油气层损害诊断专题讲义

胡大平：听课人的层次第一层次:“水杯法”，带了水杯，听课时喝得舒服，不记笔记，没有思考，回去后就没有水喝。一时痛快，没有沉淀第二层次:“水桶法”，提一个水桶来，当场喝得过瘾，又记笔记，反思过去，设立目标，准备行动第三层次:“钻机法”，有自己的实践和理论模式，带着钻机来听课，不仅当场喝饱，还学习到了他人的钻井技术，丰富自己的理论。外行看热闹，内行看门道，俗称“偷艺”第五章油气层损害诊断康毅力

油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室中国石油天然气集团公司油井完井技术中心西南石油大学石油工程学院2009年10月21日提纲0、损害机理及诊断概述1、DST测试2、测井分析3、井史分析4、相邻井生产动态对比5、压力不稳定试井分析6、节点系统分析7、生产效率剖面8、生产测井9、岩心分析油气层损害机理润湿性改变水锁凝析液锁液相圈闭（水，油）气锥或水锥毛管压力的改变乳状液堵塞粘土膨胀微粒运移云母解体无机垢注ＣＯ２导致的无机垢酸化引起的二次沉淀碳酸盐溶解—沉淀酸渣有机垢—石蜡，沥青沉积外来固相的堵塞油气层固相物堵塞，出砂细菌损害应力损害四大类型物理损害化学损害生物损害热力损害损害描述储层损害诊断方法

MethodsforRecognitionofFormationDamage储层物性条件差—饱和度、孔隙度、渗透率、裂缝存在储层损害作业因素,如完井作业中：—射孔参数不合理（孔眼密度低、孔眼太小，深度不够，打开不完善）—水泥环质量差、强度不高等低产原因损害可能存在的标志压力与产量关系变化波动很大产量低于经济下限产量要比中途测试、岩心分析、测井计算所预测值低得多同一油气藏，储层物性完全相同，但产量差异很大生产井出砂测试时出现表皮效应有机结垢和无机垢沉积注入能力急剧下降，措施或处理周期短诊断技术DST测试分析测井分析生产史分析相邻井产量对比压力不稳定试井分析生产效率剖面生产测井岩心实验分析井下照相井下取样分析节点分析提纲0、损害机理及诊断概述1、DST测试2、测井分析3、井史分析4、相邻井生产动态对比5、压力不稳定试井分析6、节点系统分析7、生产效率剖面8、生产测井9、岩心分析1、钻柱测试（DrillStemTests）Intheearlystagesofexploratorydrillingintoanewformation,DrillStemTestingisnormallyusedtoconfirmtheproductionpotentialofahydrocarbonshowHowever,ifgeochemicalanalysisofdrillchipsandcuttingsestablishesthepresenceofhydrocarbons,butDSTshowsthetestedintervaltobenon-productive,thenformationdamagepossiblyexistsAnalysisofthepressureversustimedatageneratedduringDSTcanbeusedsemi-quantitativelytodeterminetheseverityofdamagebycalculatingtheskin.Itis,however,desirabletoexercisecautionduringinitialDST,sincepressuresurgesandhighdrawdowncaninitiatefinesmovement.Reviewofprioroperationalhistoryisthennecessarytoestablishwhichaspectofthedrillingprocessmayhavegivenrisetodamage.ThefollowingfigureshowsatypicalDSToutputillustratingahighpermeabilitydamagedzone.Noticethefollowingfeaturesthatarecharacteristicofdamage:ShortradiuscurvealongCDE*AnalmostflatslopealongDEAsharpriseafterclosed-inperiodasalongEFAhighdifferentialpressurebetweenaclosed-inandfinalflowpressure(EG)DSTTraceShowingExtreme

DamageinaHighProductivityZonept坐封开井关井开井关井开封ExerciseinClass1。指出下列测试卡片曲线中，A、B两口井是否存在损害，并说明理由。2。油田开发中哪些作业可以增加渗透率pt曲线A曲线B测井曲线上的泥浆侵入响应

MudInvasionEffectsonWellLogs

2、测井分析中子孔隙度降低感应电阻率降低Thedegreeanddepthoffiltrateinvasionduringdrillingcanbeestimatedfromdeep,mediumandshallowresistivitydevices(e.gLaterolog)orconductivitydevicessuchasdualinductionlogsorcombinationsthereof(e.gInduction-Laterolog).Thesedeviceswillgivesemi-quantitativeindicationsofpossibledamageduringproduction.AnalyticalmodelspresentedbyHassenfordescribingfiltrateinvasioncanalsobeusedtoestimatethedepthofinvasionparticularlyincaseswherethedepthofinvestigationoftheloggingtoolislimited.滤液侵入程度和深度可以从深、中、浅电阻率测井或双感应测井曲线进行半定量评价IfproblemsareidentifiedbyDSTandlogs,furtherinvestigationisstillnecessarytopinpointwhataspectofthedrilling/completionprogramisresponsiblefortheapparentpoorformationresponse作业史分析

Dailydrilling/cementing/completionreports,mudandcompletion,workoverandwellstimulationfluidprogramsshouldbereviewed(Allen).

滤失量、pH值、钻速随深度变化Fluidloss,pHandROPdatashouldbeplottedasfunctionofdepthtohelpidentifyanyzoneswherehighpH-filtratelosshadoccurred.Suchzonesaregoodcandidatesfordamage.Anindividualwellanalysisthenquantifieswhetherornotthewellisproducingtopotential.Ifnot,why?Andtheproductionpotentialbehindpipe.3、井史分析（WellHistoryReview）Theproductionpotentialofanidealwellinafield,poolorleaseisevaluated,whilerecognizingthatthewellpotentialwilldependonthefollowingfactors:TypeofdrivemechanismStatusofdepletionRockandfluidproperties(Kh,qh,1L,Krel,PVT,etc.)Theproductivityindex(PI)istypicallycomputedforunboundedandboundedreservoirsfromDarcy'sLawforSteadyStateIncompressibleFlowasfollows:Comparisonoftheoreticaltoactualproductionratescanbeusedtoestablishwhetherornotthewellisproducingatexptectedcapacity,forthegivenoperatingdrivemechanismasshownonFigure5-4AandB.ActualvsTheoreticalSpecifiedProductivityIndicesProductionHistoryShowing

WellDamageProblem提纲0、损害机理及诊断概述1、DST测试2、测井分析3、井史分析4、相邻井生产动态对比5、压力不稳定试井分析6、节点系统分析7、生产效率剖面8、生产测井9、岩心分析Whenawellexperiencesanabnormalgradualdeclineinproductivityascomparedtootherwellspenetratingthesameformationwithsimilarinitialtransmissibility(Kh)values,formationdamagecanbesuspected.Analysisofsemilogplotsofproductionrateversustimedataforthecandidatewellandanoffsetwellcanbeusedtocomparetheirrelativeproductiondeclinerates.Ifthecandidatewellshowsahigherdeclinerate,thentheexistenceofformationdamageismostlikely.Figure5-8showsacandidateWellBpenetratingasimilarzoneasanoffsetWellA,butexhibitingahigherdeclineratethanWellAasshownonFigure5-9.4、相邻井生产动态对比ComparisonofProductionPerformanceofOffsetWellsComparisonoftheproductionperformanceofWellsAandBcanalsobeaccomplishedbycomputingtheirrespectivetheoreticalandactualspecificproductivityindices(SPI)asfollows:Problem5-2illustratestheuseofSPIforcomparativeevaluationoftheproductionperformanceoftwooffsetwellsinagivenlease.提纲0、损害机理及诊断概述1、DST测试2、测井分析3、井史分析4、相邻井生产动态对比5、压力不稳定试井分析6、节点系统分析7、生产效率剖面8、生产测井9、岩心分析Extensivebodyofliteratureexistsontheuseofwelltestanalysisfordiagnosisofdamagedformations(Milleretal.;Horner;Hurst;VanEverdingen;Thomas;,Nowaketal.;Matthewset.al.;Mcleodetal.;Earlougher).Pressuretransientwelltestanalysisisperhapsthemosteffectivefieldtechniquefordetectionofformationdamage.Buildupanddrawdowntestscanbeusedtoestablishtheexistenceofformationdamageparticularlyinwellswithahighproductivityindex.Analysisofthetestdatabyanyappropriatetechnique(Horner,Gringartenetal.;Bourdetetal.)canyieldadamageskinfactor,SdefinedbyHawkins.Theskinfactorisacompositeoftwoskins-oneduetodamage,S1andanother,S2duetorestrictedentryintothewellborecausedbymechanicalfactors.5、压力不稳定试井分析PressureTransientWellTestAnalysisTheskinduetomechanicalfactorscanbecomputedbythemethodsofBronsetal.AndOdeh.Theskinduetodamage,S1isacumulativeeffectofdamagefromthevariousoperations.Thus,pressuretransientanalysisisstillhandicappedbynotbeingabletoidentifyatwhatstageofwelldevelopmentthedamageoccurred.Buildupand/orfall-offtestsareusefulforevaluationofthedamageandstimulationpotentialofanywell.理想的油藏模型Pw~(th+t)/t曲线

压恢与压降测试分析关井后理论与实际的井底压力动态压力恢复压力降落Theskinfactor,Scanbecomputedfromabuild-uporfall-offcurveasfollows:where:Pw1hr = Pressureonthestraightlineportionofthebuild-uporfall-offcurveatashut-intimeof1hourk = bulkformationpermeability,md = porosity,fraction = viscosity,cpc = compressibility,psi-1表皮系数与附加压降表皮系数S与损害带渗透率和深度有关式中：Kd

——损害带渗透率K ——地层原始渗透率rd ——损害带半径当

SD >0，储层可能被损害，因Kd<KSD<0，储层可能被改造，因Kd>KRd

需要通过其它手段确定，如测井和模拟实验Kd

可由K,rd

和S通过下式计算：损害带半径和损害带渗透率的测定Theadditionalpressuredropincurredinthenearwellboreregionduetothepresenceofadamagedarea,rd,isgivenby: (P)s = 141.2

qB/kh SD = 141.2(m/162.6)SD (P)s = 0.87ms(P)sisthechangeinthefollowingbottomholepressureifthalteredzonepermeability,kd,wasequaltothebulkformationpermeability,k

Foranewreservoirwherepressuretransienthasnotreachedthetrueboundary: re= = 0.00633(K/c) th = HornerTime=提纲0、损害机理及诊断概述1、DST测试2、测井分析3、井史分析4、相邻井生产动态对比5、压力不稳定试井分析6、节点系统分析7、生产效率剖面8、生产测井9、岩心分析并不是所有的表皮系数都是由储层损害引起的S损害=S总-S拟完井设计或井下管柱结构不合理导致拟表皮系数——限制流入：紊流，裂缝与井筒斜交——偏心井——射孔孔密、孔深、相位不合理——机械节流——举升系统不匹配：油管径小，气举阀不合理，地面回压高——薄互层油藏——井斜6、节点系统分析NodalSystemsAnalysisNodalanalysishasevolvedasapowerfultoolfordetectionofformationdamageandevaluationofeffectivestimulationprocedures.AsdefinedbyBrownetal.,nodalanalysisisasystemsapproachtooptimizationofoilandgaswellsbythoroughevaluationofthecompleteproducingsystem.Mcleodreferredtothismethodas"WellFlowAnalysis"inthateachcomponentofthewellsystemischeckedtodetermineitscontributionstoanyflowrestrictions.自喷井系统中的各种压力损失泄流边界井筒（射孔孔眼）井口与油嘴分离器储罐气藏油管管线输送管线压力PePwfPwhPspPsTrh气井压力剖面TheprocedurefordevelopingtheInflowPerformanceRelationship,IPR,(sandfacepressureversusrate),TubingIntakeCurve(bottomholetubingpressureversusrate),Differentialpressureavailableforanyrateacrossthecompletedinterval,andthepressuredropacrossthecompletionforvariousrateshavebeendocumentedbyMcleod.Thepressuredropacrossthecompletionvarieswiththefollowingcompletionparameters:lengthofperforatedinterval,perforationdiameter,lengthofperforationtunnel,andpermeabilityofthetunnel.Figure5-14showsatypicalnodalanalysiscurvewhichpermitsdeterminationofoptimumproductionratesforvariouswellboremechanicalconsiderations.Whenthepredictedandactualperformanceoftheoilorgaswellarecompared,itiseasytoestablishthatthewellisnotproducingatcapacityandthatformationdamagemaybepresent.

NodalAnalysisCurveRelatesProductionRatetoBottomholePressure(BHP)orChangeinPressure(P).OptimumProductionRatesareshownforvariousperforationdensities(SPF)压力~产量曲线lbesndevelopedaproductionefficiencyprofiletechniqueforevaluationofwellperformance.ThistechniqueisanalogoustoNodalAnalysis.However,thetechniquerelatestheradiusofpossibledamagetowhattheauthorcalls'incrementalporevolume,IPV"and'incrementalfluidvelocity,IFV'.TheradiusfromthewellboretoanyzoneofthereservoirisplottedasfunctionofbothIPVandIFV.ThepointofintersectionoftheIPVandIFVprofilesdefinesaparticular'criticalradius,Rci'forinitialreservoirproductionandinitialpressure,Pi.IfthecurrentproductionisusedtocomputeanewIFVprofile,thenewintersectionofIFVwithIPVwilldefineRc2forcurrentpressure,P2.IftheratioofRc2/Rci>P2/Pi,thewellisoperatingaboveoptimum,ifRc1/Rc2=P2/Pi,thewellisoperatingatoptimumratesandifRc2/Rcl<P2/P1,thenthewellisproducingbelowoptimumandispossiblydamaged.Figure5-15showsaschematicofacylindericalshellaroundthewellborewhichillustratestheconceptofproductionefficiencyprofile(PEP).7、生产效率剖面ProductionEfficiencyProfileTheporevolume,Vpi,ataradius,RI(inches),fromthewellboreisgivenby:Ataradius,R2,whereR2=R1+1inchIncrementalporevolume(IPV,Vpwithintheoneinchbyonefootshellisgivenby:提纲0、损害机理及诊断概述1、DST测试2、测井分析3、井史分析4、相邻井生产动态对比5、压力不稳定试井分析6、节点系统分析7、生产效率剖面8、生产测井9、岩心分析生产测井可以作为诊断损害的补充手段生产测井的基本功能是追踪套管内及套管外流体运动，监测流体接触界面的运动情况生产或注入流动剖面用于确定各个射孔层段流量的分布，以判别某个层是否存在损害技术应用——转子流量计（SpinnerFlowmeter）——流体密度计（Gradiomanometer）8、生产测井（ProductionLogging）Thespinnerflowmeterisusedtomeasurefluidvelocitiesinthetubingorcasing(Figure5-16).Thetooliscentrallylocatedwithinthefluidcolumnandmovedataconstantspeedagainstthedirectionofflow.Thespinnerspeedislinearlyrelatedtothefluidvelocityrelativetothetoolandrecordedcontinuouslyasfunctionydepth.Atypicalspinnertoolisthecontinuousflowmeterwhichisusefulfordeterminationofproductionandinjectionprofiles,analysisoffractureoracidizingjobsforevaluationofproductivityindex.8.1转子流量计（SpinnerSurveys）AfterMcKinleyAfterMcKinleyThegradiomanometertoolisdesignedtodeterminethechangesinpressuregradient.Thistoolisusefulinhighflowratewellsandiswell-suitedforprofileanalysisintwophaseflow.Thistoolmeasuresthepressuredifferenceinthewellbetweenanytwopointsandiffrictionallossesarenegligible,thenthepressuredifferenceisequaltothehydrostaticpressuregradient,duetotheaveragefluiddensityinthepipeovertheinvestigatedinterval.8.2

流体密度计GradiomanometerSurveyHold-upDeterminationfromGrandiomanometerData8.3其它方法温度测井井下电视井壁取样分析提纲0、损害机理及诊断概述1、DST测试2、测井分析3、井史分析4、相邻井生产动态对比5、压力不稳定试井分析6、节点系统分析7、生产效率剖面8、生产测井9、岩心分析Allthefieldtechniquesdiscussedsofarcanidentifytheprobableexistenceofdamagebutnonecaneitherpinpointatwhatoperationalstagethedamagemayhaveoccurredand/orquantifytherelativecontributiontodamagefromvariouswelloperations.However,laboratorytestingofthefluidsandtechniquesusedinvariouswelloperationswillhelpdeciphernotonlythepotentialfordamagebutalsotheexistence,mechanismandpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.9、岩心分析技术Laboratorycoreanalysismethodsforrecognitionofformationdamagefallintothreecategories:PetrographicAnalysisofReservoirSensitivityDynamicCoreFlowTestsChemicalAnalysisofFluidsThesetechniquesmustbeperformedinasystematicmannerandintegratedtoprovideacompleteunderstandingoftheproblem,establishthemechanismanddetermineoptimumpreventiveand/ortreatmentprocedure.储层损害诊断研究实例1、美国路易斯安那州近海油田2、美国普鲁德霍湾油田3、美国地下储气库井损害识别4、中国塔里木东河塘油田5、英国北海米勒油田1、美国路易斯安那州近海油田B-5井概况——疏松砂岩油层，油层厚40英尺——新井，砾石充填完成，并进行了测试——产出原油重度为29.5oAPI——负压射孔，孔密12孔/英尺——完井液为过滤的CaCl2和KCl，能暂时稳定粘土矿物——测试期间在高压下生产——钻井作业中无明显漏失——预期产量5000桶/天——投产时只有1222桶/天1、美国路易斯安那州近海油田（续）损害识别技术——不稳定试井分析，出现高表皮系数——测井分析表明，各层孔隙度基本一致——节点分析——生产测井，各层产量差异很大——室内实验，2%KCl完井液使油相渗透率降低62%——使用氟硼酸处理，损害可消除并提高渗透率180%结论：储层损害是低产的原因根据每层的产量和完井测试确定的表皮系数1、美国路易斯安那州近海油田（续）储层损害评价技术——XRD，粘土矿物含量8%-11%——SEM，Kao、Ch、I、I/S——岩心流动实验损害原因,测试期间——油层与完井液接触，发生粘土矿物膨胀——其次为微粒运移1、美国路易斯安那州近海油田（续）处理方案：HCl/HF——氟硼酸体系消除损害——注4000加仑的7.5%HCl，溶解碳酸盐矿物——注8000加仑的12%HCl+3%HF，消除近井损害——注500加仑NH4Cl隔离液——注500加仑氟硼酸，稳定微粒，消除深部损害——关井3小时，充分反应处理后评价结果——试井解释，S由209下降为15.8——节点分析产能大大提高，实际产量5033桶/天储层损害诊断研究实例1、美国路易斯安那州近海油田2、美国普鲁德霍湾油田3、美国地下储气库井损害识别4、中国塔里木东河塘油田5、英国北海米勒油田欢迎光临谢谢指导！思考题油气井作业及生产中哪些现象表明存在损害？对于给定的油藏，如何诊断其损害机理？试述矿场资料与岩心分析数据在诊断损害中的作用特点及联系。对于已发生漏失性损害的裂缝性、强水敏性、强水相圈闭损害趋势储层，怎样解除损害并防止后续作业的损害？如何确定注水井损害半径？对于低压、强水敏、强水相圈闭损害趋势的气层，如何实现钻井完井过程比较理想的保护？《化妆品术语》起草情况汇报中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所一、标准的立项和下达时间2006年卫生部政法司要求各标委会都要建立自己的术语标准。1ONE二、标准经费标准研制经费：3.8万三、标准的立项意义术语标准有利于行业间技术交流、提高标准一致性、消除贸易误差，作为标准体系中的基础标准，术语标准在各个领域的标准体系中均起着重要的作用。随着我国化妆品卫生标准体系建设逐步加快，所涉及的术语和定义的数量也在迅速增长，在此情形下，化妆品术语标准的制定就显得尤为重要。四、标准的制订原则1.合法性遵守《化妆品卫生监督条例》、《化妆品卫生监督条例实施细则》中关于化妆品的定义。2.协调性直接引用或修改采用的方式，与相关标准中的术语和定义相协调。3.科学性对于没有国标或定义不统一的术语，在定义时体现科学性的原则。4.实用性在标准体系中出现频率较高，与行业联系较紧密的术语优先选用。五、标准的起草经过

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