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POETRY
“Wevaluepoetryforwhatitshowsusaboutourinnerandouterlives.Wefindpleasureinitsmusic,admirethepowerofitslanguage,takeprideandcomfortinwhatitsays.”Howdoyoufeelaboutthestudyofpoetry?“Inaworldincreasinglyfocusedonthematerialworthofthethingswelearn,poetrybecomesahardersell.Arrivingatpoetry’scomplexpleasuresandrewardsrequirespatience,skill,knowledge,andevenwisdom,noneofwhichareameredouble-clickaway.”AllanGedalof Professor/Writer Ars
PoeticabyArchibaldMacLeishApoemshouldbepalpableandmuteAsaglobedfruit.DumbAsoldmedallionstothethumb,
Silentasthesleeve-wornstoneOfcasementledgeswherethemosshasgrown--
ApoemshouldbewordlessAstheflightofbirds.ApoemshouldbemotionlessintimeAsthemoonclimbs,
Leaving,asthemoonreleasesTwigbytwigthenight-entangledtrees,
Leaving,asthemoonbehindthewinterleaves,Memorybymemorythemind--
ApoemshouldbemotionlessintimeAsthemoonclimbs.Apoemshouldbeequalto:Nottrue.
ForallthehistoryofgriefAnemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.
ForloveTheleaninggrassesandtwolightsabovethesea--
ApoemshouldnotmeanButbe.simileMoonimageryTranslation:TheartofpoetryOralTraditionThefirstpoetrytohavebeenwrittenintheEnglishtonguewasthatoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.Duetothelackofaprintingpressuntilthe15thcenturyandthefactthatthiswaslargelyapre-literatesociety,itwasnecessaryforpoetstoemploycomplexsystemsofrhyme,familiarrepeatedphrasesandalliterationtomaketheirversememorableaswellasbeautiful.Poemstransmittedideas.Thepurposeofthispoetrywasclearlytoeducateandconfirmnewreligiousthinking.ThemostfamousOldEnglishpoem,Beowulf(probablywritteninthelater8thcentury),acknowledgesandmournsthepassingofthepre-Christianheroicage–ofmonsterssuchasGrendelandthedragon.FromBeowulfLO,praiseoftheprowessofpeople-kings
ofspear-armedDanes,indayslongsped,
wehaveheard,andwhathonortheathelingswon!
OftScyldtheScefingfromsquadronedfoes,
frommanyatribe,themead-benchtore,
awingtheearls.Sinceersthelay
friendless,afoundling,faterepaidhim:
forhewaxedunderwelkin,inwealthhethrove,
tillbeforehimthefolk,bothfarandnear,
whohousebythewhale-path,heardhismandate,
gavehimgifts:agoodkinghe!
.
Listen:
YouhaveheardoftheDanishKings
intheolddaysandhow
theyweregreatwarriors.
Shield,thesonofSheaf,
tookmanyanenemy'schair,
terrifiedmanyawarrior,
afterhewasfoundanorphan.
Heprosperedunderthesky
untilpeopleeverywhere
listenedwhenhespoke.
Hewasagoodking!Connotation,DenotationConnotation
Theassociationscalledupbyawordthatgoesbeyonditsdictionarymeaning.Denotation
Thedictionarymeaningofaword.
DenotationofaroseRoseAroseisafloweringshrubofthegenusRosa,andtheflowerofthisshrub.Therearemorethanahundredspeciesofwildroses,allfromthenorthernhemisphereandmostlyfromtemperateregions.Thespeciesformagroupofgenerallypricklyshrubsorclimbers,andsometimestrailingplants,reaching2–5
mtall,rarelyreachingashighas20
mbyclimbingoverotherplants. ConnotationofaroseLove,romance,beauty,red,fragrant,thorny,spring,romanticcelebrations…Metaphor
(fromtheGreekmeaning:transference)Metaphor
Acomparisonbetweenessentiallyunlikethingswithoutanexplicitlycomparativewordsuchaslikeoras.Anexampleis"Myloveisared,redrose,“SomethingisSomethingelse.Tenor–thesubjectofthecomparison;thethingthatundergoesthetransference.Vehicle-thefigurethatcompletesthemetaphor;thesourceofthetransferredqualities,(givesthequalitiestotheTenor).
MyLoveisarose.TenorVehicleOneitherside,thosedearoldladies,thelooseningbarns,theirlittlewindowsdulledbycataractsofhayandcobwebshidebrokentractorsundertheirskirts.TenorVehicleSimile,ConceitorExtendedMetaphorConceit
Inliteraryterms,aconceitisanextendedmetaphorwithacomplexlogicthatgovernsanentirepoemorpoeticpassage.Byjuxtaposingimagesandideasinsurprisingways,aconceitinvitesthereaderintoamoresophisticatedunderstandingofanobjectofcomparison.Whenametaphorextendsbeyonditsoriginalcomparisoncontinuingthroughanentirepoem.Simile
Afigureofspeechinvolvingacomparisonbetweenunlikethingsusinglike,as,orasthough.Anexample:"Myloveislikeared,redrose."WilliamShakespeare’sSonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:
RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay, Andsummer'sleasehathalltooshortadate: Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines, Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm'd, Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines, Bychance,ornature'schangingcourseuntrimm'd: Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade, Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow'st, Norshalldeathbragthouwander'stinhisshade, Whenineternallinestotimethougrow'st, Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee, Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Conceit:WarmdayimageryArs
PoeticabyArchibaldMacLeishApoemshouldbepalpableandmuteAsaglobedfruit.DumbAsoldmedallionstothethumb,
Silentasthesleeve-wornstoneOfcasementledgeswherethemosshasgrown--
ApoemshouldbewordlessAstheflightofbirds.ApoemshouldbemotionlessintimeAsthemoonclimbs,
Leaving,asthemoonreleasesTwigbytwigthenight-entangledtrees,
Leaving,asthemoonbehindthewinterleaves,Memorybymemorythemind--
ApoemshouldbemotionlessintimeAsthemoonclimbs.Apoemshouldbeequalto:Nottrue.
ForallthehistoryofgriefAnemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.
ForloveTheleaninggrassesandtwolightsabovethesea--
ApoemshouldnotmeanButbe.simileExtendedMetaphor:MoonimagerySynecdoche,MetonymyMetonymy
Afigureofspeechinwhichacloselyrelatedtermissubstitutedforanobjectoridea.Anexample:"Wehavealwaysremainedloyaltothecrown."Crownisasubstitutefortheking.
Synecdoche
Afigureofspeechinwhichapartissubstitutedforthewhole.Anexample:"Lendmeahand."IheardaFlybuzz(465)byEmilyDickinson
IheardaFlybuzz
–
whenIdied
–
TheStillnessintheRoom
WasliketheStillnessintheAir
–
BetweentheHeavesofStorm
–
TheEyesaround
–
hadwrungthemdry
–
AndBreathsweregatheringfirm ForthatlastOnset
–
whentheKing
Bewitnessed
–
intheRoom
–
IwilledmyKeepsakes
–
Signedaway
Whatportionsofmebe
Assignable
–
andthenitwas
ThereinterposedaFly
–
WithBlue
–
uncertainstumblingBuzz
–
Betweenthelight
–
andme
–
AndthentheWindowsfailed
–
andthenIcouldnotseetosee
–
synecdochemetonymyAnimism
Theassigningofanimalcharacteristicstohumans.Example:RollingonthefloorlikepuppiesPersonification
Theendowmentofinanimateobjectsorabstractconceptswithanimateorlivingqualities.Anexample:"Theyellowleavesflauntedtheircolorgailyinthebreeze."Wordsworth's"Iwanderedlonelyasacloud"includespersonification.Image
Aconcreterepresentationofasenseimpression,afeeling,oranideaappealingto,1orallofthefivesenses.Imageryreferstothepatternofrelateddetailsinawork.Oftenwritersusemultipleimagesthroughoutaworktosuggeststatesoffeelingandtoconveyimplicationsofthoughtandaction.Imagery
Anyliteraryreferencetothefivesenses(sight,touch,smell,hearing,andtaste).Essentially,imageryisanywordsthatcreateapictureinyourhead.Suchimagescanbecreatedbyusingfiguresofspeechsuchassimiles,metaphors,personification,andassonance.Nexttimeyouwalkbymyplaceinyourbearcoatandmooseboots,yourhairallsticksandleaveslikeanosprey'snestonapiling,animismnexttimeyouwalkacrossmyshadow withthoseswamp-stumpinggaloshesbelowthatgrizzlycoatandyourownwhiskersthatlookrumpledasifsomething'sbeeninthemalreadythismorningmussingandgrowlingandkissing— animismnexttimeyoupoletheraftofyoudownriverdownRiverStreetpastmyplaceyoucouldsayhello,youcanoe-footedfur-facedmuskox,pocketsfullofcheeseandacornsandlivefishandfour-headedwindsandsky,hello iswhathumanbeingssaywhentheymeeteachotherimageExeuntPiecemealthesummerdies;Atfield’sedgeadaisylivesalone;AshawllastburningliesOnthegrayfield-stone.Allcriesarethinandterse;Thefieldhasdronedthesummer’sfinalmass;AcricketlikeadwindledhearseCrawlsfromthedrygrass.personificationOxymoron
puttingtwocontradictorywordstogethertocreatenewmeaning. examples:
hotice,coldfire,wisefool,sadjoy,militaryintelligence, eloquentsilence,sweet-paintodescribeloveHyperbole(pronounced"hy-PER-buh-lee"andNOThyper-bowl)
Largelysynonymouswithexaggerationandoverstatement,isafigureofspeechinwhichstatementsareexaggeratedorextravagant.Itmaybeusedduetostrongfeelingsorisusedtocreateastrongimpressionandisnotmeanttobetakenliterally.Itgivesgreateremphasis. "Shehasabrainthesizeofapinhead." "Inearlydied." "HeissodumbhisIQisprobably-2!"Understatement
Afigureofspeechinwhichawriterorspeakersayslessthanwhatheorshemeans;theoppositeofoverstatement.ThelastlineofFrost's"Birches"illustratesthisliterarydevice:"Onecoulddoworsethanbeaswingerofbirches."Dreary,drabdaypressinginonme
untillikegray,gloomycloudsfilled
tosaturation,mytearsoverflow.
Isilentlyscreamforhelp
Thatneverseemstocome.oxymoronhyperbole
MyPapa'sWaltz
byTheodoreRoethke
Thewhiskeyonyourbreath
Couldmakeasmallboydizzy;
ButIhungonlikedeath:
Suchwaltzingwasnoteasy.
Werompeduntilthepans
Slidfromthekitchenshelf;
Mymother'scountenance
Couldnotunfrownitself.
Thehandthatheldmywrist
Wasbatteredononeknuckle;
Ateverystepyoumissed
Myrightearscrapedabuckle.
Youbeattimeonmyhead
Withapalmcakedhardbydirt,
Thenwaltzedmeofftobed
Stillclingingtoyourshirt.hyperboleunderstatementAllusion
Abriefreferencetoaperson,event,orplace,realorfictitious,ortoaworkofart.Casualreferencetoafamoushistoricalorliteraryfigureorevent.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.Onomatopoeia
Theuseofwordstoimitatethesoundstheydescribe.Wordssuchasbuzzandcrackareonomatopoetic.Mostoften,however,onomatopoeiareferstowordsandgroupsofwords,suchasTennyson'sdescriptionofthe"murmurofinnumerablebees,"whichattemptstocapturethesoundofaswarmofbeesbuzzing.Otherexamplesincludewordssuchas:buzz,bam,slink,swoop,squish,PlayerPianoby-JohnUpdike-MystickfingersclickwithasnickerAnd,chuckling,theyknucklethekeys;Lightfooted,mysteelfeelersflickerAndpluckfromthesekeysmelodies.Mypapercancaper;abandonIsbroadcastbydintofmydin,AndnomanorbandhasahandinThetonesIturnonfromwithin.AttimesI'majumbleofrumbles,AtothersI'mlightlikethemoon,Butnevermynumbplunkerfumbles,Misstrumsme,ortriesanewtune.
MuséedesBeauxArts(1938)
W.H.Auden(1907-1973)
Aboutsufferingtheywereneverwrong,
TheOldMasters:howwelltheyunderstood
Itshumanposition;howittakesplace
Whilesomeoneelseiseatingoropeningawindoworjustwalkingdullyalong;
How,whentheagedarereverently,passionatelywaiting
Forthemiraculousbirth,therealwaysmustbe
Childrenwhodidnotspeciallywantittohappen,skating
Onapondattheedgeofthewood:
Theyneverforgot
Thateventhedreadfulmartyrdommustrunitscourse
Anyhowinacorner,someuntidyspot
Wherethedogsgoonwiththeirdoggylifeandthetorturer'shorse
Scratchesitsinnocentbehindonatree. InBrueghel's
Icarus,forinstance:howeverythingturnsaway
Quiteleisurelyfromthedisaster;theplowmanmay
Haveheardthesplash,theforsakencry,
Butforhimitwasnotanimportantfailure;thesunshone
Asithadtoonthewhitelegsdisappearingintothegreen
Water;andtheexpensivedelicateshipthatmusthaveseen
Somethingamazing,aboyfallingoutofthesky,
Hadsomewheretogettoandsailedcalmlyon.Translation:
MuseumofFineArtsAllusiontoRenaissanceartistsAllusiontothebirthofJesusChristAllusiontoBrueghel’sFallofIcarus
FallofIcarusbyPieterBrueghel
BrueghelwasaDutchartistnotedforlandscapesandscenesofthelivesofordinarypeople.
“Asithadtoonthewhitelegsdisappearingintothegreen
Water”theplowmanmay
Haveheardthesplash,theforsakencryandtheexpensivedelicateshipthatmusthaveseen
Somethingamazing,aboyfallingoutoftheskyLandscapewiththeFallofIcarusWilliamCarlosWilliams AccordingtoBrueghel
whenIcarusfell
itwasspring
afarmerwasploughing
hisfield
thewholepageantry oftheyearwas
awaketingling
withitself sweatinginthesun
thatmelted
thewings'wax
unsignificantly
offthecoast
therewas
asplashquiteunnoticed
thiswas
IcarusdrowningCacophony
referstosoundthatisharshandunpleasant-sounding.Theoppositeofcacophonyiseuphony,meaningmusicalandpleasant.Euphony
describesflowingandaestheticallypleasingspeech.Poetryisofteneuphonic,asiswell-craftedliteraryprose.Caesura
Astrongpausewithinalineofverse.ThefollowingstanzafromHardy's"TheManHeKilled"containscaesurasinthemiddletwolines: Hethoughthe'd'list,perhaps,
Off-hand-like--justasI—
End-stop
Afeatureinpoetryinwhichthesyntacticunitcorrespondsinlengthtotheline.Inotherwords,whenthelinepausesatitsendwhetherbypunctuationornaturalrhythm.Itsoppositeisenjambmentwherethesenserunsonintothenextline.Enjambment
Arun-onlineofpoetryinwhichlogicalandgrammaticalsensecarriesoverfromonelineintothenext.IntheopeninglinesofRobertBrowning's"MyLastDuchess,"forexample,thefirstlineisend-stoppedandthesecondenjambed: That'smylastDuchesspaintedonthewall,
Lookingasifshewerealive.Icall
Thatpieceawonder,nowAlliteration,Assonance,ConsonanceAlliteration
Therepetitionofconsonantsounds,especiallyatthebeginningofwords.Example:"Fetchedfresh,asIsuppose,offsomesweetwood."Assonance
Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsoundsinasentenceoralineofpoetryorprose,asin"Iroseandtoldhimofmywoe."Consonance
Astylisticdevice,oftenusedinpoetry.Itistherepetitionofconsonantsoundsinashortsequenceofwords,forexample,the"t"soundin"Isitbluntandflat?"SoThisIsNebraskabyTedKooser
Thegravelroadrideswithaslowgallopoverthefields,thetelephonelinesstreamingbehind,itsbillowofdustfullofthesparksofredwingblackbirds.
Oneitherside,thosedearoldladies,thelooseningbarns,theirlittlewindowsdulledbycataractsofhayandcobwebshidebrokentractorsundertheirskirts.
SothisisNebraska.ASundayafternoon;July.Drivingalongwithyourhandoutsqueezingtheair,ameadowlarkwaitingoneverypost.Behindashelterbeltofcedars,top-deepinhollyhocks,pollenandbees,apickupkicksitsfendersoffandsettlesbacktoreadtheclouds.
Youfeellikethat;youfeellikelettingyourtiresgoflat,likelettingthemicebuildanestinyourmuffler,likebeingnomorethanatruckintheweeds,
cluckingwithchickensorstickywithhoneyorholdingaskinnyoldmaninyourlapwhilehewatchestheroad,waitingforsomeonetowaveto.Youfeellike
waving.Youfeellikestoppingthecaranddancingaroundontheroad.Youwaveinsteadandleaveyourhandoutglidinglarklikeoverthewheat,overthehouses.alliterationconsonanceassonanceFindthesounddevices.Thegravelroadrideswithaslowgallopoverthefields,thetelephonelinesstreamingbehind,itsbillowofdustfullofthesparksofredwingblackbirds.consonancealliterationassonanceOneitherside,thosedearoldladies,thelooseningbarns,theirlittlewindowsdulledbycataractsofhayandcobwebshidebrokentractorsundertheirskirts.consonancealliterationassonanceSothisisNebraska.ASundayafternoon;July.Drivingalongwithyourhandoutsqueezingtheair,ameadowlarkwaitingoneverypost.consonancealliterationassonanceBehindashelterbeltofcedars,top-deepinhollyhocks,pollenandbees,apickupkicksitsfendersoffandsettlesbacktoreadtheclouds.consonancealliterationassonanceYoufeellikethat;youfeellikelettingyourtiresgoflat,likelettingthemicebuildanestinyourmuffler,likebeingnomorethanatruckintheweeds,
consonancealliterationassonancecluckingwithchickensorstickywithhoneyorholdingaskinnyoldmaninyourlapwhilehewatchestheroad,waitingforsomeonetowaveto.Youfeellikeconsonancealliterationassonancewaving.Youfeellikestoppingthecaranddancingaroundontheroad.Youwaveinsteadandleaveyourhandoutglidinglarklikeoverthewheat,overthehouses.consonancealliterationassonanceInternalrhyme
Rhymingwithinaline. Example:
Iawoketoblackflak. Trueinthegame,aslongasbloodisblueinmyveinsRhyme.
Thesimilaritybetweensyllablesoundsattheendoftwoormorelines.Somekindsofrhymeinclude:Truerhyme:occurswhentheinitialconsonantschange,butsucceedingvowelsandconsonantsremainthesamespanandvanorendsandfriends.
Slantrhyme:Apartialorimperfectrhyme,oftenusingassonanceorconsonanceonly,asindryanddiedorgrownandmoon.Alsocalledhalfrhymeornearrhyme.Eyerhyme:wordswhosespellingswouldleadonetothinkthattheyrhymed(slough,tough,cough,bough,though,hiccough.Or:love,move,prove.Or:daughter,laughter.)Meter
Themeasuredpatternofrhythmicaccentsinpoems.Foot
Ametricalunitcomposedofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Forexample,aniamboriambicfootisrepresentedby˘',thatis,anunaccentedsyllablefollowedbyanaccentedone.Frost'sline"WhosewoodstheseareIthinkIknow"containsfouriambs,andisthusaniambicfoot.Rhythm
Therecurrenceofaccentorstressinlinesofverse.Inthefollowinglinesfrom"SameinBlues"byLangstonHughes,theaccentedwordsandsyllablesareunderlined: Isaidtomybaby,
Babytakeitslow
LulusaidtoLeonard
IwantadiamondringArhymeschemeisthepatternofrhyminglinesinapoemorinlyricsformusic.Itisusuallyreferredtobyusingletterstoindicatewhichlinesrhyme. Forexample"abab"indicatesafour-linestanzainwhichthefirstandthirdlinesrhyme,asdothesecondandfourth.HereisanexampleofthisrhymeschemefromToAnthea,WhoMayCommandHimAnyThingbyRobertHerrick:Bidmetoweep,andIwillweep,WhileIhaveeyestosee;Andhavingnone,yetIwillkeepAhearttoweepforthee.Sonnet29
When,indisgracewithfortuneandmen'seyes,
Iallalonebeweepmyoutcaststate
Andtroubledeafheavenwithmybootlesscries
Andlookuponmyselfandcursemyfate,
Wishingmeliketoonemorerichinhope,
Featuredlikehim,likehimwithfriendspossess'd,
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