During…/foreignaggressors…)Improvedtranslation(改译后)T1—R1(Inthesouth…/there…YuanGarden)T2(=R1)—R2(It/privategarden…)T3(=R1)—R3(Itsconstruction/20yearslater)T4(=R3,timeadverbial)—R4T5(=R3,timeadverbial)—R5T6(=R3,timeadverbial)—R6

解放以后，在人民政府的关怀下，豫园经历了多次修复。最近一次在1987年，恢复了其东西部分。豫园在1982年被列为国务院重点保护单位，是中国南方最优秀的园林之一。园内有亭台楼阁，有池塘和假山，景点超过40个，每天至少有一万人在园内游览。难怪人们说：“到上海不去豫园和城隍庙商场不算来过大上海。”

解放以后，在人民政府的关怀下，豫园经历了多次修复。最近一次在1987年，恢复了其东面部分。Underthecareofthepeople’sgovernmentsinceliberation,YuYuanGardenhasgonethroughmanyrenovations,withtherecentonecarriedoutin1987torestoreitseasternpart.Since1949,underthecareof…,YuYua