日知录教学方案

—日知录教学方案1、简介：顾炎武，明末清初闻名的思想家，文学家。生于明万历四十一年癸丑，卒于清康熙二十一年壬戌（1613—1682），昆山人，初名绛，国变后易名炎武，学者称亭林先生。亭林先生相貌丑怪，瞳子中白而边黑，性情耿介，不谐於世，与同裏归玄恭（庄）为友，时称“顾奇归怪”。明万历四十一年（公元1613年），那是一个动乱20XX年X月的前夜。外有满清贵族崛起于东北，大有叩关南下之势。内有李自成农民起义如火如荼，席卷中原大地，明朝统治已经是山雨欲来风满楼了。就在这年的五月，顾炎武生于江苏昆山的一个小镇。清兵南下，为仰慕南宋民族英雄文天祥的门生王炎午的忠贞品行，他更名炎武。他生于一个官僚地主家庭，祖先世代明朝为官，到了他诞生的时分家道已然中落，兄弟五人，炎武排行老二。在他很小时，就过继给别人。顾炎武从小就跟随祖父读书并受到过比拟严格的儒家教育，嗣父早卒，嗣母王氏受过良好教育，这些对于他以后人格的培育有举足轻重的意义。顾炎武性情耿介，很有志向，在青少年岁月里他广泛接触名当时的名士大儒，讲学论道以天下为己任，年轻时分的他就认识到科场应试无足轻重，专心研学适用之学，清兵攻陷南京后，顾炎武在苏州、昆山参与了抗清斗争。昆山城陷，嗣母王氏在家乡沦陷后绝食以身殉国，临终留下遗言给顾炎武：“汝无为异国臣子”，国恨家仇，嗣母遗言，使顾炎武终生保持了不与清廷合作的看法。表如今：不与清朝的名公巨卿有所交往，即使与自己的亲外甥，时任清政府高官的徐乾学弟兄，也很少走动。有一次，徐乾学坚邀舅舅到家中做客，他无奈去了，但拒绝饮宴，以表示不食清禄之义。公元1680年，顾炎武原配在昆山病故，他在悼念妻子的诗中写道：“地下相逢告父姥，遗民犹有一人存。”在地下你见到年老的父母，请秉告二老：明朝的遗民还有我这个人。这一年顾炎武已经六十八岁了。他漂泊北方25年，最终客死异乡。顾炎武的一生真正做到了“读万卷书，行万里路”。他的《日知录》、《昌平山水记》、《山东考古录》、等著作都是实地考察和书本学问互相参证，认真分析研讨以后写成的。2、《日知录》简介：《日知录》是明末清初闻名学者顾炎武的代表作品之一。《日知录》是顾炎武“稽古有得，随时札记，久而类次成书”的著作。《日知录》书名取之于《论语·子张篇》。子夏曰：“日知其所亡，月无忘其所能，可谓好学也已矣”。（每天明白自己失去了什么，月内忘不了自己学的东西算的上好学的人。）3、简述《日知录》和顾炎武的思想主见：经世致用：经世致用，“经世”的内涵是经国济世”；“致用”的内涵是“学用结合”。经世致用是宋代后渐渐形成的一种提倡研讨当前社会政治、经济等实际问题，要求研讨与当时社会的迫切问题联系起来，并从中提出解决重大问题方案的治学方法。又称经世致用之学。其特点是以解释古代典籍为手段，从中发挥自己的社会政治见解，并用于社会改革。4、人们为了表达立誓报效祖国的心情时，常引用顾炎武《日知录》中的两句诗句（天下兴亡），（匹夫有责）。二、课文分析（一）第一则“文须有益于天下”1.文之不行绝于天地间者，曰明道也，纪政事也，察民隐也，乐导人之善也。若此者有益于天下，有益于将来，多一篇，多一篇之益矣。A．重点字词自释：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXB．不恰当的字词订正：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXC．自译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX正译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX2．若夫（至于那）怪力乱神之事，无稽之言，剿袭之说，谀佞之文，若此者，有损于己，无益于人，多一篇，多一篇之损矣。A．重点字词自释：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXB．不恰当的字词订正：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXC．自译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX正译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX【在这段文字里，作为一位封建社会的文人，他讲“天下”，讲“将来”，不为剥削阶层立论，而为天下后世立论。他说而说明为政理论的文章，记录记录为政事迹的报导，反映民间不得上达的隐情的资料，以及引导人向上、而不是引导人堕落的文章，都是不行断绝的。而“怪力乱神”的事，没有依据的资料，抄袭别人的观点，和阿谀奉承的文章，这四类文章于人无益，于己有害。这种文章，越少越好。】【思索】1.假如划分层次，可划分为几层两层，即（有益之文、无益之文）2．简述“文之不行绝于天地之间”的`四个理由。明道、纪政事、察民情、乐道人之善。【“明治乱”是说明为政理论，“纪政事”是记录为政事迹，“察民隐”是体察民心，“乐道人善”是体会人情。】3.文章怎样论述中心论点的文章是运用比照论证的方式论证文章中心论点的。有益之文：明道、纪政事、察民隐、乐道人之善无益之文：“怪力乱神”之事；无稽之言；剿袭之说；谀佞之文；（二）第二则“著书之难”1．子书自《盂》、《荀》之外，如《老》《庄》《管》《商》《申》《韩》，皆自成一家言。至《吕氏春秋》、《淮南子》，则不能自成，故取诸子之言汇而为书，此子书之一变也，今人书集一一尽出其手，必不能多，大抵如《吕览》、《淮南》之类耳。A．重点字词自释：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXB．不恰当的字词订正：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXC．自译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX正译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX2．其必古人之所未及就，後世之所不行无，而後为之，庶其传宋人书如司马温公《资治通鉴》、马贵与《文献通考》，皆以一生精力成之，遂为後世不行无之书。而其中小有舛漏，尚亦不免。A．重点字词自释：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXB．不恰当的字词订正：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXC．自译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX正译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX3．若後人之书愈多而愈舛漏，愈速而愈不传，所以然者，其视成书太易，而急于求名故也。A．重点字词自释：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXB．不恰当的字词订正：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXC．自译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX正译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX【在这一段里，顾炎武讲的是著作的价值和永远性问题。他说，先秦诸子之书，多能各具价值，各垂永远，那是由于这诸子都能独立思索自成体系的原故。到《吕氏春秋》和《淮南子》，就是综合别人的，虽名曰《子》，但已阅历了改变。司马光、马端临都是竭尽平生精力去写成《通鉴》和《通考》的，故而这两部书是不行无、垂永远的著作。虽小有失误，亦不害大事。那什么样的著作才是有永远性的呢是过去的人不曾说过、不曾触及到、而将来的人又不行缺少的内容，才可以流传下来。而顾炎武本人毕生著书，正是严格地遵守了这一原则。】【思索】1.为什么说著述很难你认为提倡的著书原则是什么可以用文中语句答复。困难的原因是难以自成一家之言。著述原则是“必古人之所未及就，后世之所不行无。”2.命名“著书之难”的真适用意是什么为什么要引用《资治通鉴》《文献通考》为例明确：议“著书之难”意在强调“著述贵创新”的观点。引用古例，析古剖今，提出“必古人之所未及就，后世之所不行无”的著书标准，主见独创，反对急功近利，事实上还是提倡治学不为空言，要切合实际。（三）第三则“文人之多”1．唐宋以下，何文人之多也！固有不识经术，不通古今，而自命为文人者矣。韩文公《符读书城南诗》曰：“文章岂不贵，经训乃菑畲。潢潦无根源，朝满夕己除。人不通古今，马牛而襟裾。行身陷不义，况望多名誉。”A．重点字词自释：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXB．不恰当的字词订正：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXC．自译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX正译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX2．而宋刘挚之训子孙，每曰：“士当以器识为先，一号为文人，无足观矣。”然则以文人名于世，焉足重哉。此扬子云所谓“摭我华而不实我实”者也。A．重点字词自释：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXB．不恰当的字词订正：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXC．自译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX正译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX3．黄鲁直言：“数十年来，先生君子但用文章提奖後生，故华而不实。”本朝嘉靖以来亦有此风，而陆文裕所记刘文靖告吉士之言，空同大以为不平矣。A．重点字词自释：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXB．不恰当的字词订正：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXC．自译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX正译：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX