ap biology领域界门纲目科属种

AAPBiologychapterFFindingcommonalityinvarietyOrganismsclassifiedfrommostgeneralgroup,,downtomostspecific,species ,kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,species PageOld5KingdomMonera,Protists,nts,Fungi,PageNNewreflectsagreaterunderstandingofevolution&molecularevidenceProkaryote:Prokaryote:– Archaea EukaryaPage uni-toPagePageBBacterialiveBacterialiveinall nts& nts&intheindepthsoftheinextremeinextremeinextremePageBBacterialrodsandspheresandPProkaryote1/10sizeofeukaryoteInternalnomembrane-boundonlyPagenotwrappedaroundVVariationsinCell(photosythetic)bacteriumaerobic Page▪▪AncestraleukaryoticEukaryoticcellwithPageEukaryoticcellwith PProkaryoteCellWallGram-positivesmaGram-negativeoutermembraneofpeptidoglycan=polysaccharides+aminoacidchainslipopolysaccharides=lipids+polysaccharidesProkaryoticProkaryoticHowdobacteriaacquiretheirenergy&photosyntheticoxidizeinorganic–nitrogen,sulfur,live nt&animalposers&PageBBacteriaasntwilts,fruitrot,animaltoothdecay,PageBBacteriaasbeneficial(&LifeonEarthisdependenton recyclingofnutrientsfromdeadtoonlyorganismsthatcanfixNfrom–neededforsynthesisofproteins&nucleicPageArchaebacteriaisagroupofbacteriathatareanaerobic.Thesebacteriaareadaptedtolivinginextremeenvironmentalconditions.-TypeofOrganism:-PeptidoglycaninCellWall: -NutritionMode:Pagenot ntorPagePageeTeToo–doesn’treflectanyevolutionaryrelationshipamongstallkingdommembersPProtistThefullspectrumofmodesoffromunicellulartoautotrophicto ual ualpathogenictosessilePageheterotrophs,ParameciumPageautotrophs,algaePage smallalgae+muchoftheworld’sproduces~90%ofatmospheric heterotrophicprotists+keyecologicalroleatbaseofmarinefoodwebPagefeedbymostlyexceptunicellularcell ual&a PageFFungalthread-likemultipleCell••polysaccharide+justlikecrabsPagecchitincellPagesecretedigestivefeedby•parasites–feedingonlivingpredators–paralyzingnt –breakdowndeadPagefungi+pioneerspeciesinmakessoilfrombare•••fungilivein&ntntstoabsorbmorewater&PageggCriticalrole nt–extendswater&nutrientabsorptionof buddinginspreadbyjoiningof+&–haploidPageZZygomycete(BreadMold)Life FUSION+and–BBasidiomyceteLifefruitinggillslined(n+ PageFUSION ntnt pollen&land pollen&vascularsystem=watercolonizationofPagexylemcells=autotrophs,cellPageBBryophytes:1st–vascularNo!non-nowatertransportnotrueroots–dominantstage?•••haploidgametophytereduced,dependentfuzzymosswithishaploidntyouareswimmingsperm–flagellatedPagePPteridophytes:1st–vascularYes!watertransportxylem,phloem,roots,leaves–dominantstage?diploidsporophytefragile,independent swimming–PageFFirst nts:vascularYes!xylem,phloem,roots,dominantdiploidsporophytereduced(microscopic)reductionofgametophyteprotectsdelicateegg&embryoinprotectivesporophyteprotectedfromdrought&UVheterospory:malevs.female•Page•–nakedseeds(nopollen--containmaleAAngiosperm:ascularYes!dominantdiploidsporophytereduced(microscopic)protectsegg&heterospory孢子异型malevsfemale ualselection:attractseedsinside ualselection:attractseedPagecontainmaleSSeedntSeedprotectionforstorednutrientsforgrowthof Pagecotyledons=“seed”leaves,firstleavesofnew PageAAnimalmustingestothersforcomplexNocellallowsactivenoalternationofPageflatwormsroundwormsmollusks lsymmetrydistinct nmulticellularityspecialization&bodyPagebodymuscle&nervetissuebodybody&brainPage:nodistincttissuesordohavespecializednosessile(asPagetissues,butnotwocellradialtentaclessurroundgutopening: llypseudocoelom=simpledigestive–tuberunningthroughlengthofbody(mouthtomanyarePage softbodies,mostlyprotectedbyhard truePage:, llytruePagemostsuccessfulanimal llyspecializedallowsjointedappendageschitin+Page:spinyPagefish,amphibians,reptiles,birds,internalbonyPageVVertebrates:bodybony&cartilaginousbodygillsforgastwo-chamberedheart;singleloopbloodcirculationexternalPage–bodylegsmoistbodylungs(positivepressure)diffusionthroughskinforgas••three-chamberedveinsfromlungsbackto–••Page53externalexternaldevelopmentinaquatic (tadpole蝌蚪tobodydryskin,scales蜕皮,armorbody••••lungsforgasthoracicbreathing;negativethree-chamberedsinternalexternaldevelopmentinamnioticPage–bodyfeathers&thin,hollowbone;flightskeleton–body•••veryefficientlungs&airfour-chamberedheart–••i