生物学导论详解

生物学导论详解演示文稿当前第1页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点优选生物学导论当前第2页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Contents19.1LivingThingsasChemicalFactories19.2Kilocalories,BasalMetabolism,andWeightControl19.3TheChemicalofYourDiet19.4AmountsandSourcesofNutrients(self-learning)19.5TheFoodGuidePyramidwithFiveFoodGroups19.6EatingDisorders19.7DeficiencyDiseases19.8NutritionThroughtheLifeCycle19.9NutritionforFitnessandSports(self-learning)当前第3页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点KeytermsAbsorption吸收Anorexianervosa神经性厌食症Assimilation同化Basalmetabolicrate基础代谢率Bulimia易饿症Calorie卡路里Digestion消化Foodguidepyramid金字塔食物指南Ingestion摄取Kilocalorie大卡Kwashiorkor恶性营养不良Mineral矿物质Nutrition营养Obese肥胖的Specificdynamicaction(SDA)食物特殊动力作用Vitamin-deficiencydisease维生素缺乏症当前第4页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点19.1Livingthingsaschemicalfactories:

MatterandEnergyManipulatorsNutrients:moleculesrequiredtosupportlivingthingsNutritionAbranchofscienceProcessesbywhichwetakeinfoodandutilizeitIngestion,digestion,absorption,assimilationGeneticmaterial,DNA,controltheinterconversionprocesses当前第5页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点19.2Kilocalories,BasalMetabolism,andWeightcontrolKilocalorie大卡:theunitusedtomeasuretheamountofenergyinfoods1kilocalorie=theamountofenergyneededtoraisethetemperatureof1kilogramofwater1ºC1kilocalorie(C)=1000calorie当前第6页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点BasalmetabolicrateBasalmetabolicrate(BMR,基础代谢率):therateatwhichthebodyusesenergywhenatrestFactorsaffectBMR:age,sex,climate,altitude,physicalcondition,hormones,previousdiet,percentageofweightthatisfat,andtimeofyearSpecificdynamicaction(SDA)食物特殊动力作用:amountofenergyneededtoprocessthefood,10%oftotaldailykilocalorieintakeActivitylevel当前第7页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Bodymassindex(BMI,体重指数)weightinkilogramsBMI=——————————(heightinmeter)2IdealBMI:18.5~25kg/m2当前第8页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Weightcontrol:

amatterofbalancingthekilocaloriesingested摄取withthoseofexpendedDecreasingorincreasing500~1000kilocaloriesperday→1~2pounds(0.45~0.9kilogram)perweek当前第9页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Stepsinweightcontrol:CheckwithyourphysicianDeterminethenumberofkilocaloriesyouareconsumingReducetheamountoffoodorincreaseyourintake:1200kilocaloriesAnothervaluablewayisanincreaseinexercisewhilekeepingfoodintakeconstantInsisting当前第10页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点19.3ThechemicalcompositionofyourdietKindsofnutrients:Carbohydrates(碳水化合物)Lipids(脂类)Proteins(蛋白质)Vitamins(维生素)Minerals(矿物质)Water(水分)当前第11页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点CarbohydratesCarbohydrate:monosaccharidesordisaccharides,starch(primaryformofcarbohydrateweobtained),glycogen,celluloseFunction:UtilizedincellularrespirationtoprovideenergyUsedasbuildingblocksinthemanufactureofmoleculessuchasnucleicacidAsourceoffiberthatslowstheabsorptionofnutrientsandstimulatesperistalsis蠕动intheintestinaltract当前第12页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点LipidsSubclassesoflipids:

Phospholipids(磷脂):essentialcomponentsofcellmembranesSteroids(类固醇):manyarehormones,cholesterol胆固醇Truefats(triglycerides,甘油三磷脂):sourceofenergy,essentialfattyacids,dissolvesomevitaminsDefendingfromcoldandheatloss,shockabsorberGivepleasanttaste,fullfeelingofameal当前第13页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点ProteinsFunction:Essentialcomponentsofhemoglobin血色素andcellmembranes,antibodies,enzymes,somehormones,hair,muscle,tissuefiber,collagen胶原质Providealast-ditch最后的sourceofenergyduringstarvationCannotbestoredforlateruseTheamountofproteinnecessaryinthedietsisabout50grams/day当前第14页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点VitaminsVitaminsareorganicmolecules,neededinminuteamountstomaintainessentialmetabolicactivitiesCannotbemanufacturedbythebodyPlayaroleinassistingspecificenzymesthatbringaboutessentialbiochemicalchanges,coenzymes(辅酶)Highdosesofvitamins →toxic当前第15页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点MineralsAllmineralsareinorganicelements

CannotbesynthesizedbybodyCannotbebrokendownordestroyedbymetabolismorcookingCanfunctionasregulators,activators催化剂(Mg++),transmitters(Na+,K+)传导物,controllersofenzymaticreaction当前第16页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点WaterUniversalsolventAllthechemicalreactionsinlivingthingstakeplaceinwaterPrimarycomponentofblood,lymph,bodytissuefluids组织液WastesareeliminatedfrombodydissolvedinwaterConveyor传输ofheat,wastesEssentialreactantsinhydrolytic水解reactionsofmetabolism当前第17页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点19.5ThefoodguidepyramidwithfivefoodgroupsGrainproductsgroupVegetablegroupFruitgroupMeat,poultry,fish,anddrybeansgroupDairyproductsgroup当前第18页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点GrainproductsgroupProvidemostofkilocalorierequirementsintheformofcomplexcarbohydrates,fiber,vitaminB,minerals6~11servings(1serving=1sliceofbread;1/2cupofcookedcereal,1ounceofreadytoeatcereal,100kilocalories)eachday当前第19页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Fruitgroup2or4servingperday(1serving=1mediumapple;½cupoffruit;¾cupofjuice)Providefiber,carbohydrate,water,vitamins(particularlyvitaminC)当前第20页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Vegetablesgroup3~4servings(1serving=acupofrawleafyvegetables,½cupofothertypes)eachdayProvidevitamins,water,minerals,fiber当前第21页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Dairyproductsgroup2servings(1serving=1cupoficecream,milk,or2ouncesofcheese)eachdayProvidesminerals,water,vitamins,carbohydrates,protein当前第22页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Meat,poultry,fish,and

drybeansgroup

5~7ounces(140~200grams)perdayProteinrich当前第23页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点19.6EatingdisordersThreemostcommoneatingdisorders:Obesity(肥胖)Bulimia(易饿症)Anorexianervosa(神经性食欲缺乏)当前第24页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点ObesityBMI≥30kg/m2Affectthepeople’shealthandlifespanImbalancebetweenneedforkilocaloriesandtheamountoffoodatePrevailingcultureGeneticreasonChemicalimbalance ofthenervoussystem当前第25页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点BulimiaBulimia易饿病isadiseaseconditioninwhichthepersonhasacycleofeatingbinges狂欢followedbypurgingthebodyofthefoodbyinducingvomiting呕吐orusinglaxatives轻泻剂当前第26页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点AnorexianervosaAnutritionaldeficiencydisease营养缺乏症,characterizedbysevere,prolongedweightlossasaresultofavoluntarysevererestrictioninfoodintakeThisdiseaseisthoughttostemfromsocialandculturalfactors当前第27页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点19.7Deficiencydiseases营养缺乏症Protein-deficiencydiseaseKwashiorkor(恶性营养不良):distended扩大的belly,slowgrowth,slowmovement,emotionallydepressed当前第28页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Starvation:Vitamin-deficiencydisease维生素缺乏症:rare当前第29页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点19.8NutritionthroughthelifecycleInfancy(birthto12months):

FirstgrowthspurtAperson’stotalenergyrequirementsperkilogramarehighest:100kilocaloriesperkilogramofbodyweightperday50%forbasalmetabolicrateHumanbreastmilkisthemostappropriatefood当前第30页\共有33页\编于星期四\19点Childhood(1yeartopuberty青春期)GrowlowerthaninfancyProt