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BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)1.LifeExperience
2.GreatContributions
3.LiteraryWorks
4.Evaluation第1章
contentHewasborninBoston,theyoungestsonofapoorcraftsmanonJanuary17,1706.Hehadlittleformaleducation,buthetaughthimselfbyreadingwidely.At17,heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortuneandbecameasuccessfulprinterandpublisher.
At24,astheownerandtheeditorofPennsylvaniaGazette,hemadetheperiodical(周刊,杂志)popular.In1751,hehelpedtoestablishanacademythateventuallytheuniversityofPennsylvania.In1748,hebegantodevotedtherestoflifetoscience,literature,diplomacy.OnMarch17,1790,hedied
LifeExperienceWriterStatesmanBusinessmanScientistModeloftheAmericandreamPrinterPhilosopherInventor
DiplomatFranklin’sContributionstoSocietyHumanitarianAmericanfirstcirculatinglibraryUniversityofPennsylvaniaPhiladelphiahospitalPennsylvaniamilitia
ServinggodbestistocontributeyourtalenttothepeopleandcommunityFranklin’sContributionstoScienceAscientistwithlotsofinventionsandafamousexperiment(kite,electricity,thunderstorm);firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negative”toelectricalcharges.effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.Franklin’sContributionstotheU.S.astatesman,diplomat,negotiatorHeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewarHewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitutionPoorRichard’sAlmanac
《穷查理的年历》/《格言历书》
Modeledonfarmers’annualcalendar;Keptpublishingformanyyears;Includesmanyclassicalsayings:LiteryWorksExcerpts/ˈeksɜːpt/
fromPoorRichard’sAlmanac
“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”
“Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.”Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Bewareoflittleexpenses:asmallleakwillleakagreatship.Eattolive,andnotlivetoeat.Beslowinchoosingafriend,slowerinchanging.省一文等于挣一文;聚沙可以成塔,积水可以成河。早睡早起,使人健康、富有和聪明。天助自助者。小小开支不可随意,小小漏洞会沉大船。吃饭是为了活着,活着不是为了吃饭。选择朋友要谨慎,换朋友更要谨慎。TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin
《本杰明·富兰克林自传》ItwasconsideredtobethegreatestautobiographyproducedinColonialAmericawhichwaspublishedherecontained14chapters.
ContentFourpartswrittenatfourdifferenttimes1stpart:1771;alettertohisson;about80pages;hislifebeforetheageof252ndpart:1784;hislifebetweentheageof25and42;3rdpart:1788;hissocialandscientificlife;4thpart:1790;hislifebetweenhisretirementanddeath;“ThirteenVirtues”(13条美德)1.
Temperance:
Eat
not
to
dullness;
drink
not
toelevation.
节制。食不过饱;饮酒不醉。2.
Silence:
Speak
not
but
what
may
benefit
others
or
yourself;
avoid
trifling
conversation.
缄默。言则于人于己有益,不作无益闲聊。3.
Order:
Let
all
your
things
have
their
places;
let
each
part
of
your
business
have
its
time.
秩序。各样东西放在一定地方;各项日常事务应有一定的处理时间。4.
Resolution:
Resolve
to
perform
what
you
ought;
perform
without
fail
what
you
resolve.
决断。事情当做必做;既做则坚持到底。5.
Frugality:
Make
no
expense
but
to
do
good
to
others
or
yourself;
i.e.,
waste
nothing.
节俭。花钱须于人于己有益,即不浪费。6.
Industry:
Lose
no
time;
be
always
employed
in
something
useful;
cut
off
all
unnecessary
actions.
勤勉。不浪费时间;每时每刻做有用之事,戒除一切不必要的行动。7.
Sincerity:
Use
no
hurtful
deceit;
think
innocently
and
justly;
and,
if
you
speak,
speakaccordingly.
诚恳。不欺骗人;思想纯洁公正;说话也应诚实。8.
Justice:
Wrong
none
by
doing
injuries,
oromitting
the
benefits
that
are
your
duty.
正直。不做不利他人之事,切勿忘记履行对人有益的义务而伤害他人。9.
Moderation:
Avoid
extremes;
forbear
resenting
injuries,
so
much
as
you
think
they
deserve.中庸。勿走极端;受到应有的处罚,应当加以容忍。10.
Cleanliness:
Tolerate
no
unclearness
in
body,
clothes,
or
habitation.整洁。身体、衣服和住所应力求清洁。11.
Tranquility:
Be
not
disturbed
at
trifles,
or
at
accidents
common
or
unavoidable.
平静。勿因琐事或普通而不可避免的事件而烦恼。12.
Chastity:
Rarely
use
venery
but
for
health
or
offspring,
never
to
dullness,
weakness,
or
the
injury
of
your
own
or
another’s
peace
or
reputation.节欲。除了为了健康或生育后代起见,不常举行房事,切戒房事过度,伤害身体或损害你自己或他人的安宁或名誉13.
Humility:
Imitate
Jesus
and
Socrates.谦逊。效法耶稣和苏格拉底。InTheAutobiographywewillbeabletonotice:1)Puritanism’sinfluence,suchasself-examinationandself-improvementahow-to-do-itbook(timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle)Hardworkwasanethic,asteptowardsalvation;2)Enlightenmentspirits(man’snatureisgood,rightsofliberty,virtuesinclude“order”)asuccessstoryofself-reliance,thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.
whyishisAutobiographyimportant?1)ItisthefirstofitskindinAmericanliterature.2)Itisapuritandocument.3)ItistheillustrationofAmericandream.4)Itisthebestexampleofplainstyle.CommentsonAutobiography1)
AutobiographyrealisticallydescribedthelifeofFranklinwhoserags-to-richesexperiencesbecametheprototypeofmanyAmerican’sdreamofsuccess.2)Theprototypecharacterizedbyself-culture,self-improvement,self-reliance,self-cultivation,faithintheprogressofsocietyandtheidealsofthefuture,practicalandoptimisticattitudetowardlife,andfinalsuccesshavebeeninspiringgenerationsofAmericans.3)ItshowsthatFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderof18-centuryEnlightenmentthatmanisbasicallygoodandfreeby
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