建筑姿势的创造英文

ThecreationofarchitecturalgestureExtravaganceisnottheonlywaytofindgesturalqualitiesinthings,andenhancetheirstatus.Anasceticphilosopherwouldaimforatablethatwaspointedlylessextravagantthanthenorm,anditspurposewouldbetoshowhigh-mindednessratherthanlowstatusassuch.Ademocraticpresidentwouldneedtoshowondifferentoccasionsbothimperialgrandeur(whenentertainingvisitingheadsofstate)andabsoluteordinariness(showingarapportwithvoters).Wemightfeelashamedifourheadofstatelivedinanapartmentwithinexpensivecataloguefurniture,butinanothermoodmightresenttheextravagantcostsinvolvedinfurnishinghigh-statusaccommodationfromthepublicpurse.Thearchitecturalsettinghasaparttoplayinputtinginplaceasenseofhowitwouldbeappropriatetobehave,andinindicatingthestatusandaspirationsofitsinhabitant.Itcanbesimplyapersonalmatter,ifwedon'tcarewhatanyonethinks,anddecoratetosuitourselves,orcanbeverypublictheatre,broadcastaroundthewholeworld.图1忌.T冒rad袜iti心ona娘lc薄ott鹅age铁,u荡nce餐rta皮in伐dat辟e,游but谨pr层c-2残0构th墨cen近tur摔y;爬no恋arc东hit典ect拜.T柱his扫ho蒸vel阳is逗a订rep培res剂ent例ati半ve桃exa崖mpl登eo势ft镜he恼typ蛇es浮of及dwe娱lli歇ng男tha壤tw竭ere弊bu大ilt丑by帐th绸er通ura恐lp吹oor趋un阁til识th惑e1吃9th华ce翁ntu地ry.渴Li葵vin史gc滔ond杨iti胀ons枣co也uld度be预ba斗d,技but幸th共ew门ors祸tc嘉ott川age咐sw赤ere产ma疤de亦of柄ear寸th储and外ha安ve刺lon科gs攻inc绿ed碍isa枪ppe喝are傻d.才Sto嫌ne熊dwe这lli抗ngs还,s搂uch察as压th获eo古ne感sho梨wn症her序e,岭wou稳ld科hav砖eb高een冤bu叨ilt锋wi庄th课sto绝ne秃tha宏tw倾as江eit紫her府qu覆arr脸ied饱lo论cal例ly汪or崭tha旁th伟ad隔bee穿nc程lea耀red堪fr宿om虑the惠fi渴eld蔬s.悄Thi痕se赏xam笔ple庙wo鸟uld表ha素ve敲bee锦nt膊oo确sma娱ll备to正ada脑pt轻to更mod扑ern阴ne跳eds年,b孙ut驾man判ys响imi嫌lar秋sl杨igh重tly夹la抗rge河rb献uil米din砖gs息are那st翁ill何oc盐cup份ied楼,c寒onn格ect西ed木to悠ele矩ctr露ici困ty鹿and巾wi旱th稀mod裤ern孙pl房umb鹅ing云,w昂hic催hm象ake晶st得hem饼ve磁ry盛dif尼fer盈ent脑fr笨om燕the布pl项ace掘st壤hey饱on粥ce丛wer逃e.近In金Bri箭tai宋n,蓄mos盗tc拌ott络age补sa马re我now碧in晒hab范ite凡db骗yp蓄eop杏le细who报se浇inc避ome睛do箭es恼not毙co添me顽fro侄mf夹arm贡ing剧th偷ep躬lot萌of煌la耽nd浸on瞎whi趟ch吓the材ho丛use姓si烈ts,告bu蚕tb傅yp口eop劝le而who缺ei迹the策rh过ave影jo疗bs宣in撞tow筝ns,排or尝wh掌oh周ave挥re嫂tir自ed后fro屿mt也hei截rt颤own裕wo蕉rk.升Mo宾st演cot岂tag俊es钞the泼ref孟ore气fu全nct逆ion朗as疤pa辞rt雁of寒ac蔑ity矩,e浙ven景th数oug米ht廉hey止ca莲ns句til剪ll膨ook呈id父yll严ica窄lly条ru毛ral副.Themeaninginbuildingsisnotfixedinthem.Forexample,thecottagesthatwerebuiltbyagriculturalworkersfortheirownusewerenotconsideredasaformofartisticexpression,butasserviceableshelters(Figure1).Howevertheromanticpoetssawthesimplecottagesoftheruralpoorasanexpressionoftenaciousvirtueinbleakcircumstances,whichmeantthattheywereseenasgestural,andthenbytheendofthe18thcenturytherewasafashionforsmall-scaleruralretreats(cottagesornees),whichcertainlyshouldbeseenasartisticallyexpressive,andweredesignedthatway.Therehasbeenalongtraditionoflookingatagriculturalworkersasvirtuousandromanticthatstartedsomewhereintheancientworld.ItwasalreadyatraditionwhenVirgilwrotehisEcloguesinthefirstcenturyBC.Alreadythentherewasasentimentalinterpretationofagriculturethatcoulddevelopbecausetherewasaclassinthatsocietythatdidnothaveaneverydayinvolvementinagriculture,butwhocouldseeitfromadistanceandthinkofitasenviable,orinnocent.Themostfamousarchitecturalexpressionofthissensibilityinthe'modern'worldisthehamletthatMarie-AntoinettecommissionedatVersailles,whereshecouldstepasidefromherdutiesasthequeenintheworldsmostsplendidcourt,andpretendstobeasimplemilkmaid,intouchwithnatureandherfeelings.Thegestureisablendofinnocence,naivetéandsauciness.AnotherexampleisBlaiseHamletnearBristol,whichwasdesignedbythearchitectJohnNashasaself-consciouslyprettyandwell-managedgroupofhousesforretiredemployeesoftheBlaiseestate,agenuinebuthighlyvisiblegestureofbenevolenceonthepartofthelandowner.ThishasparticularpoignancybecauseNashwasalsoresponsibleforoneofthemostextravagantprincelydwellingsofthisoranyothertime:theRoyalPavilionatBrighton(Figure2).Eveninsmallillustrations,thereisnodoubtabouttherelativestatusoftheinhabitantsofthedwellingsshowninFigures1and2.Withoutanyspecializedknowledgeofarchitecture,weknowhowtoreadthesigns.EvenifwethoughtthatthebuildinginBrightonwasrelativelynormal,itwouldbeclearthatitwasnotthelow-costoption,andinfactitwasstylisticallyoutlandishandnovel.Itwasnotonlyextravagant;italsorelishedthedisplayofthatextravagance,andstilltodaysweepsvisitorsalongwiththesheerexuberanceofitsdisplay.ThereissomethingcharmingaboutthewayitrefusestoacknowledgeconventionaldecorumandsomethingabsolutelyaptaboutthewaythePrinceRegent'sriotouspartieswoulddothesame.Thereisasurprisinglycloserelationbetweentheformofthebuildinganditsfunction.床2族.R默oya因lP援avi僚lio糟n,译Bri晕ght屑on,尺En填gla葡nd拉(18冈15-火21)万;a售rch狠ite昨ct:鹊Jo发hn芦Nas驾h(描175晴2-1膛835表).榨Thi衣si缸so鞋ne侍of咳the耀mo胖st趋sel窃f-c葛ons枝cio录usl最ye弓xot金ic盐bui钓ldi洞ngs饼th叮at阿has颤ev都er悦bee凯nb民uil饭t.吨The淋'p菜avi屋lio你n'波at瓜Bri借ght方on脆beg抛an纸wit富ha矛mu易ch三sma补lle朵ra割nd懂mor昏ec畏onv旬ent使ion厕al苍bui脸ldi凡ng遇for突挨the夏th最en溉Pri般nce场of客Wa右les逃(w佣ho斑was浅la摊ter淹Pr望inc路eR添ege智nt武and悲th矛en辰Geo暴rge辟IV奶).睡The零na束me躬'pa堤vil陵ion勤'd夫eri墙ves例an蝶ol宇dF档ren算ch弱wor紫df泽or泡at最ent跨an鬼di转sn仇ow钻nor颜mal躁ly闹use雷df奥or荡sma槽ll退bui缴ldi该ngs眉th践at柜con峡nec蔑tw户ith离ou嫌tdo纪or棕act欧ivi谣ty,粘an扶di闯tw造oul赶dh兴ave律fi遥tte浊dt刷he祥ori盐gin训al教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