Lesson-10-The-Trial-That-Rocked--the-World-高级英语第一册课件

LessonTen

TheTrialThatRockedtheWorldObjectivesTounderstandthetextTolearnthebackgroundaboutFundamentalismTolearntheconflictbetweenFundamentalismandDarwinismTeachingContents1.Introduction2.Detailedstudyofthetext3.Structureanalysis4.Languageappreciation5.Summaryofwordsandphrases6.ExercisesBackgroundMaterial1.AbouttheauthorandthetrialJohnScopes,ahighschoolscienceteacherinDayton,Tennessee,whowasaccusedofbreakingthelawbyteachingevolution.Hewasthedefendantinthecase.Afterthetrial,hedecidedtowriteastorydescribingthehighlightsofthisfamoustrial.ThenameofJohnScopesbecamesynonymouswiththistrial,whichispopularlyknownasthe"monkeytrial"(theScopestrial).Afilm,called"InherittheWind",wasmadeofthetrial,withmuchofthedialoguecomingdirectlyfromthetranscriptsofthecourtproceedings.JohnScopesdiedin1979.BackgroundMaterial2.TheclashbetweenthefundamentalistsandthemodernistsThefundamentalistmovement:aconservativeandfanaticallyreligiousAmericanProtestantmovementthatbeganintheearly20thcenturyinoppositiontomodernscientifictendency.ItwasstronginpartsoftheU.S.,especiallytheSouth,atthetime.ThefundamentalistsadheredtoaliteralinterpretationofeverythingintheBibleandregardedthebeliefsasfundamentaltoChristianfaithandmorals.ThemodernistsacceptedthetheoryadvancedbyCharlesDarwinthatallanimallife,includingmonkeysandmen,hadevolvedfromacommonancestor.BackgroundMaterial3.Maincharactersinthetrial1)JohnScopes2)Thedefendantcounsels(counselsforthedefense):ClarenceDarrow;DudleyFieldMalone3)Theprosecutorcounsel(counselfortheprosecution)WilliamJenningsBryanBackgroundMaterialWhatdoyouknowaboutDarwinandhisOntheOriginofSpecies?1809-1882,Englishnaturalistandbiologistoriginatorofthetheoryofman’sevolutionbynaturalselectionIn1859,CharlesDarwinpublishedhisgreatwork,OntheOriginofSpecies.Heclaimedthatallorganisms,includingourselves,aretheproductsofaslow,naturalprocessofdevelopment—"evolution’’.SocialBackgroundofDarwinsQueenVictoriacametothethronein1837,whenshewas18yearsold.Sheruledfor63yearsuntil1901,longerthananyotherBritishKingorqueenhadeverruled.ThisperiodcametobeknownastheVictorianAge.Duringthisperiod,greateconomic,social,andpoliticalchangestookplaceandGreatBritainbecamethestrongestandrichestcountryintheworld.TheBritishEmpire,whichincludedCanada,Australia,India,NewZealand,andlargepartsofAfrica,hadaboutaquarteroftheworld’slandandaboutaquarteroftheworld’speople.WealthpouredintoBritainfromitscolonies.Industryandtradeexpandedrapidly,and

thecountrybecameknownastheworkshopoftheworld,bytheendoftheage,Britainwasbecomingmorethebankeroftheworld.Scienceandtechnologymadegreatadvances.Peoplewerebettereducated.Themiddleclassgrewenormously.Literatureflourished.Inaddition,thegovernmentintroduceddemocraticreforms.SocialBackgroundofDarwinsInspiteoftheprosperityoftheVictorianAge,workersinbothfactoriesandfarmsstilllivedinterriblepoverty.CharlesDickens,thegreatestnovelistoftheage,alsodescribedinhisnovelsthemiserablelifeandthecrueltreatmentofthepoor.Today,peopleusuallylaughatthemiddleclassoftheVictorianAge,becausetheyalwaystriedtobehaveinawaythatwasconsideredsociallyacceptable,theyweretooself-satisfiedandunwillingtolistentoothers’opinions.ManyVictoriansregardedpleasureassin,andpovertyasGod’spunishmentforlaziness.DailyfamilyprayerandSundayBible-readingremindedtheirchildrenthatobediencewasthegreatestvirtue.TheearlyVictorianfatherwaslikeakinginthehome,andheexpectedtobeobeyedbyalltheothermembersofthefamily.Hiswifewassupposedtobehisfaithfulcompanion,herplacewasinthehome,andshehadnorighttolookforjobsoutsidethehome.Eveninthehome,herinterestsandconversationwerestrictlycontrolled.ThehighestvirtueoftheVictorianwomenwassexualpurity.SocialBackgroundofDarwinsTheVictorianswereextremelyreligious.TheybelievedeverywordoftheBible,sothatwhenCharlesDarwinpublishedhisscientificideaabouttheoriginofman,itcausedanangryprotest.Bishopsangrilyresistedthesuggestionthattheyweredescendedfrommonkeys;thescientistsrepliedthattheywouldratherbedescendedfrommonkeysthanfrombishops.DarwinwasagoodChristian,andhebelievedthatascientificstudyofGod’sworldcouldleadtobetterunderstandingofGod’spurposeandman’sduty.YetthetheoriesofDarwinandotherscientistsledmanypeopletofeelthattraditionalvaluescouldnolongerguidetheirlives.DetailedStudyoftheText:1.Aboutthetitle–TheTrialThatRockedtheWorldrock:tocausegreatshockandsurprisetoThetrialthatcausegreatshockandsurprisetotheworld(in1925)DetailedStudyoftheText:Para.11.Abuzzranthroughthecrowd......thatswelteringJulydayin1925:1)buzz：thevibratingsoundofabee；thesoundofmanypeoplewhisperingortalkingexcitedlyinlowtones2)ranthroughthecrowd:spreadamongthepeoplewhohadcometowatchthetrial3)asItookmyplaceinthepackedcourt:asIwenttomyseatinthecourtwhichwascrowdedwithpeople4)sweltering：oppressivelyhotandhumid;veryhot,causingunpleasantness

Para.1

2.silver-tonguedorator:persuasive,eloquentpublicspeaker3.…thefundamentalistmovementthathadbroughtaboutthetrial:ThetrialwasbroughttocourtbyScopesandhislawyers.However,itwasthefundamentalistmovementwhichmadethetrialnecessary,becauseitwasthismovementthathadcreatedthereligiousatmospherethatwasresponsibleforthelawwhichprohibitedtheteachingofevolutionintheschools,anditwastheexistenceofthatlawwhichmadeitnecessarytoholdatrialtochallengethelaw.

Para.21.NowIwasinvolvedinatrialreportedtheworldover:NowIfoundmyselfinatrialreportedallovertheworld.2.Seatedincourt,readytotestifyonmybehalf,...ofHarvardUniversity:1)readytotestifyonmybehalf:preparedtoprovideevidencetosupportorhelpme/benefitme2)on(in)somebody'sbehalf,on(in)behalfofsomebody:tobenefit,support,servetheinterestsofsomebodyPara.23."Don'tworry,son.We'llshowthemafewtricks,"...aswewerewaitingforthecourttoopen:1)son:affectionateterm2)We'llshowthemafewtricks:We'lldoafewthingstooutwitthem(theprosecution);wehavesomecleverandunexpectedtacticsandwewillsurprisetheminthetrial.3)reassuringarm：Obviouslythearmcan'tbereassuring!inareassuringmanner,afriendlygesturetoputJohnatease.transferredepithetPara.31.Thecasehaderuptedroundmyhead...atthesecondaryschool:1)erupt:emergesuddenlyandviolently;explode2)Thecasehadcomedownuponmeunexpectedlyandviolently;Iwassuddenlyengulfedbythewholeaffair.2.Aclashhadbeenbuildingupbetweenthefundamentalistsandthemodernists:Theconflicthadbecomemoreandmoreintense…Para.91.WhenIwasindictedonMay7,…famoustrialsinU.S.history:1)indict:tocharge(someone)formallywithanoffenceinlaw2)whenIwasindicted:whenaformalaccusationwasmadeagainstmeofbreakingthislaw3)leastofallI:I,lessthananyoneelse4)snowball:metaphorgrowrapidlyinsizeorsignificanceParaphrase:Iwasthelastonetoexpectthatmycasewouldgrow(ordevelop)intooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.Para.92.…assistthestateinprosecutingme:Sincethecaserevolvesaroundastatelaw,thestateofTennesseeistheoffendedparty;itisthestatewhichprosecutesScopes.ThusthetrialwouldbecalledtheStateofTennesseevs.JohnScopes.BryanvolunteeredtobethelawyeronbehalfoftheState.3.ironically:referstoincongruitybetweenwhatmighthavebeenexpectedandactuallyhappened.OnewouldhaveexpectedthathewouldhaveknownDarrowwhowasgoingtodefendhimandnothaveknownBryanwhowasgoingtoprosecutehim.Para.101.…ourtownof1500peoplepeoplehadtaken...acircusatmosphere:1)takeon:begintohave(thelookof)2)Allkindsofactivitiesweregoingoninthetownandtherewasakindofnoisyholidayspiritthere.(Suddenlythetownwastransformedintoakindofcircuswithmanypeoplecomingtohearthetrial.Thetownpeopletookadvantageofthesuddeninfluxofvisitorstoexpandtheirbusinessactivities.)

Para.102.Thestreetsaroundthethree-storey...andwatermelons:1)sprout:growordevelopquickly2)rickety:easytofallorbreakdownbecauseofweakness;shakyThesericketystands,whichappearedsuddenlyeverywhere,soldhotdogs,religiousbooks,watermelons,etc...Thisemphasizethetown'scircusatmosphere.Religiousbooksweresoldbecausemanyreligiouspeopleattendedthistrial.3.Evangelistssetupcentstoexhortthepassersby:1)evangelist:thepersonwhopreachestheChristiangospel,esp.atravelingpreacher2)exhort:urgeearnestly3)ThetravelingpreacherserectedtentstourgepeoplepassingbytobelieveinGod.4.Butlerwasa49-year-oldfarmer...hisnativecounty:1)beforehiselection:beforehewaselectedtotheTennesseelegislature2)…hadneverbeenoutofhisnativecounty:Hisexperienceandvisionwerelimited.Hewasnarrow-minded.Para.111."I'mjistareg'larmountaineerjedge.":I'mjustanordinaryjudgefromthemountains.UneducatedfalsemodestysouthernPara.112.Bryan,ageingaridpaunchy...TomSteward:attorneygeneral:chieflawofficerandlegalexpertofthegovernmentatastateortheU.S.3.Besidestheshrewd68-year-oldDarrow...steepedinthelaw:1)shrewd:astute,sharp,clever,nottobeoutwitted;implyingnegativequalities—cunning,tricky,dishonest2)magnetic:stronglyattractive；saidofaperson,personalityetc.3)steepedinthelaw:thoroughlyfamiliarwiththelawPara.114.Inatrialinwhichreligion...aCatholicandHaysaJew:1)inatrialinwhichreligionplayedakeyrole：ScopeswasaccusedofviolatingthelawwhichprohibitedtheteachingofanytheorythatdeniedthestoryofcreationastaughtintheBible.Anditwasthefundamentalistswhomadethestatelegislaturepassthislaw.That'swhythewritersaidreligionplayedakeyroleinthetrial.2)agnostic：apersonwhoquestions,doubtstheexistenceofGodandclaimsthatHisexistencecan'tbeproved；manyagnosticssimplyleaveitatthatanddonotbotherwiththequestionofreligionanyfuther3)thereligiousandnon-religiousdiversityofthedefencecounselincontrasttotheprosecution,hintingthatthedefencecounselswouldbemorebroad-mindedandobjective.Para.121.Ofthe12jurors,threehadneverreadanybookexcepttheBible.Onecouldn’tread.Thejurorswereignorant,prejudicedandnarrow-minded.Therecouldn’tbeafairandimpartialtrial.2.That’sonehellofajuryonehellofajury(orahellofajury)：nojuryatall;acompletelyinappropriatejury(becausetheyaretoopartial)acommonphrasemeaningsomethingunusuale.g.Thatwasahellofanexam.(unusuallydifficult)It’sbeenonehellofatrip.It’sahellofachange.Thewholeparagraphshowsthereligiousbiasofthetrialfromthestart,indicatingthepro-fundamentalistatmospherewillpervadethetrial.Para.131.Afterthepreliminarysparringoverlegalities,Darrowgotupto…hisopeningstatement:1)spar:(fig.)engageinargument;fightwithwords2)legalities:therequirementsandprocedureofthelaw3)afterthepreliminarysparringoverlegalities:aftertheinitialargumentsoverlegalprocedures2.Myfriendtheattorney-generalsaysthat…Darrowdrawled:1)myfriendusedinasarcasticway2)TheattorneygeneralsaidthatJohnScopeswastherebecausehehadbrokenthelaw.3)drawl:speakslowlywithvowelsgreatlylengthened4)Darrowdrawled:Darrowwasspeakingslowly,deliberatelyanddramaticallyPara.133.Heisherebecause...amightystrongcombination:1)bigotry:obstinatenarrow-mindedness;intolerance;prejudice.2)rampant:widespreadandimpossibletocontrol;spreadingwidely.3)it

—thecombinationofignoranceandbigotryPara14:1.Todayitistheteachers,”he...thenewspapers:it—thetargetofignorantandbigotedpersecutionImpliedmeaning:Todaytheteachersareputontrialbecausetheyteachscientifictheory,soonthenewspapersandmagazineswillnotbeallowedtoexpressnewideas,tospreadknowledgeofscience.2.Afterawhile,itisthesettingofmanagainstmanandcreedagainstcreed...andculturetothehumanmind:1)settingofmanagainstman:makingpeoplefighteachother,causinguniversalenmity2)creedagainstcreed:makingonereligionfightanotherreligion,causinguniversalintoleranceandwidespreadreligiouspersecution3)marchingbackwards:marchingusuallyimpliesgoingforwardforagreatcause;heremarchingisusedironically,meaningretrogresstothedarkageofthe16thcentury4)glorious:usedironically3.16thcentury:The16thcenturywasthetimeoftheRenaissancewhennewideasofarts,sciencebeganflourish.TheChurchledareactionarymovementagainsttheRenaissancewhichthreatenedoldreligiousbeliefs.Theyintimidatedfree-thinkersandevenburnedthemtodeathatthestake—i.e.,tiedthemtoapoleandignitedstickspiledupattheirfeet.Para19:"Thereissomedoubtaboutthat",Darrowsnorted:1)that

—havingreasoningpower2)snort:sayinascornful,contemptuouswayasifwithasnortItisdoubtfulwhethermanhasreasoningpower.sarcasticallyreferringtothefundamentalists,implyingthattheydon'thavereasoningpower.Para20:1.TheChristianbelievesthatmancame...musthavecomefrombelow:ChristiansbelievethatGodinheavenmadehumanbeingsbutevolutioniststhinkhumanbeingscomefromtheearth(orfromlowlyanimals).beingsarcasticThereisnothinglofty,nobleorgreatabouthumanbeingsintheevolutionists’view.came(adefinitestatement)musthavecome——merelyguessingTheythinkthatifpeopledon’tcomefromGod,theymustcomefromsomewhereelse,andcomingfrombelowisasgoodaguessasany2.ThespectatorschuckledandBryanwarmedtohiswork:Bryanwasencouragedbytheaudience'sappreciationofhissarcasmandbecamemoreenthusiastic.3.Inonehandhebrandishedabiologyashedenounced..forthedefence.:WordsbrandishanddenouncegiveasenseofBryanbehavingasifhehadasacreddutyfromGod.Thissentenceandthenextparagraphsuggestthatheisimplyingthatthetheoryofevolutioncomesfromthedevil(Satan)andthatthesupportersofthedefencearedoingthedevil'swork.

Para.21"TheBible,”hethunderedinhissonorousorgantones,...ForHispurposeaspartofadivineplan":1.sonorous:havingapleasantlyfullloudsound

2.thunder,sonorous,organ:

Allthesewordsconveythesoundofhisvoice—deep,full,bud,impressiveMinisters,evangelists,otherreligiousleaderscultivatesuchavoid(it'sactuallytaughtinseminaries)toevokeemotiononthepanoftheirlisteners.3.expert:

ThewordisusedironicallybecauseBryanmeanstheopposite4.whocomehundredsofmiles:subtleimplicationofthemasoutsidetrouble-makers5.theycanreconcileevolution…withmanmadebyGodinHisimage...:TheycanprovethatthetheoryofmandescendingfrommonkeyiscompatiblewiththetheoryofmancreatedbyGod.Para.216.Thisisaninterestingconstruction:ifhewerebeingopen-mindedandfairhewouldhavesaid—thatevolutionandtheBiblecanbereconciled.Byputtingitthisway,heimpliesthatthey(the"experts")claim(falsely)thattheycandotheimpossible.Thisconstruction,togetherwiththeuseoftheword"experts"impliesthattheyarefakes.7.withitsancestorsinthejungle:

withmonkeys(orapes)astheirancestors;aphrasedesignedtorepresentevolutionasthedegradationofhumanbeings8.inHisimage:

inHislikeness,reflectingGod9.HispurposeandthedivineplanareneverspecifiedmoreclearlythanthisbecauseGodissupposedtobemysterious,beyondhumanknowledge;soit'sbelievedthatGodhasamasterplanfortheworldbuthumanscan'tpossiblyfigureitout,eventhoughBryanandpeoplelikehimseemsurethatevolutionisn'tplanofGod'splan.Para.2110.withmanmadebyGod...adivineplan:

fullofwords(God,Hisimage,Hispurpose,divineplan)thataredesignedtouplift,toshowloftinessincontrasttothelowlyjungleevolutionidea------ThewholesentenceisfulloftrickeryasBryanusessarcasmanddegradationandplaysonthejury'sreligiousemotionstounderminethedefence.Para.221.Ashefinished,jawout-thrust,eyesflashing,…andshoutsof"Amen":1)out-thrust:pushedout2)flash:(ofeyes)shine(withexcitementorfeeling);expressinanexcitedway;sparkleorgleam3)burst:startsuddenlyandwithforce4)Hisimpressivevoiceanddramaticwordsandgestureshadthedesiredeffect.Peoplewerecarriedaway,greatlymovedemotionally,tothepointofcompletelyinappropriatebehaviorincourt.Theyapplaudedhisspeechwith"Amen"(wordutteredattheendofaprayer).Para.222.Gonewasthefiercefervour...likeaprairiefire：1)swept...likeaprairiefire：movedquicklywiththespeedofafireinalargeflatgrasslandSimileItisperhapsreferringtothespeechtoursBryantookintheelectioncampaigns,makingfieryspeeches,overwhelminghisopponentsandrallyingpeopleunderhisbannerDespitehiseloquence,hewasnotasforcefulandpersuasiveasheusedtobe.

3.Thecrowdseemedtofeel...asheshouldhave：1)scorch：burn;usedmetaphorically,thoroughlydefeat2)scorchedtheinfidelswiththehotbreathofhisoratory：Imagesofheatandfirebringtomindthe16thcenturyburningofinfidelsatthestake,butthistimenotburningwithfirewoodbutwithcausticattacks,withheatedcondemnation

Para.231.…Mr.Bryan,withpassionatespiritandenthusiasm,hasgivenmostofhislifetopolitics.AlthoughMr.Bryanwasemotionalandenthusiastic,hehasbeendevotedtoGodandreligionlessthanmanyotherpeoplebecausehehasspentmostofhisenergyonpolitics,notreligion.Malonehereismakingahighlyironicalstatement,hintingthatBryanismoreapoliticianthanadefenderofGod.2.Heappealedforintellectualfreedom,andaccusedBryanof...betweenscienceandreligion:callingforadueltothedeath:demandingthatalifeordeathstrugglebefoughtMalone,whileaCatholic,wasalsoaliberal.Hisviewwasthatpeopleshouldbeallowedtothinkallsortsofthings.Scienceandreligioncouldcoexistandthereneedn'tbeadeadlycombat(asBryanwaswaging)toproveonerightandtheotherwrong.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.251.WhenMalonefinishedtherewasamomentary…surpassedthatforBryan:1)momentary:lastingforaveryshorttime2)hush:stillness;quiet,silence,esp.apeacefulone3)breakinto:beginsuddenly4)stormofapplause:loud,noisyapplause,likeathunderstorm;stormisusedmetaphorically5)Notethe

contrastbetweenhushandstorm.Thisislikeasummerstormwhentheskyblackensandthereisquietbeforethestormbreaks.Paraphrase:WhenMalonefinisheditwassilentforonlyaverybrieftimeandthentherewasanoutburstofapplause,greaterthanBryanhadreceived.2.ButalthoughMalone…totestifyforthedefence:1)oratoricalduel:fightinwords,inspeeches2)ruleagainst:decideagainst;eveninajurytrialthejudgedecidesonmattersofprocedurelikethis3)EventhoughMalone’sspeechdefendingintellectualfreedomwasbetterreceivedthanBryan’s,thejudgestillwouldnotallowthescientiststospeakonbehalfofJohnScopes.4)Note:problemwiththesentence:Wehaven’tbeentoldthatallowingthescientiststotestifywasMalone’sobjectiveinwhathesaid.Thisideaspringsfromnowhere.Theauthormusthaveassumedtoomuch.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.254.Spectatorspaid...berelated:1)gaze:looksteadilyforaperiodoftime2)ponder:spendtimeinconsideringcarefully;pondersuggestscarefulconsiderationofamatterfromallsides3)Paraphrase:Peoplehadtopayinordertohavealookattheapeandtoconsidercarefullywhetherapesandhumanscouldhaveacommonancestry.4)Thisremarkismadeinasarcastictone.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.26Thepoorbrute...afraiditmightbetrue:1)brute:(oftenderog.)ananimal,esp.alargeone2)cower:crouchorhuddleup,asfromfear;shrinkinfear3)Thereporterwroteinanassuminglysympatheticwayfortheapebuttheintentionwastoridiculethefoolishnessofthefundamentalists.Eventheapeshrankinfearwhenitrealizedthatitmightsharethesameancestrywiththoseirrationalhumanbeings.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.27H.L.MenckenwrotesulphurousdispatchessittinginhisPantswithatanblowingonhim,andtherewastalkofrunninghimoutoftownforreferringtothelocalcitizenryasyokels.1)sulphurous:violentlyemotional;heated;2)dispatch:amessagesenttoanewspaperbyoneofitswriters3)inhispants:withoutshirtbecauseoftheheat4)run(someone)outof:(informal)force(someone)toleave(aplace)5)yokels:(humorousorderog.)native,narrow-mindedsmalltownorcountrypeople;DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.281.collapseundertheweightofthethrong:giveawayasaresultofsomanypeoplesiltingonit2.resume:

beginagain;hereitmeansthenextsessionstarted3.gawk:

lookatsomethinginafoolishway4.Notetheuseofspecificverbsheretodescribeaconcretesituation.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.281.Becauseofthewordingoftheanti-evolutionlaw,theprosecutionwasforcedtotakethepositionthattheBiblemustbeinterpretedliterally.:1)wording:thewordsused;thewordschosentoexpresssomethingandthephrasestheyform2)position:stand,altitudetowardoropiniononasubject3)interpret:understandthelikelymeaningof(something)4)literal:followingorrepresentingtheexactwordsoftheoriginal;word-for-wordThelawwaswritteninsuchawaythattheprosecutionhavetobaseitscaseonaliteralexplanationofthewordsintheBible.2.NowDarrow...forthedefence:1)spring:presentsuddenly,unexpectedly;produceasasurprise2)springhistrumpcard:usesuddenlythatwhichismostadvantageoustohiscauseinordertoimprovehispositionDetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.303.startle:implyashockofsurpriseorfrightofakindthatoftencausesonetoliterallyjumporshrink4.expertontheBible:onewhowasconsideredanauthorityonmattersconcerningtheBible3.Hisreputation…throughouttheworld:1)authority:apersonwhoseknowledgeisdependable,goodandrespected2)recognize:acknowledgetheauthorityof;admit(somethingorsomeone)ashavingtherighttobethestatedthingParaphrase:PeopleallovertheworldadmittedthathewasanexpertontheBible.3)ThisisanexaggerationmeanttoridiculeBryanandtoputhiminadisadvantageousposition.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.301.Bryanwassuspicious…thechallenge:1)suspicious(of):nottrusting;showingorexpressingdistrust2)wily:cleverintricks,esp.forgettingsomethingonewants;crafty;sly;BryansuspectedthatDarrowhadsometricksuphissleeves,butitwasimpossibleforhimnottoacceptthecalltofight.2.campaign:undertakeaseriesofactivitiestoattainsomepolitical,social,businessormilitaryobjective3.passage:theenactmentofalawbyalegislatureDetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.314.Resolutely…torepelhisenemies:1)resolutely:withdetermination,firmnessofdecision2)stride:walkwithlongstepsinavigorousmanner3)thestand:thewitnessstand4)repel:drivebackbyorasifbyforce.TheauthordepictsBryanasasoldiergoingtobattlewiththepalmfanashisweapon.Thedepictioncreatesavividandridiculousimageinthereader’smind.

DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.31UnderDarrow’squietquestioning…withfervent“Amens”:1)quiet:calm;noteasilyexcitedordisturbed2)punctuate:interruptperiodically3)defiant:showingnofearorrespect4)defiantreply:answerthatshowstrongresistance,standingupforhisbeliefs5)fervent:showinggreatwarmthoffeeling;intenselydevotedorearnestParaphrase:Theficklespectators,whoweremainlyfundamentalists,switchedbacktoBryan’sside,andtookhiswordsasiftheywereprayers,interruptingfrequentlywith“Amen”.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.321.Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence:1)mop:

makedrybyrubbingwithsomethingdry;mopimpliesthatBryanwassweatingagreatdeal,notjustfromtheheat,butfromembarrassmentaswell2)dome:(slang)thehumanhead,esp.whenhairlessBryanwipedthesweatoffhisbaldheadinsilence.2.snigger:

sarcastic,somewhatstifledlaugh3.thefaithful:

thebelievers,thereligiouspeople;thisshowsthatevenBryan’sfollowerswerenotimpressedwithhisanswersatthismoment4.twirl:

swingorspininacirclequickly;Darrow,twirlinghisspectaclesshowshisself-confidence.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.355.ThestoryofEve:Adamwasthefirstman,madebyGod,thenGoddecidedtogivehimacompanion.Therefore,hetookaribfromAdam’ssideandmadeEve.Theylivedignorantly,happilyintheGardenofEden,whichwasParadise(Heaven)onearth.IntheGardentherewasaTreeofKnowledgewithapples.GodtoldthemnottoeatapplefromtheTree.TheSerpent(snake)representingevil,persuadedEvetohaveanapple,shediditandthenpersuadedAdamtoeattoo.Godpunishedthesnake,andafterthatallsnakeshavetocrawlontheirbellies.AdamandEvewerebanishedfromparadiseandcondemnedtoliveanddieinsorrowandmisery.DetailedStudyoftheText:

Para.35Thecrowdlaughed…inanger:1)livid:pa