2019年全国硕士研究生考试真题和逐题详解（英语一）

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2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）

（科目代码：201）

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwor(J(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andother

navigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.]ofusjustwalkstraight

intothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescan

diefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,and

you4can'tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5to

civilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7

area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthis

particulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelmingly

liveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,and

followanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-you

maybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyour

bearings.

Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,

evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelinedueto

roads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarvej5thewoods.Headtoward

these电tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17light

sources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflight

pollution.

J8,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfor

the19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeatures

can2()youtocivilization.

英语（一）试题.1.（共14页）

1.A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All

2.A.putB.takeC.runD.come

3.A.SinceB.IfC.ThoughD.Until

4.A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally

5.A.backB.nextC.aroundD.away

6.A.ontoB.offC.acrossD.along

7.A.unattractiveB.uncrowdedC.unchangedD.unfamiliar

8.A.siteB.pointC.wayD.place

9.A.SoB.YetC.InsteadD.Besides

10.A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually

11.A.suiprisedB.annoyedC.frightenedD.confused

12.A.problemB.optionC.viewD.result

13.A.AboveallB.IncontrastC.OnaverageD.Forexample

14.A.bridgeB.avoidC.spotD.separate

15.A.fromB.throughC.beyondD.under

16.A.postsB.linksC.shadesD.breaks

17.A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hiddenD.limited

18.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally

19.A.memoriesB.marksC.notesD.belongings

20.A.restrictB.adoptC.leadD.expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

A,B.CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

英语（一）试题.2.（共14页）

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedanitherunusualmleonthebosses

ofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbe

delayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themain

purposeofthis**clawback''ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk­

takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohope

foramuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanks

butbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

44Short-termism,northedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpublicly

tradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.

Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthis

financialimpatienceasactinglike44childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheir

puddingtoeatthematonce“ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,

henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.

Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,can

hinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomer

loyalty.Thishasbeendubbeduquarterlycapitalism."

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingof

equities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancial

markets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingatthe

expenseoflong-tenninvesting/1saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUS

SecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpublic

companiestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,

slightlyhelpingreduceshort-termism.MInitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,The

WallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedto

performance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourageulong-termism,vsuchaschangesin

thetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholders

whoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometiniesearn

morevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesfor

executivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofall

stakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasan

interestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

英语（一〉试题.3.（共14页）

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto.

A.enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governments,impatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D.ushort-termism°ineconomicactivities

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescan

be.

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D,temporary

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate,

A.theobstaclestopreventingk<short-termismn

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking

C.theapproachestopromotingulong-termism"

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

英语（一）试题.4.（共14页）

Text2

Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-point

averages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumer

erainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobe

pleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogs

calledugradeforgiveness—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceiveda

lowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethat

countsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,as

collegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpaying

tuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarted

decadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchanceto

takeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-level

courses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowall

undergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessisless

aboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecourses

criticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.

"Ultimately/'saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,“wesee

studentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterin

subsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'own

needsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlyto

theirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobetter

gradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.Andanythingthat

raisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepaying

thebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichis

anotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesareresponding

toconsumers*expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparents

expectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschoolto

turnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible——oratleastappeartobe.On

this,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.

英语（一）试题.5.（共14页）

26.Whatiscommonlyregainedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students,indifferencetoGPAs.

C.Colleges,neglectofGPAs.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities,incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto.

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments

C.improvetheirteachingquality

D.meetlocalgovernments,needs

29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned"(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby.

A.assessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit

D.listingitslong-runeffects

英语（一）试题.6.（共14页）

Text3

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein；

or;TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionofthe

electriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthat

wouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstobeniisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamental

questions:uWhatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakes

humanshumans?”

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwould

imitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremain

fascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlike

humans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas

4fcWestworldManduHumans.M

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.kkWeare

justinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousness

actuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.M

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.The

cominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.

Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactions

maybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdriving

experiences,andwhattheireyesandearstel]theminthatmoment.AI"vision”

todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateevery

imaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarcbasedonmassesofdata,uyouquicklygetintoalot

ofethicalquestions,MnotesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-based

agencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluse

ofALAlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsare

beginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethics

center.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7GooglepledgednottoudesignordeployAI"thatwouldcause

"overallharm,"ortodevelopAi-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethat

wouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseuse

wouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoestheidea

thatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligent

machinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?Onlythenwilltheybeuseful

servantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

英语（一）试题.7.（共14页）

31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteuiismentionedbecauseit.

A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies

32.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcuiTentknowledgeofconsciousness

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

A.canhardlyeverbefound

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity

C.causeslittlepublicconcern

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity

34.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof.

A.affirmation

B.skepticism

C.contempt

D,respect

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Al'sFuture：IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

C.TheConscienceofAI：ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

英语（一）试题.8.（共14页）

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymake

onlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleave

shopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayovenuledapairofdecades-old

decisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.

Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonline

purchases.

ThecasesthecourtoveiluiTiedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer's

purchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasa

Wcirehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.

Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselves

iftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.

“Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomic

realityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,Mhewroteinan

opinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedStates'

abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfrom

competingonanevenplayingfield.”

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,since

theyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbe

chargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsales

taxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstatea

purchaseisbeingshippedto.Amazon,com,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,also

collectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhouse

thesitedoifthaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestate

orafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshipto

addressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovide

platformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.

UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellersto

collectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedthemling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldfor

localandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,are

online-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadaches

complyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&

EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinesses

andinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.

英语（一）试题.9.（共14页）

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill.

A.betterbusinesses'relationswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax

D.forcesomestatestocutsalestax

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs2and3thattheovernileddecisions.

A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers

D.wereconsideredunfavorablebystates

38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerule

has.

A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment

B.broughtprosperitytothecountry

C.harmedfairmarketcompetition

D.boostedgrowthinstates'revenue

39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?

A.Internetentrepreneurs.

B.Big-chainowners.

C.Third-partysellers.

D.Smallretailers.

40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor.

A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences

B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking

C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem

D.citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications

英语（一）试题.10.（共14页）

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsarcgiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,you

arerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfrom

thelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandF

havebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

(10points)

A.1hesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseof

beatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthat

dividepeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkand

worktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbal

fightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutual

respectandunderstanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeans

to“win"anargument.

B.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecareful

nottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhow

toevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbad

arguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandto

applythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyouto

recognizeweaknessesinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoaccept

reasonsontheoppositeside.

C.Noneofthesewillbeeasy,butyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Next

timeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimand

honestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalk

withsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheir

view.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrength

impartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

英语（一）试题.II.（共14页）

D.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenihink

ofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.

Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbe

almostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions—like,say,tennis

games.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremerges

fromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhyso

manypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

E.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegie

wrote:MThereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument—andthatisto

avoidit,"Thisaversiontoaigumcntsiscommon,butitdependsonamistaken

viewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsocial

lives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationas

afightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tget

caught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcan

calltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthese

trickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirp(^sitionsortheissuesthatdivide

you,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.

G.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingthe

minimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,“Yes,"andIyell.

“No,"neitherofuslearnsanything.Wcneitherunderstandnorrespecteach

other,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,

supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnot

havetoliveinpoverty.Then1counterwithanotherreasonableargument：that

ahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforless

time.Nowwecanunderstandeachothefspositionsandrecognizeourshared

values,sincewcbothcareaboutneedyworkers.

英语（一）试题.12.（共14页）

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedical

journals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatI

realisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icameto

recognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshow

thatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17times

morelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.

(46)ThereisagreatdealofthiskEdofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhichA

whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresand

short-liveddietaryenthusiasms.

Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled“TheNatural

SelectionofBadSciencen,publishedontheRoyalSociety'sopenscience

website,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthat

theproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcunentsystem

ofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,

butpublication,whichhasbecomealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenakind

ofinflationaryprocessatwork:(47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearch

posthastohavepublishediwicethunumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeen

requiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Nevermindthequality,then,

countthenumber.

(48)Attemptshavebnenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,by

Iryingtoincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintothe

assessmentofanapplicant'spapers.Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatisto

saythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenquotedelsewhereinthescientific

literature,theassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbecitedmoreoften

thanoneofsmallaccount.(49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenolforihc

factthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuture

publications,orgetassociatestod。sofortheminreturnforsimilarfavours.

BoilingdownanindividuaPsoutputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberof

publicationsorjoumalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energyand

ambiguity.Unfortunately,thelong-termcostsofusingsimplequantitative

metricstoassessresearchermeritarelikelytobequitegreat.(50)Ifwcare

seriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,we

mustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.

英语（一）试题.13.（共14页）

Sec