Chapter-6-Semantics-语义学教学讲解课件

Chapter6Semantics语义学.DefinitionDefinition“Semantics”referstothestudyofthecommunicationofmeaningthroughlanguage.Orsimply,itisthestudyofmeaningLeech’s7typesofmeaningsConceptualmeaning概念意义Associativemeaning联想意义:Connotativemeaning内涵意义Socialmeaning社会意义Affectivemeaning情感意义Reflectivemeaning反映意义Collocativemeaning搭配意义Thematicmeaning主题意义Conceptualmeaning概念意义Conceptualmeaning概念意义-----denotativemeaningThecoreoftheoryTherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethingstheyreferto,similartoreferencewomen:[HUMAN][FEMALE][ADULT]Pig:[ANIMALE][DOMESTICATED]…Connotativemeaning内涵意义Connotativemeaning内涵意义:coloredwithemotionPolitician&StatesmanWoman:housewife,gentle,cry,fragile,weak,dependenthesitantPig:fat,lazy,dirty,greedy,docileSocialmeaning社会意义Socialmeaning:WhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuseStylisticMeaninghorse(common)steed(formal/poetic)nag(slang)gee(colloquial/childlanguage)称谓：老婆，媳妇，堂客，屋里的，孩子他妈，内人，爱人，夫人，老伴儿，老婆子Degreesofformality:

Frozen—formal—consultative—casual—intimate(MartinJoos

TheFiveClocks)Formal—informal—literary—archaic—slangAffectivemeaning情感意义Affectivemeaning情感意义Theattitudeandfeelingsofthespeaker/writerappreciative/commendatorymeaningprerogative/derogatorymeaningReflectivemeaning反映意义Reflectivemeaning反映意义AssociationofanothersenseofthesameexpressionReflectedMeaning通过与同一个词的另一个意义的联想来传递的意义。E.g.

“圣灵”Comforter(comfort)TheHolyGhost多义词Intercourse,cockBottomup干杯！屁股朝天！Childish/womanish/boyish/Childlike/womanly/manly褒贬视语境而定：“sonofbitch”—crudevulgarity—friendliness,intimacy“讨厌”Collocativemeaning搭配意义Collocativemeaning搭配意义Associationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherwordprettyvs.handsome

whiteelephant,whitelie（白)

greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedColorterms:

MrBrownisaverywhiteman.Heislookingrathergreen.Buthehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.Thematicmeaning主题意义Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis说话者或写文章的人借助组织信息的方式（语序强调手段，信息焦点的安排）来传递的一种意义。TwohooligansbeatXiaoMingyesterday.XiaoMingwasbeatenyesterday.IwenttotheGreatWalllastyear.LastyearIwenttotheGreatWall.3.Majorsense/semanticrelationshipSynonymy同义关系Antonymy反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系Homonymy同形/同音异义关系SynonymySynonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.synonyms:Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Differencesofsynonyms:dialect地域；register场合;style风格；formality正式度；attitude态度Typesofsynonymsdialectalsynonyms:petroleum(AE)/gasoline;girl/lass(Scotish)stylisticsynonyms:oldman/daddy/dad/father/maleparentemotiveorevaluativesynonyms:thrifty/miserTypesofsynonymscollocationsynonyms:accuseof---chargewithSemanticallydifferentsynonyms:surprise/amaze困惑/astound难以置信AntonymyAntonymyreferstooppositionsofmeaningwordsthatstandoppositeinmeaningarecalled“antonyms”,oroppositesCategoriesofantonyms3

categories:gradableantonyms---good-badcomplementaryantonyms---single-marriedConverse/relationalantonyms---buy-sellHyponymy上下义关系“Hyponymy”involvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.WhenXidakindofY,thelowertermXisthe“hyponym”,andtheuppertermYisthe“superordinate”.Hyponymy上下义关系Twoormorehyponymssharingthesameonesuperordinatearecalled“co-hyponyms”,formingsemanticfields.Forexample,“flower”isthesuperordinateof“tulip”,“violet”and“rose”,whicharetheco-hyponymsof“flower”.Polysemy

一词多义关系“Polysemy”referstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavethanonemeaning.Forexample,“negative”,means(1)astatementsayingormeaning“no”,(2)arefusalordenial,3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.Polysemy

一词多义关系wecansometimeshardlytellifaformhasseveralmeaningsoritisadifferentwordtakingthisform;hencethedifferencebetweenpolysemyandhomonymy.Homonymy同形/同音异义关系

Homonymyreferstothelinguisticphenomenon,i.e.identityofformanddiversityofmeaning.ThreekindsofhomonymsHomographs---wordswithsamespelling,differentmeaningandsound:eg.Lead/li:d/&lead/led/Homophones---wordswithsamesound,differentmeaningandspelling,eg.sea&seeFull

homonyms---wordswithsamespellingandsound,differentmeaning,eg.ball(aroundobjectusedingames)&ball(agatheringofpeoplefordance)4.ComponentialAnalysis义素分析“Componentialanalysis”definesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents/features语义特征.Man:+Human+Adult+MaleWoman:+Human+Adult-Male5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle语义三角concept

word

thing5.Semantic/SemioticTriangle语义三角the“symbol”or“form”referstothelinguisticelements(word,sentence,etc.)the“referent”referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience,and“thought”or“reference”referstoconceptornotion.thesymbolawordsignifies“things”byvirtueofthe“concept”;The“concept”thusconsideredismeaningoftheword.6.TypesofsemanticchangeGeneralization---extensionSpecialization---shrinkingofmeaningElevation---ameliorationDegradation---degenerationGeneralization---extension

Definition:Itisthestretchofmeaning

wideningofmeaningBroadeningofmeaningGeneralization---extensionholiday:

onlysacreddays(Easter/Christmas)

allholidaysthing:

apoliticalorjudicialassembly

anythingthatexistssanctuary:

sacredplaces:temple;church

anyplacewhererefugeisprovidedGeneralization---extensionsalary----saltmoney---fixedregularpayjournal----adaily----aperiodicalSpecialization---shrinkingofmeaningnarrowingofmeaningSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedstinkanykindofsmellveryunpleasantsmellshrouddress;clothesclothorsheetinwhichadeadpersoniswrappedSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedgrocerretailerretailerofdailyusespoisonanykindofdrinksubstancecausing

deathorharmwhenabsorbedSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedcorpse

ahumanoranimalbody,livingordeadadeadbody,especiallyofahumanbeinghospitaltheplacewheretouristsrest&relaxinstitutionwherepatientsreceivevariousmedicaltreatmentsSpecialization---Fromgeneraltospecificexampleoriginalspecializedmeatfood

fleshofanimalsgirlyoungpersonn

ofeithersexfemaleyoungpersonwifewoman

amarriedwomanElevation---ameliorationDefinition:Themeaningnarrowstowardamorefavorableone.orwordsoftenrisefromahumblebeginningtoapositionofgreaterimportancebecause

ofsocialchanges.Elevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatednaughtywicked/depravedmischievous

Praisesetavalueonsthgood/badsetavalueonsthgoodElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatedfamereportgoodreputation

successresult/

outcomegoodresult/outcomeElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevatedshrewdwicked

keen-witted/cleverinnsmalloldhotelinthecountry

(also)bigluxurioushotelElevation---ameliorationexampleOriginalElevated

marshalaservantwholooksaftermares(充其量是个"弼马温")thechi