精讲精练第二次课课后作业解析

BynetsinOurSolar TradeandtheAncientMiddle TypesofSocial PastoralisminAncientInner DevelopmentofthePeriodic Succession,Climax,and ：：@个人邮箱：che

netsinOurSolar离近离近离远该信息与原文相eachnetmaintainsanellipticalorbitandallofthemtravelinthesamedirection与原文信息Variationsinthecompositionofthenetsarelargelyresponsibleforthedensitydifferences以及Theterrestrialnetsaremostlyrocks:denserockyandmetallicmaterial,withminoramountsofgases相符A答非所问，不是areasonwhyterrestrialnetsaredense与原文信息相，原文信息为TheJoviannets,ontheotherhand,containalargepercentageofthegaseshydrogenandhelium,withvaryingamountsofices不是norockymaterial原文逻辑推理，TheJoviannetshaveverythick与原文信息becauseoftheirgreatermassesandthushighersurfacegravities,havehigherescapevelocities(21-60kilometerspersecond)thantheterrestrialnets.相符与原文信息atthelowtemperaturesoftheJoviannetseventhelightestgasesareunlikelytoacquirethespeedneededto因果推理，原文信息为eventhelightestgasesareunlikelytoacquirethespeedneededtoescape以及likeEarth'smoon,isunabletoholdeventheheaviestgasandthuslacksanatmosphere，与原文信息Theexnationmaybethattheterrestrialnetswereoncemuchlargerandricherinthesematerialsbuteventuallylostthembecauseofthesebodies'relativeclosenesstotheSun相符C答非所问，原文信息但是不是导致lackoflightgasesandicesonterrestrialnets的原因离近离远AnswerHaverelativelysmallAregroupedinthesamecategoryasPluto（与原文ContainrelativelyhighproportionsofHaverelativelyhighHavedensitiesthataregenerallylowerthanthedensityofwater（与原HaverelativelyhighescapeHaveacompositionclosertothatofthecloudfromwhichtheyTradeandtheAncientMiddle第三段解析：对贸易依赖带来的影响二：允许行会和的兴起与原文信息Ancientdemandsforobsidian(ablackvolcanicrockusefulformakingmirrorsandtools)ledtotradewithArmeniatothenorth,whilejadeforcuttingtoolswasbroughtfromTurkistan,andthepreciousstonelapislazuliwasimportedfromA偷换概念。原文提到valuablemetalsandstones但是没有提到highdemandinsurroundingareasD偷换概念，原文提到limitedwatersintheMiddleEast,但是没有createdmanyopportunitiesfortrade与原文信息Intheseshopsdifferencesofrankwereblurredasartisansandmasterslaboredsidebysideinthesamemodestestablishment,wereusuallymembersofthesameguildandreligioussect,livedinthesameneighborhoods,andoftenhadassumed(orreal)kinshiprelationships.相符B偷换概念，原文提到livedinthesameneighborhoods,andoftenhadassumed(orreal)kinshiprelationships.但不是hadincommonwiththeirmastersC偷换概念，原文信息Theworkerwasboundtothemasterbyamutualcontractthateitheronecouldrepudiate不是选项的信息boundtotheirmastersbyunbreakablecontractsgrowthofindependentguildswasfurtheredbythefact…以及theernmentleftworkingpeopleto ernthemselves说明自我管理和A引入原文不存在的概念，原文无提及modeofproductionmadepossiblebythecraftguilds.与原文信息，原文信息Inthemultiplicityofsmall-scalelocalA信息错误，将原文信息杂糅，原文没有withmerchantswholikethemwereboundbytheirpromisestooneanothercarefulweighingofcharacter.原文逻辑推理hadmuchtoleranceforaristocraticprofessionsofmoralsuperiorityinstead形成对比关系与原文信息likethepastoralists,MiddleEasternmerchantsandartisansunhappywiththeirenvironmentcouldsimplypackupandleaveforgreenerpastures—anactofself-assertionwhollyimpossibleinmostothercivilizationsthroughouthistory相符A无中生有，原文没有提及drawon alconnectionstofindadifferentkindofworkBC偷换概念，原文提到likethepastoralists，但不是theycouldandreceive,betterworking该信息其支持论证的作用，相当于举例子，其服务的对象为thedevelopmentofnewinternationaltraderoutescouldunderminethemonetarybaseanderodestatepower入句子前接it指代的对象且有foronething的总结，后文可能接demandforfinishedgoods等信息Sinceancienttimes,relianceontradehasshapedthecultureandorganizationalstructureofMiddleEasternsocieties.AnswerPersianandArabianmerchantstraveledgreatdistancestoselltheirfinishedgoodsatthemarketcesofancientSumeria.Revenuefromtradewasunevenlydistributed,causingMiddleEasternsocietiestobecharacterizedbygrowingdistinctionsinwealthandpower.解析：与原文相，原文信息为minimizingdistinctionsofwealthandpowerQualitiesthatwerevaluedinthemercantileeconomyincludedindividualism,hardwork,loyalty,andthewillingnesstotakerisks.Asproductionincreased,centralizedcontroloverproductionalsoincreased,leadinginturntomorecentralizedcontroloverfellowshipand解析：与原文centralizedcontroloverCraftswereproducedbyskilledartisansworkinginclose,egalitarianrelationshipswiththeirmastersandotherfellowguildmembers.ThestabilityofMiddleEastern ernmentswasthreatenedbytheirlackofcontroloverinternationaltradepatternsandovertheirownperipheralterritories.TypesofSocialExpressiveties:emotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeopleInstrumentalties:wecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoalAprimarygroup的定义:ExpressivetiespredominateinprimarygroupsAsecondarygroup的定义:Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups义expressive12与原文信息Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopleto elinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship相符Aassociationswithmanypeoplefortwo eB偷换概念，原文信息是humannessarisesoutoftheserelationshipsinthecourseofsocialin ction与Itshouldbestudied无关C无中生有，原文无提及Itcesgreatdemandson3Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity，故应与achieve形成对比反义的关系。4formedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.强调occasionally，说明正常情况与该特征相反5与原文信息Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother以及Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanim alrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose相符B与原文，特征相反6整体与部分的逻辑关系，原文信息Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andsatisfactions.frequent78化以及提供统一性的感觉。第二层结果：社会学家认为primarygroups是个B信息错误individualswithasenseofonenessbridgethegapbetweensocietyandprimarygroups原文信息的杂糅。Dculturalpatternsariseasbridgesfromprimary910原文逻辑推理得出，根据后文的举例的解释说明关系goesbeyondthatgroup'snorms11somesocialgroupsemployshunningasadevicetobringintolineindividualswhosebehaviorgoesbeyondthatallowedbytheparticulargroup相符。B偷换概念，原文信息为asadevicetobringintolineindividualsC,D原文均未提及12入句子前接与forexample相对应的信息。后文可能接makehealthierlifechoicesanddevelopfewerpathologies的信息13义expressive16745 ViewingpeopleasameanstoanPastoralisminAncientInnerPastoralism的特点：economicactivityisbasedprimarilyonpastoralistsocieties 12与原文信息Here,thehorsewasalready ingtheanimalofprestigeinmanyregions,thoughsheep,goats,andcattlecouldalsoyavitalrole.ItistheuseofhorsesfortransportationandwarfarethatexinswhyInnerEurasianpastoralismprovedthemostandthemostmilitaristicofallmajorformsofpastoralism相符34Sopastoralismisamoreextensivelifewaythanfarmingis.5ThemoreanimalsyouhavethefartheryouhavetoamountsoffoodandclothingConsumecomparativelylarge的关系6该信息起支持论证的作用，服务的对象为Nomadismhasfurtherconsequences.Itmeansthatpastoralistsocietiesoccupyandcaninfluenceverylargeterritories789与原文信息Suchruleslimitvariationsinaccumulatedmaterialgoodsbetweenpastoralisthouseholds(thoughtheymayalsoencourageatasteforportablegoodsofhighvaluesuchassilksor10与原文信息相。tooslighttogeneratethestable,hereditary11但是不被的确实和女人掌握一样的技能所削弱。mencanacquiremilitaryskill与原文untilmostcommunitiesbegantorequirewomentopossessthesameskills的时间逻辑Inequalitiesofgenderinpastoralistsocietieswerecausedby的因果逻辑1213 By3000B.C.,adistinctiveformofpastoralismhadappearedonthesteppesofInnerEurasia.AnswerThedomesticatedhorseisprimarilyresponsibleforEurasianpastoralism’ssuccessinmobilityandAspastoraliststraveledacrosslargeareasofterrainwiththeirdomesticatedanimals,theytradedvaluablematerialgoodssuchassilksandtradedvaluablematerialgoodssuchassilksandjewelryBecausepastoralistsarehighly,theytendtohavefewmaterialpossessionsandcaninfluencetheculture,ecology,andlanguageofverylargearea.Becausepastoralismrequiresagreatdealoflandtosupportitsanimal-basedlifeway,pastoralistsmustcontinuallyrelocateandhavecomparativelyegalitariansocieties.MostscholarsnowbelievethatIndo-EuropeanlanguagesprobablyevolvedduringtheNeolithicperiodintheregionoftheDonandDnieperPastoralistcommunitiesdonothavesocialclassesintheusualsensebecausetheyvaluespiritualattainmentovermaterialwealth.DevelopmentofthePeriodic元素周期表发展的初期历程Bythelate1860's……forerunnerofthemoderntable举例说明：Indium,for后来研究：notbeorderedstrictlybyatomicmass 举例说明：Forexampleagapjustbelow举例说明：Additionalsupportcamein1885wheneka-举例说明：JohnWilliamStrutt,LordRayleigh,discoveredagaseouselementHenryCavendishhadnotedtheexistenceofaresidualgas举例说明：Rayleighisolatedthegasandnamedit举例说明：RayleighandRamsaypostulatedtheexistenceofnewgroupof与原文信息itwasfoundthatsuccessiveelementsbelongedtodifferentchemicalgroupsandthattheorderofthegroupsinthissequencewasfixedandrepeateditselfatregularintervals.相符。答非所问，该信息发现规律后的结果不是whatpatterndidscientists偷换概念，原文信息为theorderofthegroupsrepeateditselfrepetitionofthesameatomicmassesD原文无提及该信息该信息起强调作用，强调服务的对象为chemicalpropertiesindicatedthatnewelementsshouldbelocated以及后文递进assumedthatifameasuredatomicmassputanelementinthewrongceinthetable,theatomicmasswaswrong与原文信息evenassumedthatifameasuredatomicmassputanelementinthewrongceinthetable,theatomicmasswasD信息杂糅，原文提及elementswerenotorderedbyatomicmass但是与原文信息Becausethereisnospaceintheperiodicbetweenthesetwoelements,Mendeleyevsuggestedthattheatomicmassofindiumbechangedtoacompleydifferentvalue相符。B偷换概念，原文提及atomicmassthathadbeenassignedtoindiumwasincorrect但是没有提及experimentalevidence，同样二者也没有因果答非所问，原文提及该信息但不是changingtheatomicmassofD偷换概念，原文无提及weresimilartothoseofarsenicandnumberofprotonsinthenucleus),notatomicmassnumber(thenumberofprotonsandneutrons),determineschemicalbehavior.即因为atomicnumber不同，决定了chemicalbehavior.因果推理，原文信息为agapjustbelowaluminumsuggestedanewelementwouldbefoundwithproperties以及TheclosecorrespondencebetweentheobservedpropertiesofgalliumandMendeleyev’spredictionsforeka-aluminumlentstrongsupporttotheperiodiclaw得知，因为有元素表上的空缺，所以可以预测新的元素C原文无提及该信息因果类Infer，原文信息为TheclosecorrespondencebetweentheobservedpropertiesofgalliumandMendeleyev’spredictionsforeka-aluminumlentstrongsupporttotheperiodiclaw.即为因为发现，所以可以验证periodiclawofheliuminthespectrumofsunlight逻辑关系错误，不是AfterRamsayhaddiscoveredanew入句子前要接theseriesofelementsrepeatitself.的相关信息。后文可能接breakuptheseries之后的情况现TheperiodictableintroducedbyMeyerandMendeleyevwastheforerunnerofthemoderntableofelements.AnswerLordRayleighprovidedevidencethatthestructureoftheperiodictablelimitedthepotentialnumberofelements.LordRayleighprovidedMendeleyevandMeyerorganizedtheknownelementsintoachartthatrevealedperiodicrecurrencesofchemicalandphysicalproperties.Mendeleyev'ssuccessfulpredictionofthepropertiesofthen-unknownelementslentsupporttotheacceptanceoftheperiodiclaw.RamsayandLordRayleighchallengedtheimportanceofthechemicalresearchthatHenryCavendishhaddoneacenturyearlier.解析：原文无提及challengedtheimportanceofthechemicalIsotopesofagivenelementhaveexactlythesamephysicalproperties,buttheirchemicalpropertiesareslightlydifferent.Inthe1890's,RamsayandLordRayleighisolatedargonandproposedtheexistenceofanewseriesofelements.Succession,Climax,and给出Clements关于successionofntcommunities的观举例说明：Anabandonedfield,forlawlikeinfluencedbymanynotpredictableorofuniformchangerelativelyClements的观点：superorganism举例论证：Anantbiome的定义：acombinationofcoexistingfloraand给出的观点：vegetationtypeswereasimpleconsequenceoftheecologiesofindividualntspeciescirculation,transformation,andaccumulationofenergyandmatterthroughthemediumoflivingthingsandtheiractivities，，Clments认为ClementsandEcosystems1与原文信息Clementsandotherearlyecologistssawalmostlawlikeregularityintheorderofsuccession,butthathasnotbeensubstantiated.Ageneraltrendcanberecognized,butthedetailsareusuallyunpredictable.相符证实，不是需要确立establishClements'predictions23456Manyauthorsprefertheterm"association"totheterm"community"inordertostresstheloosenessoftheinction.相符7与原文信息itismisleadingtospeakofa"spruce-moosebiome,"forexample,becausethereisnointernalcohesiontotheirassociationasinanorganism相符8Thesprucecommunityisnotsubstantiallyaffectedbyeitherthepresenceorabsenceof9原文逻辑推理，原文信息为soonjoinedbyvariousotherecologists得知前文应该首先由谁提出来10Theirmajorpointwasthatthedistributionofagivenspecieswascontrolledbythehabitatrequirementsofthatspeciesandthatthereforethevegetationtypeswereasimpleconsequenceoftheecologiesofindividualntspecies相符ChabitatsareavailableforawidevarietyofntandanimalspeciesD与原文相，原文信息asimpleconsequenceoftheecologiesofindividualntspecies，即与其他物种的出现无关11原句分为两个层次为因果关系。第一层：因为climax,biome,superorganism,等关于某一地区动植物联系的术语被批评。第二层：所以ecosystem被越来越多得接受用来描述有机体与环境之间的关系Arefersspecificallytothephysicalfactorswithinanenvironment的信息C信息错误，原文信息不包括becametootechnical以及recedbythemorepopularandmore