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分类号：XXX.XUDC：D10621-405-()HYPERLINK\o"由教务处统一分配,请班干部和教务处联络"XXXX-0密级：公开编号：（学号）（空九行）SexisminChildren’sTextbooks（空三行）论文作者姓名：周中华申请学位专业：英语申请学位类别：文学学士李文学（教授）论文提交日期：05月2x日左列分散对齐，各段字间无空格、无边线（点击“表格”）、可复制本页、修改封面带颜色信息、删除说明文字和空间后打印作为封面可复制本页、修改封面带颜色信息、删除说明文字和空间后打印作为封面此版块前空一行，宋体，小四号加粗，左顶格分类号：（见附加材料）UDC:D10621－405－（授予年）流水号－0（流水号由教务处于论文工作后期分配）UDC项右顶格，“编号”与UDC项左对齐）（可用Tab键，不能用空格键）二号,空九行，用于放学校图片及学校专用字（论文审核经过后送去打印时由新气象文印企业文印室提供）论文题目（英语）TimesNewRoman二号加粗，居中；有副标题，用冒号连接；如需换行，单倍行距，勿让虚词开头，虚词留在上一行末尾，不大写该虚词首字母（关于大写，详见附加材料），如包含书名，书名整体随下一行，书名斜体此版块居中，数字TimesNewRoman，汉字楷体，小三，加粗，左列分散对齐，右列居中，只右列留下边线，其余无线此两段字间1空格此段字间4空格指导教师职称：教授、副教授或讲师此两段字间无空格严格各部分格式、标点。SexisminChildren’sTextbooksAbstract:Thispaperaimstoexaminethenegativeeffectofsexismintextbooksonchildren.Thereisabundantevidenceofsexismintexts:textsgiveunequalattentiontofemalesandmales;bookspresentnegativestereotypingofgirls;andmathandsciencetextsareespeciallybiased.Sexismintextbooksisunfairtochildren,becausechildrenlearntraditionalsexrolesinschoolandthey,bothgirlsandboysareconditionedtoacceptinequality.Childrenshouldbeallowedtodeterminetheirownlivesasmuchaspossible.Keywords:sexism;textbooks;children;negativeeffect摘要部分须与前后分页排版,此页不加页码（在上一页末尾点击“插入--分隔符--分页符—确定”分页，不要用回车键分页！！！。全文同！！）行距设置：选中段落，点击“格式（或单击鼠标右键）—段落—缩进和间距—行距--1.5倍行距”。全部标题开头单词、结尾单词和其余全部实词第一个字母大写（关于大写，见附加材料）论文题目（英语）字数：8-12wordsTimesNewRoman四号加粗居中内容：TimesNewRoman小四号1.5倍行距首行左顶格，两端对齐字数：200-250words关键词：3-8个词加粗

儿童教材中性别歧视摘要：本文意在探讨儿童教材中存在性别歧视对儿童负面效应。作者认为教材中性别歧视比比皆是，详细表现为：课文对男性、女性关注不平等；教材塑造了女孩负面形象；尤其在数学与科学文本中性别偏向更显得严重。经过分析，作者得出结论：儿童教材中性别歧视对儿童是不公平，因为经过在学校接触教材，儿童会潜移默化地接收消极传统性别角色，所以，不论对男童或女童，这么被迫接收不平等性别教育会影响其健康成长并被剥夺决定自己生活权利。关键词：性别歧视；教材；儿童；负面效应摘要部分须与前后分页排版,此页不加页码论文题目（汉语）字数：（与英文意思对应字数）宋体四号加粗居中内容：宋体小四号，1.5倍行距，首行左顶格，两端对齐；汉字摘要内容与英文对应关键词：3-8个加粗

ContentsNumberofPages:181Introduction..……………….….…..12EvidencesofSexisminTexts..…………….….…22.1UnequalAttentiontoFemalesandMales..……………….….…22.2NegativeStereotypingofGirls..………….…….42.2.1AppendixtoBoys2.2.2“BoxingTarget”ofBoys…….…….……..72.3BiasedAcademicSubjects………….…………92.3.1NegativeSubjectsfromMales………..……….………112.3.2NegativeSubjectsfromFemales……………...………123EffectsofSexisminTextbooksonChildren133.1Females’CentralInterestsonMales………….133.2NarrowEyesonMothering…….……………144Conclusion15Notes……….…..……15References.………...……….……16AppendixI(ifany)………...…….……………..17AppendixII(ifany)………...…….……………..18Acknowledgements19Declaration.……………….…..……20目录部分须与前后分页排版，此页不加页码注意提要中各标题表述和页码与正文中一样（本样例正文不完整）论文提要描述要详细，上下级标题观点之间要层次分明，同级标题观点之间不应有包含或重合关系，各级标题语法结构要一致（或全部用句子，或全部用名词/名词性短语/不定式短语）。严格恪守大小写、标点和移行规则。全部首行缩进、悬挂缩进和左缩进不能用空格键来退格，可分别拖动窗口上方格式标尺上面和下面三角块和长方块来实现；也能够点击“格式—段落—缩进和间距—特殊格式”设置首行缩进、悬挂缩进字符。注意：这里是度量值字符是汉字字符空间，1个字符相当于2个英文字符空间，所以，提要中节首行缩进第一层次设置1TimesNewRoman四号加粗居中总页数：TimesNewRoman5号右顶格提要各行：TimesNewRoman,小四，1.5倍行距，两端对齐，全部标题开头单词、结尾单词和其余全部实词第一个字母大写，（关于大写，详见附加材料）下一级标题序号从上级标题第一个字母往后排，全部标题第一个字母前有一空格，无句点。下同字符，第二层次设置2字符，第三层次设置3字符，以这类推。SexisminChildren’sTextbooks1IntroductionTextbooks,whichareveryimportantinachild’seducation,havethemainfunctionofprovidingspecificinformationonavarietyofsubjects.Indirectly,though,textbooksteachchildrentheethicalandmoralvaluesoftheirsocietyandprovidechildrenwithstandardsofhowwomen,men,boysandgirlsshouldbehave.1Thesestandardsthatareportrayedintextbookspatternastudent’swayofthinkingandhelpexplaintheexistenceofthesexistattitudesthatourcultureholds.Thecontroversialsubjectofwhataffect,ifany,sexismintextbooksintextbookshasonchildrenhasrecentlygainedattentionalongwiththeriseofthewomen’sLiberationMovement.Thereisnodoubtthatsexismhasbeenwidespreadintextbooksandhashad,Ithink,anegativeeffectonchildren.Sexismhasappearedinchildren’stextbooksinvariousways.Onesubtlewaywasthroughtheamountofattentiongiventomalesascomparedtofemales.RecentlyagroupfromtheNationalorganization(NOW)readandevaluated2,760children’sstoriesforsexistcontent.Thestudyconcludesthattherewerefiveboys-centeredstoriesforeverytwogirl-centeredstories,sixmalesbiographiesforeveryonefemalebiography,andsixoccupationformalesportrayedforeveryoneoccupationforfemales.2LenoreWeitzmanandDianeRizzo,sociologyprofessorsattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,concludethatsincefifty-onepercentofthepopulationarewomen,itisonlyfairtoexpectwomentocomprisehalfoftheillustrationsintexts.标题(英语)：四号TimesNewRoman加粗居中论文正文各部分：TimesNewRoman小四号1.5倍行距，两端对齐正文各级标题小四号，加粗，左顶格，上下空一行各段首行缩进5个英文字符（点击“格式—段落—特殊格式—首行缩进—度量值—2.5字符”）注释方法：阿拉伯数字，上标，紧接前面标点符号或字词，与后面内容空两格2EvidencesofSexisminTextsAbcdefghxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.Bxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.Cxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.2.1UnequalAttentiontoFemalesandMales…WeitzmanandRizzofoundthatin8,000pictures,sixty-ninepercentshowedmaleswhilefemalesmadeuponlythirty-onepercentofthetotal.3CelesteBrodyobservesthatthisdisproportionateinclusionofmalestofemaleshasledtothecompleteomissionoffemalesfrommanytexts.4…2.2NegativeStereotypingofGirlsMmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.2.2.1Sexismhasalsobeenevidentintheimagestextbooksprovideofchildren.Girlsoftenhavebeenshownasdependingonboysforhelp,asinthisexamplefromanelementaryschoolreader:“‘MySallyhasfallenintothewater,’thelittlegirltellsDick,’Can’tyousaveher?’”5WeitzmanandRizzoconcludethatintextbooksboyshavebeenpresentedasactive,skillful,adventures,intelligentyoungsterswhilegirlswereportrayedasaffectionate,正文各级标题：小四号，加粗，左顶格，上下空一行，但落在一页第一行标题上面不留空行。标题不留在上一页最终一行每章标题和第一大节标题之间（如2与2.1，3与3.1）要有一小段（通常是概括本章主题）引子；每大节标题和第一小节标题之间（如2.2与2.2.1，2.3与2.3.1）也应有一小段（通常是概括本大节主题）引子论文主体部分最少要有两章，各章最少要有两节，每节不能只有很短一个段落!!（本样例非完整论文）引用原文中有原话语，在双引号中套用单引号。emotionalorpassiveyoungsters.6Evenwhenagirlwaspresentedasheroineinastory,shewasusuallyshowninatraditionalfemalerole,asinthisexample:…Kirsten,theheroineofathirdgradestory,winsoverthegirlswhohaverejectedherbymakingDanishcookiesandhavingthemostpopularboothsattheschoolfair.Themoralinthisstoryisthatgirlscansucceedbycookingandserving.ButKirstenslightsherselfattheveryskillthatearnedherfavorwhenshesays,“It’seasy;evenIcandoit,andyouknowhowstupidIam.”Thusevenwhengirlssucceed,theytendtodeprecatethemselves.Incontrast,boysshowagreatdealofconfidenceandpride.7…2.2.2“BoxingTarget”ofBoysThewritersofDickandJaneasVictimsreportthatgirlshavebeenportrayedsimplylookingonwhiletheboysaccomplishedthings.Femalesinthereadershavebeen“almostwithoutexception…subordinatetomales.”8...…2.3BiasedAcademicSubjectsNnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn.假如引用内容将占用正文超出4行空间，单独起段，段前、段后分别与正文有一空行隔离；前后不用引号，小四号，1.5倍行距。假如引用中有省略，使用英语省略号，（…），三个句号左悬挂缩进10个英文字符（设置5字符），右对齐(“格式—段落—缩进和间距—缩进—左—右”）书籍名称，斜体处理本节（概括性）引子2.3.1NegativeSubjectsfromMalesTheamountofsexismintextbookshasvariedindifferentacademicsubjects.Forexample,insciencebooks,seventy-fourpercentofthepictureswereofmales.Boyswereshowninvolvedinscienceexperiments,whilegirlswereshownasobserversoftheexperiments.Onlymaleswerepicturedasastronautsandonlyboysweretoldtoimaginethemselvesasastronauts.9LindaHarrisonandRichardPassero,ofWesternMichiganUniversity,reportthatoneelementaryschoolsciencetextbookstheyexaminedshowedwomeninonlyfourillustrationsandintwoofthesepicturedthem“scouringpotsandpouringwaterfromonepotintoanother.”10In…2.3.1NegativeSubjectsfromFemalesTheresearchdonebytheNOWcollectiveledtotheconclusionthat“mathhaveboyssolvingproblemsinastronomyandchemistryorbuyingstockorlifeinsurance;girlsareusuallymeasuringcurtainsforawindoworflourforacake.”11……3EffectsofSexisminTextbooksonChildrenAbcdefghxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.Bxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.落在一页第一行标题上方不留空行，只在下方空一行本章（概括性）引子3.1Females’CentralInterestsonMalesIbelievethatthissexisminchildren’stextbookshashadadefiniteinfluenceonchildren.OneoftheeffectspointedoutbyCelesteBrodyisthatfemalestendtocentertheirinterestsonmales,whilemalesfocustheirattentiononthegoalstheyhopetoachieve.12Childrenlearnfromreadingthesetextsthattheyareexpectedrolesforbothmenandwomen.Theserolesportraymenastheprovidersforthefamilywomenashomemakersandmothers.Iffemalesarenevershownashavingcareers,thengirlsaresubtlyencouragedtopatterntheirlivesaroundthehome.Malesarethenleftwiththeresponsibilityofbeingthesolebreadwinners--sometimestheburdentooheavytohandlewithouthelp.3.2NarrowEyesonMotheringAccordingtoNewsweekmagazine,fortypercentoftheinthiscountryarenowheldbywomen.13Thusthedomesticpicturesofwomenpresentedintextbooksnolongerreflectstherealityofmanychildren’slives.Yet,asBarbaraGrizzutiHarrisonpointsout,“…oneoffewtextbooks[afirst-gradereader]thatshowedawomanworkingplacedherinherdaughter’sschoolcafeteria--cooking.”14Thesestereotypedportrayalshelpexplaingirlsarenotascommonasforboys,……………期刊杂志名称，斜体处理4ConclusionThosepeoplewhoadvocatesexdiscriminationandsexnoharminitsexistencearebasingtheirargumentsentirelyonvaluesandattitudesthattheythemselveshavelearned.Theyarecomfortablepeoplewhoarethusunconcernedabouttheobviouslackofequalitywhichmaycausediscomforttoothers.Iseesexismintextbooksasunneededandharmfultochildrenwhomightprefertomakeuptheirownmindsabouthowtheywishtolivetheirlives,ratherthanbeingprogrammedtofollowthesociety’spresentunfairpattern.AsCelesteBrodyobserves,“…therearenomasculineandfemalevirtues.Thereareonlyhumanvirtues,andthesearedesirableforbothsexes.”15Bothfemalesandmalesshouldbeportrayedasactive,intelligent,strong,compatibleindividualsifthemovementforequalityisgoingtoaccomplishitsgoal.Notes1LenoreJ.Weitzman,andDianeRizzo,“SexBiasinTextbooks,”49.2“ChangingtheTextbooks,”26.3WeitzmanandRizzo,49.4Brody,“DoInstructionalMaterialsReinforceSexStereotyping?”121.5Quotedin“WomenonWords&Images,”55.6WeitzmanandRizzo,49.7WeitzmanandRizzo,52.8DickandJane,24.注释紧随正文，小四号，加粗，左顶格，前后空一行。注释按原文中注释序号对应排列，阿拉伯数字使用上标，首行缩进2.5字符，英文小四号，1.5倍行距，非电子文件两端对齐，署名文章作者使用通常排列方式【名姓】.此为合著者文章名放在双引号内，后引号在标点之后引用材料所在页码匿名文章及引用信息所在页码。如文章名太长，可只取前面主要单词前面注释（1）中已给出详细信息，可略为此格式文中已提到作者全名，可略为“姓”。注12,15同转引自该文章及信息所在页码再次引用相同署名文章或书，能够简化为“作者姓，页码”.此为合著者.注7、9同.文中已提及书名、但未提作者，重复书名前面少数主要词汇。书名用斜体9WeitzmanandRizzo,50.10HarrisonandPassero,“SexismintheLanguageofElementarySchoolTextbooks,”25.11“ChangingtheTextbooks”,27.12Brody,21.13MerrillSheils,etal.,“AWoman’sAgenda,”60.14Harrison,UnlearningtheLie:SexisminSchool,38.15Brody,121.（样文中内容已经省略）16Thisnotionofwomen’sunimportanceisreflectedinthesecond-ratewagespaidtowomen.Newsweekreportsthat“ontheaverage,awomen’ssalaryis62percentofaman’s--thesamegapthatexistedtenyearsago--androughlythatofBiblicaltimes,whentheLordtoldMosesthatamanisworth50shekelsofsilver,awomanonly30.Inmanycases,ajanitororahandymanearnsmorethanasecretarywithacollegeeducation”(MerrillSheils,etal.,60).（样文中内容已经省略）17Brody,122.18(Translationof)Zhong,Qiujie,andGuoQingjie[钟秋结，郭庆杰].英语语法教学过程法(“AProcess-BasedGrammarTeaching”),36.（18-23仅为样例）19Zhong,Qiujie,andGuoQingjie[钟秋结，郭庆杰].英语语法教学过程法(“AProcess-BasedGrammarTeaching”),36.20Shu,Dingfang[束定芳].《外语教学改革——问题与对策》(FLTReform:ProblemsandStrategies),123.21Hoffmann,Heinrich.“Struwwelpeter,”<>.22“ThisDayinHistory:August20,.”<>.前面注释（2）已经引注未署名文章如有四位及以上作者，可只写第一人名姓，其余用“etal.”代替引用署名著作内容，文中已出现作者全名，可略为“姓”。书名用斜体，书名后只标引用内容所在页码解释性、补充性说明等表明已经在前面引用过文中直接翻译引用该汉字作者这篇文章原话。假如正文中提到文章名，这里汉字文章名要译成英文。尽可能用杂志提供英文；如未提到，可不译成英文。汉字宋体五号文中用英文转述了该汉字作者观点汉字署名《著作》引用格式，如正文中提及书名，这里汉字书名要译成英文引用网上署名英文“文章”格式，需要时取消两端对齐网上匿名“文章”格式23Wang,Mingliang[王明亮].关于中国学术期刊标准数据库系统工程进展,<>.注意：1.注释最少要有5条不一样文件引注（英文小说原著除外）2.各条目序号、标点后都有一空格，最终都有一点号。3.为考虑视觉效果，汉字可用宋体五号字，因为汉字小四号和英文小四号反差大：Wang,Mingliang[王明亮].关于中国学术期刊标准数据库系统工程进展,<>.（其它详细情况格式，请参考以上各条和参考文件格式做对应处理）引用网上署名汉字文章。文中没提文章名，此处可不译成英文

关于下页References样板说明：请依照以下例子各条目后面文件类别提醒，结合附加材料认真学习各类条目格式！！！参考文件单独起页（在上一页末尾点击“插入分隔符分页符确定”，不能用回车键换页！！）最少要有10个以上参考文件，其中英文文件最少3个（英文小说原著除外），全部文件中最少要有5个是被引用过，即，是注释里出现过。各条目不编序号；英文用TimesNewRoman,小四，汉语用宋体，五号；首行左顶格，换行悬挂缩进5个英文字符（点击“格式—段落—特殊格式—悬挂缩进—度量值—2.5字符”，不能用空格键退格！！），1.5倍行距，非电子文件两端对齐，电子文档取消两端对齐请注意标点（尤其是后引号在标点之后）、空格严格利用排序：为实现文件信息链无缝对接，文内、注释和参考文件已经将汉字作者姓名用英文拼写（再补充[汉字姓名]），所以，就无须将汉字参考文件置于英文之后，而是全部条目拉通按作者“姓”音序排序。匿名文章按文章名第一个单词（冠词除外）“首字母”加入排序（因为文章名前有引号，不能自动排序，需要人工操作）。

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