清华大学考博英语真题七

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清华大学考博英语真题七

清华大学考博英语真题七

SectionB

Directions:AfteryouhavereadthefollowingpassagewriteoutasummaryinEnglishwithabout70to90words.Putyoursummary,ontheAnswerSheet.

ItissaidthatthepublicandCongressionalconcern.aboutdeceptivepackaginguproarstartedbecauseSenatorHartdiscoveredthattheboxesofcerealsconsumedbyhim,Mrs.Hart,andtheirchildrenwerebecominghigherandnarrower,withadeclineofnetweightfrom12to10.5ounces,withoutanyreductioninprice.Therewerestilltwelvebiscuits,buttheyhadbeenreducedinsize.Lze.Later,theSenatorrightlycomplainedofastore-boughtpieinahandsomelyillustratedboxthatpictured,inasingleslice,almostasmanycherriesastherewereinthewholepie.

Themanufacturerwhoincreasestheunitpriceofhisproductbychanginghispackagesizetolowerthequantity,deliveredcan,withoutunduehardship,puthisproductintoboxes,bags.andtinsthatwillcontaineven4-ounce,8-ounce,one-poundquantitiesofbreakfastfoods,cakemixes,etc.Astudyofdrugstoreandsupermarketshelveswillconvinceanyobserverthatallpossiblesizeandshapesofboxes,jars,bottlesandtinsareinusemoresametimeandasthepackagejournalsshow,weekbyweek,thereisneveranyhesitationinintroducinganewsizeandshapeofboxorbottlewhenitaidsinproductdifferentiation.Theproducersofpackagedproductsarguestronglyagainstchangingsizesofpackagestocontainevenweightsandvolumes,butnooneinthetradecommentsunfavorablyonthehugecostsincurredbyendlesschangesofpackagesizes,materials,shape,artwork.andnetweightshatareusedforimprovingaproduct'smarketposition.

Whenapackagingexpertexplainedthathewasabletomultiplytilepriceofhardsweetsby2.5,fromIdollarto2.50dollarsbychangingtoafancyjar,orthathehadmadea5-ouncebottlelookasthoughitheld8ounces,hewasineffecttellingthepublicthatpackagingcanbeaveryexpensiveluxury.Itevidentlydoescomehigh.whenanaveragefamilypaysabout200dollarsayearforbottles,cans,boxes,jarsandothercontainers,mostofwhichcan'tbeusedforanythingbutstuffingthegarbagecan.

注：请将概要用英文写在答题纸上。

SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithfivequestions.Afteryouhavereadthepassage,answerthesequestionsinEnglishandthenputthemontheAnswerSheet.

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalorthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-reinedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm'shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentistipandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithheequipmentcanbeemployed.Tineresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

注：请将答案用英文写在答题纸上。

56.WhatdoesthemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompaniesthinkaboutemployeesskilltraining?

57.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resource.managementinanAmericanfirm?

58.moneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto______.

59.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm'scompetitiveadvantageis______.

60.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

PartIVWriting(15%)(请将作文用英文写在答题纸上)

Directions:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteacompositiononthetitleof"TwoImp