三、翻译与翻译对等

长春工程学院教案用纸教学内容教法提示ChapterThreeTranslationandEquivalenceI.TeachingContents:a.Wordequivalenceb.Formequivalencec.Dynamicequivalenced.Meaningequivalencee.StyleequivalenceII.TeachingAims:Tomakestudentsknowabouttherelationshipbetweentranslationandequivalence.III.TeachingFocus:TheimportanceofequivalenceIV.TeachingMethods:Student-centered(groupwork,thenclasswork).V.TeachingApproaches:Multi-mediaaided.VI.TeachingProcedures:Step1Commentsontheassignmentgiventostudentsinlastperiod.Step2Groupdiscussionaboutequivalence.1.Whatisequivalence?Equivalencereferstothedescriptionofonethingindifferentlanguages.Infacttranslationisaboutequivalence.(不同语言用来表达同一事物的词叫对等词.)2.Howmanykindsofequivalencedoyouknow?Whatarethey?Therearethefollowingkindsofequivalence:I.Wordequivalence:Ifwejustconsideritintermsofwords,wecandivideitintothefollowingkinds.A.Completeequivalence:Itreferstothecaseinwhichtwowordsorphrasesindifferentlanguageshaveexactlythesamemeaning.Forexamples:1.theU.S.StateDepartment(美国国务院)1长春工程学院教案用纸2.computationallinguistics(计算机语言学3.thePacificOcean(太平洋4.tuberculosis(肺结核5.helicopter(直升飞机6.minibus(小公共汽车7.marriage(结婚8.laser=激光9.asbusyasabee(忙如蜜蜂)))))))10.It’snousetalkingtohim,foryourwordwillgoinoneearandouttheother.（跟他讲没有用，他总是一耳进，一耳出。）B.Partialequivalence:(部分对等)Twowordsintwodifferentlanguageshavemanymeanings,inwhichonlyoneorsomeofthemeaningshavetheequivalents.(两个词在其所在的语言中各有许多不同含义，其中只有一个或数个词义对等。)在下面例子中英语“pull”和汉语的“拉”是对等的。Forexamples:拉门pullthedoorpullapart拉断拉开抽屉pullopenthedrawerpullswitch拉开开关他拉了拉我的袖子。Hepulledmysleeve.（但是在下面例子中英语“pull”和汉语的Forexamples:pullatooth“拉”是不对等的。）拔牙pullin（车）进站pullaroundpulltogetherpulloffaplan拉拉手恢复健康齐心协力努力实现计划shakehandcheeringsquaddiarrhea拉拉队拉肚子拉选票canvass拉倒forgetaboutitC.Onewordwithmultipleequivalents:(多元对等)a.Onewordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeanings:(一个词有多个对等的同义词)Forexamples:wife:妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，内人potato:马铃薯，洋人:humanbeing,man,people,person芋，土豆，山药蛋die:死了，走了;没了;去了;完蛋了，驾崩了;圆祭了;仙逝；归天；命赴黄泉b.Onewordwithmultipleequivalentsofdifferentmeanings:(一个词有多个不同)意义词Forexamples:cousin:堂兄，堂弟，堂姐，堂妹，表兄，表弟，表姐，表妹president:总统，总裁，主席，董事长，议长，会长，社长，校长2长春工程学院教案用纸carry:搬，运，提，拎，挑，担，抬，背，扛，搂，抱，端，举，夹，捧D.Equivalentsinterwovenwithoneanother(交叉对等Acertainwordmaybetreateddifferentlyaccordingtovariouscontextorcollocations.(交互对等):)Forexamples:说讲谈说tell:讲谈say:讲speak:说talk:说谈诉谈诉讲诉诉Theyhavedifferentcollocations:tellastory;tellmethetruth;speak/talkinclass;speakthelanguage/English/Chinesetalkaboutthenews;talktosb.talkwithsb.saysomething;saythat….(clause)E.Wordswithoutequivalents:(缺乏对等,不对等)Inthiscase,anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent.Forexamples:teenager:13至19岁的青少年prey:被食的动物(指为其它动物捕食的，如野兔、山羊)predator猎食动物（靠捕食其它动物为生的，如：虎、狼）scavenger食尸动物（指自己不杀生，专吃别的动物杀死的动物，如秃鹫）clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人couch-potato:整天窝在沙发里看电视的人（目不识）丁:(notknowone’s)ABC干妈：nominallyadoptedmother;godmother缘分：fateorchancethatbringspeopletogetherII.Formequivalence:Intermsofforms,therearethreekindsofformalcorrespondence:A.Thesamewordconstructionwiththesamemeaning.（用词结构相同，意思相同）Forexamples:EmergencyRoomgirlfriendwomandoctorchildrenworkersdining-hallteachers’readingroomAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredPenicillin.亚历山大.福来发现了青霉素。(词类、语法作用、词序均相同。)B.Thesamefigureofspeechwiththesamemeaning:（比喻相同，意思相同）Forexamples:snow-white,goldentime,asbusyasabee3长春工程学院教案用纸standbywithfoldedarmsspendmoneylikewaterStrikewhiletheironishot.Factsspeaklouderthanwords.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.Thereisnoendtolearning.C.Thesameform,butwithdifferentmeanings:（形式相同，意思不同）Becausetheexpressionsindifferentlanguagesaredifferent,inmanycases,theformslooksimilar;however,theyconveydifferentmeanings.（由于两种语言表达习惯不同，多数情况下往往是形式相同，意思有出入，甚至完全不同。）Forexamples:compactdisc激光唱片（而不能译为：密纹唱片，压缩唱片（意思错了））physicalparents亲生父母（而不awhitenight不眠之夜（而不能译为：白夜）apieceofcake小菜一碟（而不能译为：生物父母（费解））能译为：一块蛋糕）agreenhand:生手,新手atsixesandsevens（乱七八糟）blacksheep（害群之马）Dutchauction(courage,bargain),（降价或拍卖，{酒后之勇，不公平的交易}）红茶：（A:redtea;B:blacktea）A:Payattentiontothestrategy;B:Bediplomatic）要注意策略：（Youcan’tbetoocareful.（A；你不能太小心；B：你应该特别小心。）（形式对等在多数情况下只照顾了形式，牺牲了意思，是不可取的。）III.DynamicEquivalenceorFunctionalEquivalence:(灵活对等或功能对等)Becausetherearemanydifferencesinexpressionsinthetwolanguages,alsotherearealotofdifferencesinthecultures,religions,history,etc.sometimes,ifyoutranslatewordforword,youcan’texpresstheoriginalmeaning.Onthecontrary,youmayexpressitinadimlanguage,ordistorttheoriginalmeaning.What’sevenworse,youmaymakethetargetlanguagereaderspuzzled.Inthiscase,inordertoconveytherealmeaning,youhavetofocusonthemeaningandthefunctionsoftheoriginaltextratherthanontheformalequivalence.ThisiswhatNidaadvocatesinhistheory“FunctionalEquivalent”.AnditisalsoadvocatedbythefamouslinguististPeterNewmarkinhisbook(ATextbookofTranslation).Theybothinsistthatatranslatorshouldexpresstheoriginalmeaningdynamicallywithoutbeinginfluencedbytheformoftheoriginallanguage.Ifyouareinterestedintranslationandwanttoknowmoreabouttheirtheory,youmayreadmoreoftheirworks.Youmayfindtheminthefollowingbooks:4长春工程学院教案用纸1.Nida’sTheoryonTranslation,writtenbyMaHuijuan,publishedbyHigherEducationPress2.PeterNewmark’sATextbookofTranslationPublishedbyShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress(由于两种语言表达方式不同，若将原文形式原封不动地照搬过来，常常不能表达原意，或模糊不清，或意义歪曲。这时必须采用灵活对等或称作功能对等的方法进行翻译，即翻译时考虑的不是词的对应，而着眼于句子，甚至是段落语篇意义上的对等。在形式和意义不能兼顾的情况下，主要考虑意义，不受原文形式的束缚和影响，我们要深入挖掘原文字里行间隐含的信息,把原作的意思灵活巧妙地表达出来。）Forexamples:whitelie善意的谎言whiteelephant华而不实的东西(典故)黄色书刊/影片bluebook/film(思维)比较:yellowpress(以耸人听闻的方式报道新闻)bepurplewithrage脸气得发青onceinabluemoon千载难逢(比喻)bringcoaltoNewcastle:多此一举(地理环境)Dutchauction(courage,bargain),（降价或拍卖，{酒后之勇，不公平的交易}）goDutch（均摊费用）beinDutch（陷入麻烦）(历史)Ihavereadyourarticles.Iexpectedtomeetanolderman.(中西方的表达习惯)看过你的文章想不到你这么年轻。我大错特错。(Iammuchabroadinmyguess.)他初出毛庐,没有经验。(Heisagreenhand.)我一星期没洗澡，一身臭汗。（Iamsmellingofseven-day-oldsweat.）Hewasslightlystruckbythecashier,ayoungandgigglinggirlwithankles.他有点被那个年轻漂亮咯咯笑的收款员所打动。（英美文化中把脚踝的好看与否作为评价女性漂亮与否的标准之一。）(文化)YourgirlfriendisasbeautifulasHellen.你的女朋友美若天仙。（文化）(Therearetwokindsoftranslationmethods,whichareforeignizinganddomesticating.Inforeignizing,wehavetokeeptheforeigncharacteristics.However,indomesticating,wehavetomakethetranslatedworksoundslikethetargetlanguage.异化是要保存源语的异国情调,就是要“有洋味”。归化则是要把源语本土化，即用译语的表达方式来转换原语。）e.g.adrownrat:落汤鸡（归化译法）；落汤鼠（异化译法）aspoorasachurchmouse穷的叮当响；一贫如洗（归化译法）；穷的象教堂的老鼠一样（异化译法）gowiththestream随波逐流（归化译法）；随溪逐流（异化译法）5长春工程学院教案用纸Thelastoneisdelicious,bringmeanotherone.(Asignwhichisbesideapoolinazooinwhichlivesacrocodile.)（1）鳄鱼伤人，禁止下水。（从管理员的角度翻译）（2）人肉可口，再来一位。（从鳄鱼的角度翻译）IV.Meaningequivalence：(意义对等)Onlyfocusingontheequivalenceofmeaning,withoutamplificationandomittingintermsofmeaning,iscalledequivalenceintermsofmeaning.Forexample:Britaincouldnothaveadvancedherindustrializationsorapidlyif,justwhenownersoffactoriesneededitmost,anabundantsupplyofcheaplaborhadnotmadeitselfavailable.要不是正好在工厂老板们最需要劳动力的时候得到大量廉价劳动力，英国的工业化就不可能发展的这样迅速。V.Equivalenceintermsofstyle:（风格对等）Whentranslating,youshouldnotonlykeepthemeaningunchanged,butalsotrytokeeptheestyleunchanged,too.(不同作者有不同的写作风格。有时同一作者不同作品用了不同风格。风格对等指翻译时只保持意思相同还不够，还要尽量保持原作的风格，这是更高的要求，尤其是翻译文学作品时。）例如林肯的AddressAtGettysburg葛提斯堡演说词的最后一句话:…thatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.要使我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。[赏析]对这句话的翻译，译者用了几个排比句式，较好地体现了原文的语言风格。特别是对“governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople”的处理，从传意和表形上都译得相当成功。三个介词分别译为三个动词，而且紧紧扣住了原文的信息内核，用简洁有力的汉语表达出来，体现了演说词读起来琅琅上口、铿锵有力的语言风格。再如英国著名哲学家、政治家、思想家和散文学家培根的散文“论学习””OnStudy”的第一句话：Studiesservefordelight,forornamentandforability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。培根的随笔有不同的译本，例如富雷的，有重庆曹名伦的。这句译文选自富雷的译本。本句采用了直译法。译文较好地保留了原文的形式和风格。但具体词组或单词的翻译又不拘泥于原文，作了适当变通。（如三个“足以…”的排比与表达）,所以说它又使用了意译法。整个译文是直译与意译的巧妙结合，把原文中的意义美、形式美和声韵美都淋漓尽致地表现出来了,这一直以来是译界的佳作。我们再看看诗歌的翻译。6长春工程学院教案用纸红楼梦中好了歌的翻译中文：好了歌世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了，古今将相在何方，荒冢一堆草没了。世人都晓神仙好，只有金银忘不了，终朝只恨聚无多，及到多时眼闭了。世人都晓神仙好，只有娇妻忘不了，君生日日说恩情，君死又随人去了。世人都晓神仙好，只有儿孙忘不了，痴心父母古来多，孝顺儿孙谁见了。红楼梦有两个译本，一个是中国翻译家杨宪益夫妇译的，另一个是英国翻译家，也是中国通DavidHawks译的。我们选的这个译本是DavidHawks。请看译文：TheWon-DoneSongMenallknowthatsalvationshouldbewon,Butwithambitionwon’thavedone,havedone.Wherearethefamousonesofdaysgoneby?Ingrassygravestheylienow,everyone.Menallknowthatsalvationshouldbewon,Butwiththeirricheswon’htavedone,havedone.Eachday,theygrumblethey’venotmadeenough,Whenthey’veenough,it’sgoodnighteveryone!Menallknowthatsalvationshouldbewon,Butwiththeirlovingwivestheywon’thavedone.Thedarlingseverydayprotesttheirlove,Butonceyouaredead,they’reoffwithanotherone.7长春工程学院教案用纸Menallknowthatsalvationshouldbewon,Butwiththeirchildrenwon’thavedone,havedone.Yetthoughofparentsfondthereisnolack,OfgratefulchildrensawIne’erone.(TranslatedbyDavidHawks)点评：诗歌在翻译中可以说是难度最大的,不仅有韵律问题,而且按照理想化的翻译标准,还要把诗的内容、形式和风格都.霍克斯的译文是非常成功的，表现了译者自如驾驭汉、英“The,格式问题,用典问题译出来。大卫两种语言的能力和语言表达的娴熟技巧。他把《好了歌》译成Won-DoneSong”三个英文字与汉语的三个字相对应，不仅译出了原文的精髓与风格，而且在发音上与汉语的“完蛋”相近，正好是诗中要表达的意思，节1、2、4行最后一个音节依此为“won”“done”“one”，和“了”完全契，合甚至连每行的音节数也基本上相同，这是更为难得的。尤其是译文把那种看破红尘消极遁世的气韵都比较好地表这是诗歌翻译中的佳作。应该说由于英汉两种语言、两种文化存在着诸多差异，翻译诗歌更是难上加难，象这样好的诗歌译作实数真是一语双关，匠心独运。在”won-done”的携领下，歌中每小原诗中“好”原诗中表现的达出来了。罕见。Step3ConclusionTodaywehavelearnedthefourmainkindsofequivalence.Ofcoursetherearesomemore.However,sinceourclassroomtimeissolimited,wewon’ttalkaboutthemall.YoumayreadsomemoreaboutitafterclassontheInternetandthendomoreexercises.Step4HomeworkA.PutthefollowingintoEnglishorviceversa:a)1.delicateskin(娇嫩的皮肤)2.delicateporcelain(精致的瓷器)3.delicateliving(奢侈的生活)4.delicatehealth(虚弱的身体)5.delicatestomach(容易吃坏的胃)6.delicatevase(易碎的花瓶)7.delicatediplomaticquestion(微妙的外交关系)8.delicatedifference(细微的差别)9.delicatesurgicaloperation(难做的外科手术)10.delicatesenseofsmell(灵敏的嗅觉)11.delicatetouch(生花妙笔)12.delicatefood(美味食品)b)1.申请书(letterofapplication)2.报告书(report)8长春工程学院教案用纸3.协议书(agreement)4.说明书(directions/instruction)5.旅行委托书(bookingform)6.成交确认书(salesconfirmation)7.电视机使用说明书(TVoperationguide)8.白皮书(whitebook)(statement,document一国政府正式发表的文件或报告等，因其封皮是白颜色而得名)9.家书letter(from)home10.文凭/毕业证书