休闲与旅游的辨证关系及其社会功能试析

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本文联系人通讯地址：（100070）北京市丰台区花乡张家路口121号首都经济贸易大学工商管理学院旅游管理系教师张祖群博士收010-63797329013520902735邮箱：humangeography@tomhumangeography@126eisurePractices&TourismDevelopmentDrNeilCarrUniversityofOtago,NewZealandDepartmentofTourismUniversityofOtago4thFloor,CommerceBuildingP.OBox56DunedinNewZealandTel:+6434798520Fax:+6434799034Email:ncarr@business.otago.ac.nzAbstract:Ratherthanhighlightingtheinterrelationsbetweenleisureandtourismintheacademicliteraturetherehasbeenatendencytostressthedifferencesbetweenthem;identifyingtourismasanexperienceundertakenawayfromthehomeenvironmentwhilstleisureisundertakeninanindividual’snormalplaceofresidence.Consequently,fewcomparisonsofhowpeoplebehaveinleisureandtourismenvironmentshavebeenundertaken.Thispaperhighlightstheresultsofacriticalanalysisofthecurrentliteratureonbehaviourinthetourismandleisureenvironmentsanddemonstratesthereisacommonalitybetweentheunderlyingpersonalandsocio-culturalfactorsthatinfluencehowpeoplebehaveduringtheirleisureandtourismexperiences.Thiscommonalitymayexplainwhysomepeopleappeartobehaveinasimilarmannerwhiletheyareonholidaytothatwhichtheydisplayintheirleisureenvironments.Fundamentally,thesetouristsappeartotakethesocio-culturalnormsandvaluesthatinfluencetheirleisurebehaviouronholidaywiththem.However,itisapparentthatasignificantproportionofpeoplebehavedifferentlywhileonholidaycomparedtoduringtheirleisureexperiencesintermsoftheintensityand/ornatureoftheactivitiestheyengagein.Thissuggestsatleastsometouristsareabletoleavetheirsocio-culturalbaggageathomeandtheirbehaviouronholidayisinfluencedbyatouristculture.Theextenttowhetheranindividualisinfluencedbythesocio-culturalbaggagefromtheirhomeenvironmentorbytheirtouristculturewhileonholidayappearstobepartiallydeterminedbythedegreeofdifferencebetweenthephysicalnatureofthetourismandleisureenvironments.Whilstatouristcultureappearstoexistitmustberecognisedthatthespecificnatureofthisinfluenceandthesocio-culturalbaggagefromtheleisureenvironmentonobservablebehaviourisplacespecific.Consequently,individuals’fromdifferentlocationsmayhavedifferentsetsofmotivationsand,asaresult,displaydifferingtypesofbehaviourduringtheirtourismexperienceseveniftheyareallonvacationinthesameplace.Therecognitionofafundamentallinkbetweenthefactorsthatinfluencethenatureofleisureandtourismmotivationsandbehavioursuggestsitmaybepossibletodevelopfacilitieswiththedualpurposeofsatisfyingthedesiresofbothtouristsandleisuredindividuals’.However,theplacespecificnatureofthefactorsthatinfluencebehaviourandtheconsequentpotentialfordifferencesintheleisureandtourismbehaviourofindividuals’suggestscautionmustbetakentoensuretourismproductsaredevelopedthatmeetthedesiresoftouristsratherthanreflectingevidenceofhowthesetouristsbehaveduringtheirleisuretimeintheirplaceoforigin.Inaddition,therecognitionthattouristsfromdifferentplacesmayhavedissimilarmotivationsandmaybehavedifferentlyevenwhenonholidayinthesamelocationsuggeststhereisaneedtoensurethatappropriatetourismdevelopmenttakesplacethatcarefullyconsiderstheplacespecificnatureofthemotivationsandbehaviourofthetargetmarket,ratherthanattemptingtocatertoasocio-culturallyandbehaviourallyhomogenoustouristpopulation.Finally,placespecificdifferencesintourismandleisuremotivationsandbehaviourindicatecareshouldbetakenwhenattemptingtodevelopfacilitiestomeettheneedsofbothtouristsandlocalleisuredpeoplewithinadestination.Keywords:Behaviour;motivation;placeLEISUREPRACTICESANDTOURSIMDEVELOPMENTSRaymondThomasHibbins,PhDProgramDirector(Undergraduate)DepartmentofTourism,Leisure,HotelandSportManagementGriffithUniversityQueensland,AUSTRALIA4111Phone:+61737356559Fax:+61737356743Email:r.hibbins@.auKeynoteaddressdeliveredattheInternationalTourismSymposium“ModernLeisurePracticesandTourismDevelopment”inBeijing,P.R.China,13–15November2006.ABSTRACTIntheAsia-Pacificregionweareexperiencingsocio-politicalandeconomicchangesaswellasuncertaintyandturbulencecreatedbyterroristactivity,intranationalstrifeandconflictandenvironmentalcatastrophesliketsunamis.Thisisaregionexperiencingtransmigrationbylargenumbersofpeopleforbusinesspurposes,andmigrationforhumanitarian,employmentandpoliticalreasons.Thesevariousmigrationshavecontributedtoincreasingculturaldiversityintheregionandinparticularnations.Theoutcomesofsuchmovementinclude:issuesofcitizenship,debatesabouttheappropriatenessofeducationalqualifications;questionsaboutvisasandmulticulturalpolicies;exploitationoflabour;healthissuesandquarantineofparticulargoodsandproducts;questionsaboutculturalawarenessandsensitivitiesinregardstotheprovisionofservicesintheareasoftourismandleisureaswellasracism,prejudice,discriminationandxenophobia;environmentaldegradationandsustainabilityassociatedwithpopulationincreasesandtourism.Developmentsintransnationalismandtourismhavehadimportantimplicationsforthetrainingofserviceprovidersandtheraisingofquestionsaboutthequalityofservicesparticularlyintheareasoftourism,hospitality,recreationandleisure.Further,thisleadstoconsiderationsoftheculturalsensitivityofconceptsandtheoriesbeingusedincross-culturalcomparativeresearchespeciallyintheareaofleisurepracticesandtourismdevelopments.Giventhegenderedandethnicnatureofmigrationaswellasleisurebehaviour,planningandpolicymakingitisimportantthatconsiderationbegiventoculturalappropriatenessofthetoolsusedtoinvestigatethesephenomena.TheaboveattemptstoprovideacontextforthispaperwhichwilldiscusstheissuessurroundingtheimpactsofeverincreasingnumbersoftourismdevelopmentsonleisurepracticesoflocalcommunitiesandindividualsontheeasternseaboardofAustralia.Thesedevelopmentsincludeenvironmental,cultural,educational,socialandculturalimpacts.Localsoftenprotestforexample,thatthesetouristdevelopmentssometimesassociatedwith‘bigevents’likeinternationalfootballcompetitionsorcarralliesarepaidforfromlocaltaxesandrateswhichbenefitthetouristsbuthavefewbenefitsforlocalcommunities.Occasionallythesedevelopmentscanmeanthebuildingof‘bigfacilities’whichhavethepotentialofbecoming‘whiteelephants’ifshort-termgainsarenotlinkedwithlonger-termplanningoflocalconsequences.Aswell,thispaperwilladdresstheimplicationsofthetouristdevelopmentsontheleisurebehaviourandpracticesoflocalsbutmoreparticularlywillexplorethesensitivityofavailableresearchinstrumentsinthefieldofleisurestudiesforinvestigatingtheinteractionsofdiversesocio-culturalgroupsintheseleisureandtourismcontexts.Keywords:culturaldiversity,leisureexperiences,transnationalism,migration农村居民闲暇旅游活动的动态分析——以湖南省农村居民为例贺小荣（湖南师范大学旅游学院，湖南长沙，410081）[摘要]农村居民闲暇生活是农村居民在闲暇时间内，即在农业生产活动结束和睡眠等基本需求满足之后的时间内进行的各种活动的总称。旅游的发展，在一定程度上改变了农村居民的生活习惯，看电视、打牌、闲聊等日常休闲活动减少了，出外参观、游览、学习等旅游消费行为增加了，出于公益或经济目的的旅游服务、演出服务增多了。通过分析统计数据我们还发现，农村居民的闲暇生活方式正在逐步多样化，闲暇生活质量不断提高，出游人数在逐年增加。旅游者的涌入、媒体的宣传等因素直接导致农村居民出游率的提高，同时，旅游的经历也在影响着农村居民的闲暇生活，具体表现在社区参与的积极性提高、对闲暇时间的价值的认识提高、对闲暇时间的安排更积极、技能学习的积极性提高、对旅游的认识加深等。为此，当地政府和社区应该对区内居民的闲暇生活正确引导，采取建设居民和游客共用的文化活动设施、组建乡村俱乐部负责居民出游管理、建立居民活动基金等措施来丰富和繁荣居民的闲暇生活，使农村居民的闲暇生活“不闲着”。[关键词]农村居民；闲暇生活；旅游；湖南基于“休闲体验”的乡村旅游发展研究沈和江（河北师范大学资源与环境科学学院旅游管理系,河北石家庄050016）[摘要]本文从休闲体验、乡村、乡村旅游的基本认知出发，对休闲体验的真谛、乡村和乡村旅游的层次进行了认知与判定，在此基础上，对“新农村、新旅游、新体验、新风尚”的乡村旅游主题理念进行了分析，并以“休闲体验”为核心，对发展乡村旅游的价值取向进行了阐释，即：休闲作为乡土环境下的“成为状态”（stateofbecoming）,是乡村旅游发展的行为取向-----休闲氧吧；体验是对乡村独具特色人文内涵的感悟和感知，是对乡村本土化的咀嚼与品味---价值体验，追求的是对乡村本土化的投入----“畅”（flow），同时将和谐作为乡村旅游发展的基础，论述了“休闲、体验、和谐”在乡村旅游中的辨证关系。[关键词]乡村旅游；休闲；体验；和谐乡村休闲旅游：和合文化的视角孙颖(河南大学历史文化学院旅游系,河南开475001)[摘要]乡村休闲旅游是在传统和合文化和和谐美学意识的驱动下，城市居民走向乡村享受、认识乡村生活，带有生态科教和身心回归自然色彩的专项旅游活动。乡村休闲旅游符合中国传统和合文化的思想精髓，符合构建和谐社会的时代要求，必将成为建设社会主义新农村的一支重要力量。从和合文化的角度来分析认识乡村休闲旅游，有助于更深刻地理解它的发展动力，认识它的广阔前景，了解它的社会功能，并进一步开拓思路寻求它的发展策略，从而通过乡村休闲旅游的健康发展促进社会主义和谐社会的构建。[关键词]乡村休闲旅游;和合文化;和谐社会;新农村RebornofTaiwanKukengcoffeeFestivalFeng-chouYANG*Yi-JingWU****Dr.AssociateProfessor.oftheGraduateSchoolofRecreationalSportManagementoftheNationalTaiwanCollegeofPhysical**StudentoftheGraduateInstituteofPhysicalEducationoftheNationalTaiwanCollegeofPhysicalEducationKukengtownwasrenownedforplantingcoffeetreefrom1895to1945asTaiwanwasoccupiedbyJapan.UnfortunatelyithadbeendeclinedgraduallysinceWorldWarIIended.ThelocalgovernmentisinaplanedwaytodevelopthesightseeingagricultureaccordingtothesuccessofrebuildingKukengcoffeetree.Inaddition,themunicipalgovernmentheldtheTaiwanCoffeeFestival(TCF)repeatedlyfrom2003to2006.Significantly,TCFbroughttremendousprogrammedrecreationtovisitorsandnewsightseeingbusinesstolocalpeople.MoreoverTCFstronglyestablishestherelatedleisureservicebusinesssuchastrialtestcoffeecafeteria,localfood,beveragefamilystylerestaurant,andagriculturalhostelnearbyHuashanarea.Practicallyitstimulatesvillagelifeexperienceforthespecificregionduringholidaysandbuildsupnewtypeofrecreationbusinessandraisesthetourismvolume.Thisresearchisprobedintothroughdocuments,collectednewspapers,magazines,fieldinvestigation,andphotoexplanation.Thepurposeistostudythedisappearance,rebirth,rises,andthevisionofthefutureofthecoffeerelatedrecreationindustryinKukeng.Theconclusionofthisresearchshowsthatthelocalnon-profitableorganization(NPO)andnot-governmentalorganization(NGO)successfullyexpeditedtheemergenceoftourismbusinessandabrand-newcommunitycultureinKuken.TheTCFalsocreatethemutualbenefitsbetweensmalltownbusinessandcommunityculturesimultaneously.Finally,thismonographproposesanewstrategytocombinewithKukengtownshipcoffeeindustry,programmedrecreation,andeconomyasequallyimportant.TheTCFexperiencesreallyprovidethecountrysideandagriculturalareathattheycurrentlyfacedecliningundertheindustrialcompetitionasreference.InconclusionthesuccessfulexperienceoftheTCFinKukengshouldnotonlybringtouriststothelocality,butalsopopularizethissuccessfulsightseeingagriculturerecreationtacticstothedecliningcountrysidewherethesituationissimilartoandfurthermore,thevalueoftourismandrecreationrebornwillbewellcreatedandexpanded.Keywords:Kukengcoffee、recreation、tourismTheResearchonApplicationofIntegratedMarketingCommunicationsinLeisureIndustryinChinaGuoYong-Jian(BeijingCityUniversity,Beijing100083)Abstract:Sinceleisureindustryisaffectedeasilybytheconsumer’sintangibleandunmeasuredelements,thetraditionalmarketingtheorieswhichareusedintheleisureindustrycan’tmeettheneedsoftheleisureindustryrocketdevelopment.ThispaperstudiestheapplicationofIntegratedMarketingCommunications(IMC)inleisureindustryfromtheaspectsoftheorientationofleisureproduction,theimagefosteringofleisureindustryandleisureindustrysocialmarketing.KeyWords:Integratedmarketingcommunications;Leisure;Leisureindustry整合营销传播理论在我国休闲业中的应用研究郭永建(北京城市学院旅游系，北京100083)[摘要]由于休闲产业极易受其消费者无形的不可量化的因素的影响，当前休闲产业中所使用4Ps和4Cs等传统营销理论已难以适应休闲业急速发展的需求。本文借用整合营销传播理论的理念，从休闲产品合理定位、口径一致的品牌形象塑造，休闲产业社会营销等方面研究了休闲业整合营销传播策略的实施。[关键词]整合营销传播;休闲;休闲产业AStudyontheFeaturesofLeisureBehaviorofBeijingFemaleResidentsLIChen(CollegeofArts&Science,BeijingUnionuniversity.Beijing100083,China)Abstract:Withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,leisurebecomesanimportantpartofcity’sresident’slifeinChina.Thefull-fledgesleisureindustry,ontheotherhand,willfacilitatethefurtherdevelopmentofeconomy,fromwhichthegovernment,investorsandlocalresidentswillbenefitinarealsense.Astheprincipalactiveparticipantsinleisureindustry,thelocalresidentsplayaveryimportantroleinthattheirbehaviorfeatureswouldsignificantlyaffectthedistributionanddevelopmentofleisureindustry.Howeveruptonowlittleresearchiscarriedoutonmicro-marketandgroupleisureactivity.Inordertofillinthegap,thepresentarticlewillmakeatentativeresearchontheleisurebehavioroffemaleresidentsinBeijingandthusfindoutthefactorsthatblockingtheirleisureactivities.北京市女性休闲行为特征研究李琛1,2（1.北京联合大学应用文理学院，北京100083；2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，北京100101）[摘要]本文利用北京市女性城镇居民内休闲生活的调查结果，从个人属性、社会属性等角度，对北京市女性休闲行为特征进行了较为详细的分析，探寻了北京市女性行为主体与休闲行为的互动关系规律，寻求制约北京市女性休闲行为的阻碍因素，为北京市休闲产业发展提供了基本依据。[关键词]北京女性市民；休闲行为；阻碍因素TheoreticalFoundationandResearchProgressofIndustrialTourismLiJiong-huaIndustrialtourismisanimportantbranchofindustrytourism,anoutcomeofindustrializationandtheevolutionoftourismindustry.Asanewwayoftourismandanimportantwaytochangeindustrialcorporationfromsingleindustrialstructuretoapluralone,industrialtourismhasgotmuchmoreattentionfromthedayofitsemergingandhasagreatprospectfordevelopment.Thisthesisexpatiatesontheconnotationofindustrialtourismanditstheoreticalfoundationandreviewstheresearchprogressofindustrialtourism.Industrialtourismhasnoacceptedscientificdefinitionyettoday.Duetothepurposeandperspectiveofthestudy,opinionsoftheliteraturesvary.Therearen’tbasicdifferencesinunderstandingtothecontentandthewayofindustrialtourismandithasbecomeaconsensusthatindustrialtourismisaspecialcharacteristictourismtype.Duetothedifferentstudyperspectiveinthedefinitionofindustrialtourism,scholarshavenotyetformedaunifiedandclearvision.Thekeytodefinethespecialtourismistohighlightthefeatureofitsresourcesandthesignificanceoftheactivityitself.Throughcomprehensiveanalysis,theauthorsumsupthemeaningofindustrialtourismtothefollowingthreeaspects:(1)Industrialtourismisanimportantbranchofindustrytourism,beingaproductofthecontinuousdevelopmentofmodernproductiveforcesandbeinganewtourismformofcross-industryandtourismaftertourismdevelopstoacertainstage.(2)Ittakesindustryresourcessuchasindustrialproductionscene,researchandproducts,historyandheritage,theenterprisecultureandmanagementexperienceasattraction,throughpackaginganddesign,pushingthoseindustryresourcestotourismmarket,givingprominencetoattractivenessofindustryresourcesandtransformingthemintotourismresources.(3)Itistheintegrationofindustrialproduction,sightseeing,participation,experienceandentertainmenttosatisfytheuniqueneedstoknowledge,innovationandnoveltyofthevisitors.Itisalsoaspecialtourismtoachieveentrepreneur’sowneconomic,socialandmanagementgoal.Themaintheoreticalbasesofindustrialtourismare:TheoryofLocation,Theoryoftouristarealifecycle,Theoryofsystem,TheoryoftourismeconomicsandTheoryofthegrowthofthefirm.Atpresent,studiesontheindustrialtourismathomeandabroadaremainlyconcentratedinthefollowingareas:studyonindustrialtourisminviewoftheoldindustrialdistrict,studyonindustrialheritagetourism,studyonminingtourism,studyoninfluenceofindustrialtourism,studyondevelopmentalstrategyofindustrialtourism,studyonindustrialmuseum,studyontheroleoflaunchingindustrialtourismandstudyonindustrialtourismmarketetc.工业旅游的理论基础与研究进展李炯华(中国防卫科技学院外语与旅游管理系,北京101601)[摘要]工业旅游是产业旅游的一个重要分支，是旅游业发展的产物和工业化发展的结果。工业旅游作为工业企业转变自身单一产业结构向多元产业发展的一种重要途径和新型旅游方式，从诞生之日起就倍受各方关注，有着广阔的发展前景。阐述了工业旅游的内涵和理论基础，就工业旅游的研究进展作了综述。[关键词]工业旅游；理论基础；研究进展TourismIndustryValueChainAnalysisBasedOnMicrocosmicViewpointLiuTing-li,HanRu-bing(InstituteofTourism,BeijingUnionUniversity,Beijing100101,China)Abstract:Onthebasisofvaluechainanalysistheory,throughthecollectiveanalysisandcasestudyoflistedcompany,thispaperexplorethevaluechainstructurecharacteristicsofchinatourism.Researchdetectthatbothtourismindustryvaluechaininnertendencyandinternalvaluechainofcompanyweaknessarecoexist,buttheinnerindustryvaluechaincannotoffsetthenegativeeffectsoflownessoruselessinternalvaluechain,furthermore,differenttypesoftourismbusinessshareindifferentvalueincrement.Keywords:tourismindustry;listedcompany;valuechain基于微观视角的旅游产业价值链分析刘亭立（北京联合大学旅游学院，北京100101）[摘要]本文借助于价值链分析理论，通过旅游上市公司的总体和个案分析，探析我国旅游产业的价值链构成形态及其特征。研究发现，上市公司中，旅游产业价值链内化趋同与企业内部价值链弱化现象并存，但内化的产业价值链并不能弥补低效或无效的内部价值链的负面影响，而且不同类型的旅游企业所分享到的价值增值存在较大差异。[关键词] 旅游产业;旅游上市公司;价值链城市居民休闲方式选择倾向研究上海、武汉和成都的比较分析楼嘉军1，岳培宇2华东师范大学旅游系，上海200062；2.中国西部杂志社，成都610072）[摘要]随着我国城市居民生活水平的不断提高，休闲已成为居民的一种生活常态。本文以长江流域东中西部的上海、武汉和成都三个中心城市为研究对象，结合市场调查的相关数据，对三地居民休闲活动伙伴、休闲方式、休闲时间、休闲场所、休闲消费等选择倾向进行了综合分析，并对由此形成的特点和差异进行了初步的探讨。[关键词]休闲方式；居民倾向；比较分析；上海；武汉；成都社会发展新架构下的“休闲力”及其现实发展王雅林(哈尔滨工业大学社会发展研究所)[摘要]以往的“马克思学”对马克思的社会理论作了偏重生产主义的解读，不能为包括休闲在内的“生活世界”现象提供合理的解释。本文提出了“生活/生产互构”的社会理论研究框架，揭示了“生活力”、“休闲力”在社会发展中的地位，并指出在当代社会变迁中休闲的功能日益扩大。在我国和谐社会的构建中，要防止休闲的异化发展走向。[关键词]历史唯物主义社会理论；生活/生产互构；生活力；休闲力；休闲的异化发展形态城市居民休闲生活影响因素研究——以上海、武汉、成都为例岳培宇1，楼嘉军2（1.中国西部杂志社，成都610072；2.华东师范大学旅游系，上海200062）[摘要]随着社会经济的发展，城市居民休闲生活日益丰富，并且受到个人心理、个人社会经济条件、群体支持、休闲方式性质等多方面因素的影响。本文以长江流域东、中、西部区域中心城市上海、武汉和成都为例，在实证调查的基础上，围绕居民休闲生活的各方面影响因素，以不同性别、不同年龄、不同家庭收入和不同文化层次群体为主体进行了阐述，在分析和对比三地居民选择的基础上，对其中呈现出来的有关特征进行了初步探讨。[关键词]休闲生活；城市居民；影响因素；成都，武汉Ruralrecreationaltourism——aPerspectiveofHarmoniousCultureSUNYing1(TourismDepartment,HenanUniversity,Kaifeng475001,China)Abstract:Ruralrecreationaltourismisaspecialtouristactivitythaturbanresidents,propelledbythetraditionalharmoniousculture,gotocountrysidetoenjoylifeandreturntonature.WiththespiritandessenceoftraditionalChineseharmoniousculture,ruralrecreationaltourismconformstothetimerequirementstobuildaharmonioussociety,anditisboundtobecomeanimportantforceinbuildinganewsocialisticcountryside.Analyzingruralrecreationaltourismfromtheperspectiveofharmoniouscultural,contributestomakeamoreprofoundunderstandingofitsdrive,brightfutureandsocialfunctiontofurtherexplorenewideasforitsdevelopmentstrategyandpromotethehealthydevelopmentofbuildingaharmonioussociety.Keywords:ruralrecreationaltourism,leisure,harmonious