英语句子写作PPT完整全套教学课件

SentenceWriting

句子写作

UnitOneSimpleSentence(IndependentClause)简单句（独立分句）SimpleSentence简单句由一个独立分句构成，句子中只包含一个主语和谓语。但有时一个句子可包含两个或两个以上并列主语或谓语。Examples:Thestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.MyfriendandIoftenplaygolfandgobowlingonholidays.HewalkedovertooneofthetelephonesandcalledhisfriendMickMiles.BasicSentencePatterns(基本句型)

Subject+IntransitiveVerb(主语+不及物动词)Subject+LinkVerb+Predicative(主语+系动词+表语)Subject+TransitiveVerb+DirectObject(主语+及物动词+宾语)Subject+TransitiveVerb+IndirectObject+DirectObject(主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)Subject+TransitiveVerb+DirectObject+ObjectComplement(主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语)1.Subject+IntransitiveVerb

(主语+不及物动词)

此句型由主语S和谓语V（Vi.）构成，简称为主谓结构。主语通常为名词或代词，谓语是不及物动词或动词短语。Examples:Thepriceofgoldrose.Thefogislikelytopersistforacoupleofdaysinmostareas.Newbuildingsarespringingupeverywhere.2.Subject+LinkVerb+Predicative

(主语+系动词+表语)

系动词加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语。常用的系动词有：be,keep,appear,seem；go,get,grow,become,turn,fall；feel,look,smell,sound,taste。表语可以是形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式、介词短语等。Examples:Darkcloudsareasignofrainorsnow.Alloftheseseemtobeprerequisitesforlife.Youhavetoworkhardtokeepaheadinyourclass.Webecomecompanioninmisfortunefromthenon.Peoplefeltalarmedaboutthecholera.3.Subject+Transitiveverb+DirectObject

(主语+及物动词+宾语)

此句型可简称为主谓宾结构。谓语动词为及物动词，宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式以及从句。Examples:TheyoungestskaterwonagoldmedalinthelastWinterOlympicGames.Wemustavoidmakingsuchmistakesagain.Hedeservestobepunished.Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotknow.Iamafraidthatyouhavenotappreciatedtheurgencyofthematter.4.Subject+Transitiveverb+IndirectObject+DirectObject

(主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)

此句型中，谓语动词后跟两个宾语，一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后；也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，此时间接宾语前需加介词for或to。Examples:

ThenightsceneinHongKonggivesvisitorsanindelibleimpressionofexcitement.CanyouadvisemehowtodecidewhetherIshouldembarkonthisenterprise?Doyoushowyourappreciationforthem?ThespreadofChinesecapitalshouldbringbenefitstoitsrecipients.5.Subject+Transitiveverb+DirectObject+ObjectComplement

(主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语)

此句型中，谓语动词是及物动词，宾语和说明宾语动作或状态的补足语构成复合宾语。宾语补足语可以由名词、动词不定式、分词短语、形容词、副词和介词短语等充当。在使役动词make,let,have等引起的复合宾语中，若宾语补足语是动词不定式，则要省去不定式符号to。Examples:Youmightnotconsidermeatrustworthysourceofinformationaboutmyself.Weallconsiderwhatyousaidtobeunbelievable.Iwantyoutoundertakeallthearrangements.Thepolicemanfoundtwomenfightinginthestreet.Nothingcouldmakeusslackenoff.Defeatandfailuremakepeoplehumble.Letmerepresentmyideastoyouinanotherway.UnitTwoCompoundSentenceandComplexSentence(并列句与复合句)1.CompoundSentence(并列句)并列句由两个或两个以上的独立分句构成，各个分句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。把各个分句连接在一起通常有三种方式:WithCoordinatingConjunctions(用并列连词)WithConjunctiveAdverbs(用连接副词)UsingSemicolonsandColons(用分号和冒号)

1.1.WithCoordinatingConjunctions

(用并列连词)

IndependentClause+CoordinatingConjunction+IndependentClause常用的并列连词有：for,and,but,nor,or,yet,so第一个分句之后，并列连词之前，应使用逗号。Examples:TheJapanesehavealongerlifeexpectancythananyotherpeople,fortheirdietisextremelyhealthful.SomepeoplebelieveinIQtests,butothersdon’ttrusttheresults.Somepeopledonotlearnthroughtheauditorylearningstyle,nordotheylearnthroughvisualmethods.Studentsmayliveinthedormitories,ortheymayliveinoff-campushousing.1.2.WithConjunctiveAdverbs

(用连接副词)

IndependentClause+ConjunctiveAdverb+IndependentClause连接副词主要有：inaddition,also,furthermore,besides,moreover,then,therefore,thus,asaresult,consequently,accordingly,forexample,forinstance,inotherwords,however,nevertheless,still,incontrast,otherwise

等。第一个分句之后用分号，连接副词之后用逗号。Examples:Somepeopleareconcernedaboutthesideeffectsofmanymedications;inaddition,theymayhaveadistrustofthetraditionalhealthcaresystem.Youcanreceiveindividualguidancefromyourcounselor;therefore,youshouldtakeadvantageofthisservice.Examples:Manypeopleuseamother’sorgrandmother’scureforacold;forexample,theymighteatchickensoup.Weevolvedtobenicetoeachother;inotherwords,becausetherewasnoalternative.并列连词以及连接副词根据不同含义，分为如下几类：

RelationshipCoordinatingConjunctionsConjunctiveAdverbsAdditionandinaddition,also,furthermore,moreover,besidesContrastbut,yethowever,nevertheless,still,incontrastReasonforChoiceorotherwiseRelationshipCoordinatingConjunctionsConjunctive

AdverbsResultsotherefore,thus,asaresult,consequently,accordinglyNegativenorTimethenExampleforexample,forinstanceSummaryinotherwords1.3.UsingSemicolonsandColons

(用分号和冒号)

当两个分句的意义密切相关时，也可用分号或冒号来连接。Examples:Alaskaisthelargeststate;RhodeIslandisthesmallest.DianastudiestraditionalChinesemedicineinChina;shemissesherfamilyinEnglandalot.Theythoughttheyknewtheoutcome:TrumanwouldlosetoDewey.2.ComplexSentence(复合句)

把两个意思有联系但并不同等重要的分句连接起来，使其中一个句子从属于另一个句子，从而构成复合句。复合句中包括一个独立分句和一个从属子句。独立分句是主句，从属子句是从句。从句在句子中充当一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。复合句可分为：

TheNounClause（名词性从句）RelativeClause(定语从句)AdverbialClause(状语从句)

2.1.TheNounClause(名词性从句)

名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的从句，在句子中可以担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。引导名词从句的词有：

连词：that,whether,if

连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever

连接副词：when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever

名词性从句分为：SubjectClause(主语从句)ObjectClause（宾语从句）ThePredicativeClause（表语从句）TheAppositiveClause（同位语从句）2.1.1.SubjectClause(主语从句)

主语从句就是在句子中充当主语的从句。通常放在主句谓语动词之前，或由形式主语it代替而本身放在句末。Examples:Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.Whoseadvicewillbeadoptedwillbeannouncedlater.Whythebrainmakessuchsnapjudgmentsisnotyetentirelyclear.Itisevidentthatsportsandgamesareahealthybutcheapwaytofilltheirleisuretime.2.1.2.ObjectClause（宾语从句）

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作动词短语的宾语、介词的宾语。Examples:Ithinkthattheemphasisshouldbeonrecruitingtherightpeople.Theyalsopointoutthatthesmelloffoodusuallyheightensappetiteratherthansuppressingit.Shewasinterestedinhowpositionsofpoweralteredourreasoningprocess.2.1.3.ThePredicativeClause（表语从句）

在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词除以上所述引导词外，asif,asthough,because也可用来引导表语从句。Examples:Whatthepolicewanttoknowiswhenyouenteredtheroom.Itwasasthoughshehadwalkedfromthatfinalpressconferencestraightintooblivion.Itisbecausehehasnotseenthereverseofthemedal.2.1.4.TheAppositiveClause（同位语从句）

同位语从句一般跟在某些名词如decision,fact,belief,possibility,information等后面，用来解释或补充说明这些名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为同位关系。引导同位语从句的词语通常有：连词that，whether，连接代词what,who,whom,whose和连接副词when,where,how,why等。Examples:MargarettoldmeherfinaldecisionthatshewouldgotoEgypttoseePyramids.Thequestionwhowilltakehisplaceisstillnotclear.

Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.

2.2.RelativeClause(定语从句)

定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词，引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。

关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose,as

关系副词：when,where,whyExamples:Fortunately,wehaveastatisticssoftwarethatwilldoallthecalculations.ThemanwhomyouspoketojustnowisourEnglishteacher.Hegotintoasituationwhereitishardtodecidewhatisrightandwrong.

2.3.AdverbialClause(状语从句)

状语从句在句中充当状语，它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句根据其作用可分为：

AdverbialClauseofTime(时间状语从句)AdverbialClauseofPlace(地点状语从句)AdverbialClauseofManner(方式状语从句)AdverbialClauseofCause(原因状语从句)AdverbialClauseofPurpose(目的状语从句)AdverbialClauseofResult(结果状语从句)AdverbialClauseofCondition(条件状语从句)AdverbialClauseofConcession(让步状语从句)AdverbialClauseofComparison(比较状语从句)2.3.1.AdverbialClauseofTime

(时间状语从句)

常用引导词：when,whenever,as,while,assoonas,before,after,until,since,theinstant,bythetimeExamples:WheneverImetwithanydifficulty,hecametomyhelp.Mr.GreenhastaughtinthatschoolsincehecametoChinathreeyearsago.

常用引导词：where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere

Examples:Wherethereisnorain,farmingisdifficultorimpossible.Everywheretheywent,thevisitorswerewarmlyreceived.2.3.2.AdverbialClauseofPlace

(地点状语从句)2.3.3.AdverbialClauseofManner

(方式状语从句)

常用引导词：as,asif,asthough,how,thewayExamples:YoumustdotheexercisesasIshowyou.Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.2.3.4.AdverbialClauseofCause

(原因状语从句)

常用引导词：because,since,as,for,nowthat,inthatExamples:Becausesilkpaperwassoexpensive,peopledevelopedakindofpapermadefromthefibresofplants.Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.2.3.5.AdverbialClauseofPurpose

(目的状语从句)

常用引导词：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,lest

Examples:Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentscanunderstandwell.Theyclimbedtothetopofthebuildinginorderthattheycouldgetabird’s-eyeviewofthecity.2.3.6.AdverbialClauseofResult

(结果状语从句)

常用引导词：that,so…that,such…that,withtheresultthatExamples:Hewassoangrythathelefttheroomwithoutsayingaword.Popmusicissuchanimportantpartofsocietythatithaseveninfluenceourlanguage.2.3.7.AdverbialClauseofCondition

(条件状语从句)

常用引导词：if,unless,as/solongas,incasethat,providing/providedthat,supposingthat,onconditionthatExamples:Ifyoujointheextracurricularactivities,youcanmakemanynewfriends.Hewillsignthecontractprovidedweoffermorefavorableterms.2.3.8.AdverbialClauseofConcession

(让步状语从句)

常用引导词：though,although,evenif/though,while,inspiteofthefactthat,nomatter

Examples:Hepassedtheexaminationalthoughhehadbeenpreventedbyillnessfromstudying.Eventhoughmyherohasonlyonearm,hecandoeverythingthatwecando.2.3.9.AdverbialClauseofComparison

(比较状语从句)

常用引导词：than,as…as…,notso(as)…as…,themore…themore…Examples:IwashappierthanIhadeverbeeninmylife.AlthoughthepositionofwomeninChinaishigherthanbefore,girlsarestillnotvaluedasmuchasboysinthecountryside.3.Compound-ComplexSentence

(并列复合句)并列复合句由两个或两个以上的独立分句加上一个或一个以上的从属子句构成，即并列句和复合句结合构成的句子。Examples:Ihateplayinggolf,butIenjoyplayingtenniseventhoughIamnotverygoodatit.Ifstudentswishtoparkinthecampusparkinglots,theymustpayforapermit,orthecampuspolicewilltagtheircars.Examples:Ofcourse,theycouldn’tseewiththeireyes,buttheythoughtthatbytouchinghimtheycouldlearnjustwhatkindofanimalhewas.Iaskedamanwhohasawifeandthreechildrenwhodidthecookinginhishouseandherepliedthat

whoevercamehomefromworkfirstdidit.UnitThreeParallelStructure(平行结构)ParallelStructure

平行结构，也称排比结构，是把两个或两个以上意义相关或相近、结构相同或相似、语气相同的词组或句子并排在一起组成的句子。句子中可以排比的成分可以是语法结构相同的词、短语、从句和句子。1.Words（词）

Theawardwasforacombinationofscholarship,leadership,andathleticability.Thatmeanslisteningtomusicofallschoolsandallperiods,oldandnew,conservativeandmodern.2.Phrases(短语)

Youcanshopforacarintheclassifiedpagesofanewspaper,inausedcarlot,orinanewcarshowroom.Ispentthedaycleaningthehouse,readingpoetry,andputtingmylifeinorder.3.Clauses(从句)

Wearelookingforengineerswhocanthinklogically,whocananalyzecarefully,andwhocanmakedecisionsrealistically.Shehadthesamefeelingwhenshegraduatedfrommiddleschool,whenshegraduatedfromhighschool,andwhenshegraduatedfromcollege.4.Sentences(句子)

Mankindmustputanendtowar,orwarwillputanendtomankind.NeverhadBrentseensuchchaosasduringtheearthquake.Windowsofstorefrontswereshattering.Streetsweresplittingopen.Bricksandboulderswerecrashingdownfromtallbuildingsonthepeoplebelow.平行句中还常常使用成对的关联词来连接平行结构，例如:both…and…,either…or…,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,not…but…等。Either

wegofullspeedaheadorwestoprighthere.Someproductsappealtomorecustomersnotbyadvertisementsbutbygoodqualities.5.ClassicExamplesofParallelStructure

(经典名句名段)

Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.

——JuliusCaesarSomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.

——FrancisBaconUnitFourCommonSentenceProblems(常见的句子错误)句子结构中常出现的错误有：SentenceFragments(残缺句)Run-onSentences(连写句)MisplacedModifiers(误置修饰语)DanglingModifiers(悬垂修饰语)1.SentenceFragments(残缺句)

残缺句，指不能独立成句的一个不完整的句子片段。最常见的形式是词组、短语或从句被标点符号隔开当成一个完整的句子来使用。1.1.FragmentsWithoutVerbs(缺谓语动词)

RogerandLesterpilingonatthegoalline.RogerandLesterwerepilingonatthegoalline.Thedesireofallmankindtoliveinpeaceandfreedom.Thedesireofallmankindistoliveinpeaceandfreedom.1.2.FragmentsWithoutSubjects(缺主语)

Heisanindependentdevil.Thinksforhimself.Heisanindependentdevil.Hethinksforhimself.Treesareimportantonabuildingsite.Breakthewind.Treesareimportantonabuildingsiteforbreakingthewind.1.3.FragmentsWithoutBothSubjectsandVerbs

(同时缺主语和谓语)

Coveredwithconfusion.Shehurriedlylefttheroom.Coveredwithconfusion,shehurriedlylefttheroom.Aroundthecorner.Therewasadrugstore.Aroundthecornertherewasadrugstore.1.4.FragmentsofDependentClause

(从句独立成句)

Sincethereisalackofinterest.Thereisagreatlackofinformation.Sincethereisalackofinterest,thereisagreatlackofinformation.Thebatteryisdead.Whichmeansthewarwon’tstart.Thebatteryisdead,whichmeansthewarwon’tstart.2.Run-onSentences(连写句)

连写句，指的是两个或更多的句子混合在一起，而没有正确的标点符号或者句子连接词来标明它们之间关系的句子。连写句有以下两种形式：

FusedSentence(融合句)CommaSplice(逗号连接)2.1.FusedSentence(融合句)

融合句，即在独立分句之间没有标点符号隔开。

例如：Theboysscoredhigherinmaththegirlsscoredhigherinverbalskills.Educationisanelusiveworditoftenmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.2.2.CommaSplice(逗号连接)

逗号连接，即独立分句之间仅用逗号连接。

例如：Gettingmarriediseasy,stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.SanFranciscoisaverycosmopolitancity,therearepeoplefrommanyculturesandethnicgroupslivingthere.2.3.ProperWaysofCorrectingRun-onSentences

2.3.1.Addaperiod(用句号分隔)Theboysscoredhigherinmath.Thegirlsscoredhigherinverbalskills.Gettingmarriediseasy.Stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.2.3.2.Addasemicolon(用分号分隔)Theboysscoredhigherinmath;thegirlsscoredhigherinverbalskills.Gettingmarriediseasy;stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.2.3.3.Addacoordinatingconjunction(使用并列连词)Theboysscoredhigherinmath,and/butthegirlsscoredhigherinverbalskills.Gettingmarriediseasy,butstayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.2.3.4.Addasemicolonplusaconjunctiveadverb(使用分号加连接副词)Theboysscoredhigherinmath;however,thegirlsscoredhigherinverbalskills.Gettingmarriediseasy;nevertheless,stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.2.3.5.Addasubordinatingconjunction,relativepronounorrelativeadverb(使用从属连词、关系代词或关系副词)Theboysscoredhigherinmath,whilethegirlsscoredhigherinverbalskills.Gettingmarriediseasyalthoughstayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.

3.MisplacedModifiers(误置修饰语)

充当修饰成分的词、短语或从句必须尽可能地靠近所修饰的成分，如果修饰语位置不当，就可能造成句子意思混淆，产生歧义。3.1.MisplacedPrepositionalPhrases

(介词短语误置)

介词短语既有形容词的作用，也有副词的作用，如果放置不当，就会产生歧义。ShelaughedasJohnragedwithdelight.ShelaughedwithdelightasJohnraged.3.2.MisplacedAdverbialModifiers

(副词性修饰语误置)

有一些副词性修饰语，既可以修饰其前面的词也可以修饰其后面的词，称为歧义修饰语(squintingmodifier),使用不当往往会产生歧义。Thehorsehewasbrushingconscientiouslybithim.Thehorsehewasconscientiouslybrushingbithim.Heonlysuggestedthreerulesforustofollow.Hesuggestedonlythreerulesforustofollow.Glenda,withaKleenexineachhand,treatedtherunnynoses.WithaKleenexineachhand,Glendatreatedtherunnynoses.3.3.MisplacedRelativeClauses

(定语从句误置)定语从句如果放置的位置离被修饰词过远的话，会造成句子意思不明确。Hereturnedthelawn-mowertoaneighborthatwasbroken.Hereturnedthelawn-mowerthatwasbrokentoaneighbor.4.DanglingModifiers(悬垂修饰语)

悬垂修饰语是与句子的主语不能构成逻辑关系的修饰语。悬垂修饰语通常位于句首，但有时也出现在句末。修改悬垂修饰语有两种方式：

（1）修改修饰语：将修饰语改为一个带有主

语的从句；

（2）修改主句：

将主句的主语修改成为修

饰语所能修饰的对象。4.1.DanglingParticipleModifiers(悬垂分词)

Flattenedbytheimpact,Janesurveyedherwreckedbike.Janesurveyedherwreckedbike,whichwasflattenedbytheimpact.Lookingupatthesky,thesunwentunderacloud.Lookingupatthesky,hesawthesungounderacloud.4.2.DanglingGerunds(悬垂动名词)

Afterhikingallday,themountainseemednonearer.Afterwehikedallday,themountainseemednonearer.Byinstallingabirdbath,thebirdsweregivenasourceofwater.Byinstallingabirdbath,wegavethebirdsasourceofwater.4.3.DanglingInfinitive(悬垂动词不定式)

Tobewell-informed,readingwidelyisnecessary.Ifyouwanttobewell-informed,readingwidelyisnecessary.Tosucceedinbusiness,aresponsiblejobmustbeheld.Tosucceedinbusiness,onemustholdaresponsiblejob.4.4.DanglingEllipticalClauses(悬垂省略从句)

Whileabsorbedinreading,someoneknockedatthedoor.Whileabsorbedinreading,heheardsomeoneknockatthedoor.Whenonlyasmallboy,myfathertookmewithhimtoChicago.WhenIwasonlyasmallboy,myfathertookmewithhimtoChicago.ParagraphWriting

段落写作

UnitFiveParagraphStructure(段落的构成)文章的段落通常有三个主要部分构成：主题句、扩展句和结论句。主题句(TopicSentence)，是段落的核心句，概括了段落的主旨大意，表达了段落的中心思想。扩展句(SupportingSentence)，围绕主题句进行叙述、论述、说明或描写等，对主题句所表述的中心思想进行扩展。结论句(ConcludingSentence)，也叫结尾句，是表示段落结束的句子。结论句重述主题思想，对全段进行总结、归纳或提出结论。Example1①Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.②Firstofall,goldhasalustrousbeautythatisresistanttocorrosion.③Therefore,itissuitableforjewelry,coins,andornamentalpurposes.④Goldneverneedstobepolishedandwillremainbeautifulforever.⑤Forexample,aMacedoniancoinremainsasuntarnishedtodayasthedayitwasmintedtwenty-threecenturiesago.⑥Anotherimportantcharacteristicofgoldisitsusefulnesstoindustryandscience.⑦Formanyyears,ithasbeenusedinhundredsofindustrialapplications.⑧Themostrecentuseofgoldisinastronauts’suits.⑨Astronautsweargold-platedheatshieldsforprotectionoutsidethespaceship.⑩Inconclusion,goldistreasurednotonlyforitsbeautybutalsoforitsutility.此段中，句①是主题句，提到了表达主题思想的关键词twoimportantcharacteristics。句②至句⑨为扩展句，围绕主题加以阐述，并且辅以例子说明。句⑩为结论句，与主题句相互照应。

Example2①Duringthedecadeofthe1960’s,mostoftheEuropeancoloniesofSub-SaharanAfricaachievedindependence.②Inthewest,Nigeria(1960),SierraLeone(1961),andGambia(1965)—allformerBritishcolonies—joinedthefamilyoffreeandindependentnations.③Intheeast,Tanzania(1961),Uganda(1962),Kenya(1963),andZambia(1964)alsobecamesovereignstatesfreeofBritishrule.④AstheAfricanempireofGreatBritainwasbeingdismantled,France,theothermajorEuropeancolonizer,withdrewfromvastareassouthoftheSahara.⑤ThirteenformerFrenchcoloniesgainednationalstatusinthesingleyear1960:Mauritania,Senegal,Mali,IvoryCoast,UpperVilta,Togo,Dahomey,Niger,Chad,CentralAfricanRepublic,Cameroon,Gabon,andCongo.⑥AlthoughafewEuropeancolonialistsstilloccupyAfricanterritory,the1960’switnessedthebirthofmorethantwentyfreeblacknations.此段中，句①是主题句，句②至句⑤为扩展句，句⑥是结论句。1.TopicSentence(主题句)主题句是概括段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子，是段落的核心所在。主题句作为段落传递信息的出发点，简单扼要地告诉读者段落的线索和范围。1.1.TopicsandControllingIdeas

（主题和主题思想）主题句通常由主题(topic)和主题思想陈述(controllingidea)两部分组成。主题(topic)表明了该段落讨论的对象。主题思想陈述(controllingidea)则是限制或控制该主题在段落中被论述的具体方面。Example1Topic:SchoolIfyouareaskedtowriteaboutyourschool,whatmightyouchoosetowriteabout?Myschoolteachersstudentsmajorsordepartmentsfacilities我们无法在一段话中涵盖以上四个方面的信息，但是可以把这四个方面分别用四段话来阐述，每一段话以一个方面作为主题思想来进行陈述：Myschool(Topic)(1)teachers(controllingidea)

(2)students(controllingidea)

(3)majorsordepartments(controllingidea)

(4)facilities(controllingidea)

四段话的主题句分别可以阐述为：(1)Teachersatmyschoolmusthaveseveralkindsofqualificationsinordertoteachthere.(2)Thestudentsatmyschoolcomefrommanydifferentbackgrounds.(3)Myschooloffersmanydifferentmajors,includingsomeunusualonesforatwo-yearschool.(4)Someofthebuildingsatmyschoolarequitenewandmodern.

Howtowriteagoodtopicsentence?写主题句的时候，在明确了主题(topic)，即讨论对象之后，应尽可能的通过主题思想陈述(controllingidea)来很好地控制主题展开讨论的方向，以避免太过笼统或太过具体。Example2Letusstudythefollowingexamplestoseewhatagoodtopicsentenceis.A(1)Americanfoodisterrible.(2)AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.(3)Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.句(1)太过笼统和抽象，不利于段落扩展。句(2)则太过具体，无发挥、充实的余地。句(3)具有概括性的观点和限定，可以通过列举事实，说明理由来展开段落内容，所以是一个比较好的主题句。B(1)SanFranciscoisfamous.(2)SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itsmanytouristattractions,anditscosmopolitanatmosphere.(3)SanFranciscoisfamousforitsmanytouristattractions.句(1)太过笼统。句(2)则包含了太多的信息，很难在一个段落中阐述清楚。句(3)具有明确的主题并控制了主题展开的方向，是一个好的主题句。Example3

Awell-chosencontrollingideawillsuggestanoutlinethatwecanfollowinwritingaparagraph.Readthefollowingtopicsentences:A

Studentsonthiscampusrecentlyvoicedseveralcomplaints.

句子中，表示主题思想的关键词是severalcomplaints。所以在主题句后，可以列举以下事实：

(1)Theyvoiceddissatisfactionwiththecampuslighting.(2)Theyexpressedtheirdisgustwiththecafeteriafood.(3)Theyprotestedthegradingpoliciesoftheinstructions.BSmokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.

该句主题思想是Smokingcanbeexpensive，可以围绕吸烟开销大来展开主题：

(1)Cigarettescostabout75cents.(2)Theaveragesmokersmokestwopacksaday.(3)Theannualexpenseforthissmokeris$547.50.(4)Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpets,furniture,andclothes.Example4

Youcanpatchabicycletireinseveralsimplesteps.Firstyouhavetofindthespotwheretheleakis.Thenscrapetheleakyplacesothegluewillstickwhenyoupatchthehole.Next,putglueonthetirepatch.Whiletheglueisdrying,checktomakesurethattheareaaroundtheleakisroughenoughtoholdthepatch.Nowputthepatchonthetire.Letthepatchdrybeforeyoutrytopumpupthetireagain.

这个段落的主题句是第一个句子Youcanpatchabicycletireinseveralsimplestep。段落的其他句子都围绕着主题思想的关键词severalsimplesteps来展开叙述。1.2.PositionofTopicSentence

(主题句的位置)(1)主题句位于段首。(2)主题句位于段落中间。(3)主题句位于段落末尾。(4)主题句同时出现在段首和段末。(5)主题句没有在段落中直接出现。阅读下列段落，注意各段的主题句在段中的位置：Example1

Changesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.Productionincreaseswhenthepricesarehigh.Asthepricesofgoodsgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneywhentheysellthegoods.Ontheotherhand,consumptionincreaseswhenthepricesarelow.Asthepricesofgoodsgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.Example2CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.Mobility—bothphysicalandpsychological—hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomandmoralityofNewEnglanders.Example3AlbertEinstein,oneoftheworld’sgeniuses,failedhisuniversityentranceexaminationsonhisfirstattempt.WilliamFaulkner,oneofAmerica’snotedwriters,neverfinishedcollegebecausehecouldnotpasshisEnglishcourses.SirWinstonChurchill,whoisconsideredoneofthemastersoftheEnglishlanguage,hadtohavespecialtutoringinEnglishduringelementaryschool.Thesefewexamplesshowthatfailureinschooldoesnotalwayspredictfailureinlife.Example4

Synonyms,wordsthathavethesamebasicmeaning,donotalwayshavethesameemotionalmeaning.Forexample,thewords“stingy”and“frugal”bothmean“carefulwithmoney”.However,tocallapersonstingyisaninsult,whilethewordfrugalhasamuchmorepositiveconnotation.Similarly,apersonwantstobeslenderbutnotskinny,andaggressivebutnotpushy.Therefore,youshouldbecarefulinchoosingwordsbecausemanyso-calledsynonymsarenotreallysynonymousatall.

Example5

Anindependenttruckerworkingfulltimecanearncloseto$20,000grosscomparedwiththe$30,000ormorethatauniontruckermakes.Auniontruckerworksa10-hourshiftandthat’sit,whereastheindependenttruckerisalwayspushinghimself.Andeventhoughtherearestrictlawsprohibitingatruckerfromdrivingmorethantenhoursaday,withfourhoursonandfourhours