2023年考研考博-考博英语-首都师范大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-首都师范大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.翻译题Adynamicviewseestheplusesofchangeaswellastheminuses.Anditappreciateshownew,unforeseentechnologiesorsocialchangescansolvecurrentproblems.Bycontrast,theenvironmentalmovementhasbeenbuiltoncrisisContrarytothedoomsayers,bothpastantipresent,peoplehaveaknackforinnovatingtheirwayoutof"crises"iftheyhaveboththepermissionandtheincentivetodoso.

Wefindthatpeopledevelopedpetroleumaswhaleoilbecamescarce,thatfarmersturnedtodripirrigationaswaterpricesrose,andthatdriversboughtfuel-efficientcarswhengaspriceswentup.Toalargedegree,greenideologyisnotaboutfacts.Itisaboutvalues,andtheenvironmentmovementisaboutenforcingthosevaluesthroughpoliticalaction.—“

Greenpolitics，’’writeBritishgreensJonathanPorrittandDavidWinner,“demandsawhollynewethicinwhichviolent,plunderinghumankindabandonsitsdestructiveways,recognizesitsdependenceonPlanetEarth,andstartslivingonamoreequalfootingwiththerestofnature

Thedangerliesnotonlyintheoddmaverick(—意孤行者)pollutingfactory，industry，ortechnology,butinthefundamentalnatureofoureconomicsystems.Itisindustrialismitself——asuper-ideology,embracedbythecapitalistWestwhichthreatensus.

2.翻译题Canapersonconsiderhimselfathinking,creative,responsiblecitizenandnotcareabouthistory?Cananinstitutionthatproposestofostersuchattributesdosowithoutincludinghistoryinitscurriculum?Manycollegestudentswouldanswersuchaquestionwithanimmediate"Yes!"Butthosewhoarequicktoanswerdosowithoutreflectingonwhathistorytrulyisandhowandwhyitisimportant.Historyisboring,complainmanystudents.Unfortunately,alotofpeoplepickupabadtasteofhistoryfromtheprimaryandsecondaryschools.Toomanylower-levelhistorycourses(andcollegelevel,too)arerifewithrotememorizationofdatesandeventsdeemedimportantbytheteacherandtextbooks,coupledwithmonotonelecturesthatcouldinducecomasinhyperactivechildren.

InsteadofsimplymakingstudentsmemorizewhenPearlHarborwasattackedbyJapanese,teachersshouldconcentrateoninstillinganunderstandingofwhytheJapanesefelttheyhadnoalternativebuttoattacktheUnitedStates.Historyisadisciplineofunderstanding,notmemorization.Anothercommoncomplaintisthathistoryisunimportant.Buteventhemostfanaticantihistorystudents,iftheywerehonest,wouldhavetoadmitthathistoryisimportantatleastwithinthenarrowconfinesoftheirowndisciplinesofstudy.Whybeanartistifyouaremerelygoingtorepeatthepast(andprobablynotasexpertly,sinceyouwouldhavetospendyourtimeformulatingtheoriesRevolutionagain?Howcouldanyonehopetobeamathematician,orascientist,withoutknowingthefield'shistory?Evenageniusneedsabasefromwhichtobuild.Historyhelpsprovidethatbase.3.单选题Theyhaveconsideredtheirhighstandardoflivinga(n)（

）forpracticingtheirbasicbeliefs.问题1选项A.awardB.rewardC.resultD.consequence4.单选题Whereassuddengreatdisastersareinstantaneous,others,suchasdroughts,are（

）.问题1选项A.cumulativeB.formidableC.eternalD.prospective5.单选题Theremarkable（

）oflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.问题1选项A.classificationB.varietyC.densityD.diversion6.单选题Althoughsports（

）thehousehold,Joedrewthelinewhentheyinterferedwithfamilytraditionsaroutine.问题1选项A.overwhelmedB.affectedC.dominatedD.influenced7.单选题Exerciseseemstobenefitthebrainpowerofhealthyandsick,youngandold（

）.问题1选项A.alikeB.aliveC.togetherD.included8.单选题Thousandsof（

）atthestadiumcametotheirfeettopaytributetoanoutstandingperformance.问题1选项A.audienceB.participantsC.spectatorsD.observers9.单选题Despitetheirgoodservice,mostinnsarelesscostlythanhotelsof（

）standards.问题1选项A.equivalentB.alikeC.uniformD.likely10.翻译题Threepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong，havegovernedmylife—thelongingforlove，thesearchforknowledge,andtheunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.Thesepassions,likegreatwinds,haveblownmehitherandthither,inawaywardcourse,overadeepoceanofanguish,reachingtotheveryvergeofdespair.Ihavesoughtlove,first,becauseitbringsecstasy—ecstasysogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestoflivingforafewhoursofthisjoy.Ihavesoughtit,next,becauseitrelievesloneliness—thatterriblelonelinessinwhichoneshiveringconsciousnesslooksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss.

Ihavesoughtitfinally，becauseintheunionofloveIhaveseentheprefiguringvisionoftheheaventhatsaintsandpoetshaveimagined.ThisiswhatIsought,andthoughitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlife,atlast.Ihavefound.Onefairlycommonreasonisthatparentsoverindulgetheirchildrenoutofasenseofguilt.

Parentswhobothholddownfull-timejobsmayfeelguiltyabouttheamountoftimetheyspendawayfromtheirchildrenandmayattempttocompensatebyshoweringthemwithmaterialpossessions.Otherparentsoverindulgebecausetheywanttheirchildrentohaveeverythingtheyhadwhilegrowingup,alongwiththosethingstheparentsyearnedforbutdidn’tget.Stillothersareafraidtosaynototheirchildren’sendlessrequestsfortoysforfearthattheirchildrenwillfeelunlovedorwillberidiculediftheydon’thavethesameplaythingstheirfriendshave.

TheBritisharethemostvoraciousnewspaperreadersintheworld.Theyreadnewspapersatbreakfast:theywalktothebusreadinganewspaper:theyreadnewspaperonthebus,astheygotowork:andonthewaybackhome,afterwork,theyareengrossedinaneveningnewspaper.Therearemanymorningpapers,bothnationalandprovincial.ThemostfamousisTheTimes.Contrarytowhatmanyforeignersbelieve,thisisnotagovernmentnewspaper.Thevariousnewspapersusuallyhavetheirownviewsonpolitics,buttheyarenotorgansofthepoliticalparties.BoldheadlinesandavarietyofphotographsarefeaturesofBritishpress.Somenewspapers,suchasthesoberDailyTelegraphandtheTimes,usephotographssparingly.Themore“popular”newspapers,suchastheDailyMail,andtheSun,usepicturesextensively.11.单选题In1914,anapparentlyinsignificanteventinaremotepartofEasternEurope（

）Europeintoagreatwar.问题1选项A.imposedB.pitchedC.insertedD.plunged12.单选题TheGovernment'spolicieswillcomeunderclose（

）intheweeksbeforetheelection.问题1选项A.appreciationB.scrutinyC.specificationD.apprehension13.单选题What,besideschildren,connectsmothersaroundtheworldandacrosstheseasoftime?It'schickensoup,oneprominentAmericanfood,expertsays.FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspiritMotherspassedtheirknowledgeontoancientwritersofGreece.ChinaandRome,andeventhe12thcenturyphilosopherandphysicianMosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.Amongtheancients,Aristotlethoughtpoultryshouldstandinhigherestimationthanfour-leggedanimalsbecausetheairislessdensethantheearthChickensgotanotherboostintheBookofGenesis,whereitiswrittenthatbirdsandfishwerecreatedonthefifthday,adaybeforefour-leggedanimals.ButaccordingtoMimiSheraton,whohasspentmuchofthepastthreeyearsexploringtheworldofchickensoup,muchofthereasonforchicken'srealorimaginedcurativepowerscomesfromitscolor.HerbookTheWholeWorldLovesChickenSouplooksatthebelovedandmysteriousbrew,withdozensofrecipesfromaroundtheworld.Throughouttheages,shesaid,“therehasbeenalotoffeelingthatwhite-coloredfoodsareeasiertoeatfortheweakwomenandtheill.”Inaddition,“soups,oranythingforthatmattereatenwithaspoon,”areconsidered"comfortfoods"Sheratonsaid,“IlovesoupandIlovemakingsoupandasIwascollectingrecipesIbegantoseethisasaninternationaldish...Ithasauniversalmystiqueassomethingcurative,astrengthbuilder,”SheratonsaidfromherNewYorkhome.Herbooktreatstheoldestremedyasifitwasbrandnew.TheNationalBroilerCouncil,thetradegrouprepresentingthechickenindustry,reportedthat51%ofthepeopleitsurveyedsaidtheyboughtchickenbecauseitwashealthier,50%saiditwasversatile,41%saiditwaseconomicaland46%saiditwaslowinfat.1.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?2.Sinceancienttimes,thevalueofchickensouphasbeen（

）.3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?4.Itcanbesaidfromthesurveythatchickenis（

）.问题1选项A.ProminentAmericanFoodsB.ChickenSoup,aUniversalCure-allC.ChickenSoupRecipesD.HistoryoftheChickenSoup问题2选项A.widelyacknowledgedB.over-estimatedC.appreciatedonlybyphilosophersD.knownonlytomothers问题3选项A.Chickensouphasaverylonghistory.B.Sinceancienttimes,chickensouphasbeenahomeremedy.C.Poultryusuallystandshigherthanfour-leggedanimals.D.Four-leggedanimalsweresaidtobecreatedonthesixthday.问题4选项A.apopularfoodB.amaindishC.cheaperthananyotherfoodD.alloftheabove14.单选题Ahealthydietincludeslotsof（

）naturalfoodwithplentyofproteinsandvitamins.问题1选项A.indigestibleB.wholesomeC.leftoverD.heavy15.单选题Tosurvive,psychologicallyaswellasphysically,humanbeingmustinhabitaworldthatisrelativelyfreeofambiguityandreasonablypredictable.Somesortofstructuremustbeplacedupontheendlessprofusionofincomingsignals.Theinfant,bornintoaworldofflashing,hissing,movingimages,soonlearnstoadaptbyresolvingthischaosintotoysandtables,dogsandparents.Evenadultswhohavehadtheirvisionorhearingrestoredthroughsurgerydescribetheworldasafrighteningandsometimesunbearableexperience;onlyafterdaysofeffortaretheyabletotransformblurandnoiseintomeaningfulandthereforemanageableexperiences.Itiscommonplacetotalkasiftheworld"has"meaning,toaskwhat"is"themeaningofaphrase,agesture,apainting,acontract.Yetwhenthoughtabout,itisclearthateventsaredevoidofmeaninguntilsomeoneassignsittothem.Thereisnoappropriateresponsetoaboworahandshake,ashoutorawhisper,untilitisinterpreted.Adropofwaterandthecolorredhavenomeaning,theysimplyexist.Theaimofhumanperceptionistomaketheworldintelligiblesothatitcanbemanagedsuccessfully;theattributionofmeaningisaprerequisitetoandpreparationforaction.Peopleareneverpassivereceivers,merelyabsorbingeventsofobvioussignificance,butareactiveinassigningmeaningtosensation.Whatanyeventacquiredinthewayofmeaningappearstoreflectatransactionbetweenwhatistheretobeseenorheard,andwhattheinterpreterbringstoitinthewayofpastexperienceandprevailingmotive.Thustheattributionofmeaningisalwaysacreativeprocessbywhichtherawdataofsensationaretransformedtofittheaimsoftheobserver.Thediversityofreactionsthatcanbetriggeredbyasingleexperience-meetingastranger,negotiatingacontract,attendingatextileconferenceisimmense.Eachobserverisforcedtoseeitthroughhisowneyes,interpretitinthelightofhisownvalues,fitittotherequirementsofhisowncircumstances.Asaconsequence,everyobjectandmessageisseenbyeveryobserverfromasomewhatdifferentperspective.Eachpersonwillnotesomefeaturesandneglectothers.EachwillacceptsonicrelationsamongthefactsanddenyothersEachwillarriveatsomeconclusion,tentativeorcertain,asthesoundsandformsresolveintoa"temple"or"barn",a"compliment"or"insult".1.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat（

）.2.Inordertoassignmeaningtoanythingintheworld,oneneedsto（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?4.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisarticleisto（

）.问题1选项A.theworldisbewilderingtotheinfantandtotheadultalike.B.surgerywillrestoreameaningfulworldtothosewhoundertakeitC.anyresponsetotheworldwouldbeimpossibleifmeaningwerenotfirstassignedtoitD.theworldwillbedevoidofmeaningifpeoplefailtounderstandthespecialincomingsignals问题2选项A.haveafullknowledgeofthestructureoftheworldB.transformtheincomingsignals,withthehelpofpreviousexperiences,sothattheycanserveone'sownpurposeC.differentiateincomingsignalsthatareofsignificanceandthosethatarenotD.beendowedwithcreativeness问题3选项A.OnlyvisualimagescanbeassignedmeaningB.IncomingsignalsexistforthepurposeofconveyingmeaningtopeopleC.AnindividualmighthavetoadapthimselftothediversifiedexperienceinthisworldD.Peoplemayhavedifferentresponsestothesameincomingsignal.问题4选项A.illustratethedifferentperspectivespeoplemaytakeininterpretinganexperienceB.showthatmeaningisbutasubjectivematterC.demonstratehowwecanassignmeaningtotheworldD.arguethatoneneedstohavesomeinsighttounderstandtheworld16.单选题LatinoyouthsneedbettereducationforArizonatotakefulladvantageofthepossibilitiestheirexplodingpopulationoffers.Arizona'sfast-growingLatinopopulationoffersthestatetremendouspromiseandachallenge.Evenmorethantheagingofthebabyboomers,theLatinoboomisfundamentallyreorientingtheslate'seconomicandsocialstructure.Immigrationandnaturalincreasehaveadded600,000youngLatinoresidentstothestate'spopulationinthepastdecade.Halfofthepopulationyoungerthan18inbothPhoenixandTucsonisnowLatino.Within20years,Latinowillmakeuphalfofthehomegrownentry-levellaborpoolinthestate'stwolargestlabormarkets.Whatismore,Hispanicsarebecomingkeyeconomicplayers.Mostpeopledon’tnoticeit,butLatinosborninArizonamakeupmuchoftheirimmigrantparents'economicandeducationaldeficits.Forexample;second-generationMexican-Americanssecureanaverageof12gradesofschoolingwheretheirparentsobtainedlessthannine.Thatmeanstheyerase70percentoftheirparents'lagbehindthird-generationnon-HispanicWhitesinasinglegeneration.Allofthishandsthestateagoldenopportunity.Atatimewhenmanystateswillstrugglewithlaborshortagesbecauseofmodestpopulationgrowth,Arizonahasapricelesschancetobuildapopulous;hardworkingandskilledworkforceonwhichtobasefutureprosperity.TheproblemisthatArizonaanditsLatinoresidentsmaynotbeabletoseizethisopportunity.FartoomanyofArizona'sLatinosdropoutofhighschoolorfailtoobtainthebasiceducationneededformoreadvancedstudy.Asaresult,educationaldeficitsareholdingbackmanyLatinos—andthestateaswell.Tobesure,constructionandlow-endjobscontinuetoabsorbtensofthousandsofLatinoimmigrantswithlittleformaleducation.Butoverthelongterm,mostofArizona'sLatinocitizensremainill-preparedtoprosperinanincreasinglydemandingknowledgeeconomy.Forthisreason,theeducationalupliftofArizona'shugeLatinopopulationmustmovetothecenterofthestate'sagenda.Afterall,theeducationdeficitsofArizona'sLatinopopulationwillseverelycrampthefortunesofhardworkingpeopleiftheygounaddressedandcouldwellundercutthestate'sabilitytocompeteintheneweconomy.Attheentrylevel,slowergrowthratesmaycreatemorecompetitionforlow-skilljobs,displacingLatinosfromasignificantmeansofsupport.Atthehigherend,shortagesofLatinoseducationallyreadytomoveupwillmakeitmuchharderforknowledge-basedcompaniestostaffhigh-skillpositions.1.TheLatinopopulationischangingArizona's（

）.2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph?3."Educationaldeficits"(Line6,Para4)mostprobablymeansthat（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,Arizonashouldgivehighestpriorityto（

）.问题1选项A.agingproblemB.educationalsystemC.economicstructureD.financialdeficits问题2选项A.TheLatinopopulationinArizonaismadeupofHispanicsandMexican-Americans.B.Thefirst-generationLatinosareimmigrantsinsteadofbeingborninAmerica.C.70percentofthefirst-generationLatinoshadlessschoolingthannineyears.D.Theeducationalsystemusedtobeinfavorofthenon-HispanicWhites.问题3选项A.thestatedidnotputmuchmoneyintoeducationB.manyLatinosaretoopoortoobtaineducationC.educationisnotaprofitableenterpriseD.manyLatinosarenotwell-educated问题4选项A.controllingtheLatinopopulationB.enhancingtheeducationalleveloftheLatinopopulationC.improvingtheknowledge-basedeconomyD.buildingtheLatinopopulationintohardworkingandskilledworkforce17.单选题Thisdocumentis（

）unlessitisofficiallystamped.问题1选项A.invalidB.acuteC.deliberateD.confidential18.单选题Theactualprocessbywhichcoalisextractediswell（

）,ifyougetthechanceandarewillingtotakethetrouble.问题1选项A.worthwatchingB.worthtobewatchedC.worthywatchingD.worthytobewatched19.单选题Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderobjectivelyselectedfacts;Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovideinterpretation,themeaningofthefacts.However,theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshouldconfinethemselves（1）the"facts":Thisinsistence

（2）twoquestions:Whatarethefacts?Arethebarefactsenough?Astothefirstquestion,considerhowaso-called"factual"storycomesabout.Thereportercollects（3）

fiftyfacts;outofthesefiftyhisspace（4）

beingnecessarilyrestricted,heselectsten（5）

heconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshall（6）

theleadofthepiece.(Thisisanimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonot（7）

eyondthefirstparagraph.)ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageone,whereithasalargeimpact,（8）

onpagetwenty-four,whereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree.Thus,inthepresentationofaso-called"factual"or"objective"story,atleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlike（9）

involvedininterpretation,inwhichreporterandeditor,calling（10）

theirresearchresources,theirgeneralbackground,andtheir"newsneutralism"arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.问题1选项A.withB.byC.throughD.to问题2选项A.raisesB.risesC.arisesD.rouses问题3选项A.speakB.stateC.remarkD.say问题4选项A.agreementB.assignmentC.allotmentD.arrangement问题5选项A.whatB.whichC.howD.whether问题6选项A.determineB.involveC.constituteD.organize问题7选项A.progressB.prolongC.prospectD.proceed问题8选项A.ratherB.thanC.orD.instead问题9选项A.thatB.thisC.theseD.those问题10选项A.upB.offC.uponD.for20.单选题Theserviceoperates36librariesthroughoutthecountry,whilesix（

）librariesspeciallyservethecountryside.问题1选项A.mobileB.driftingC.shiftingD.rotating21.单选题Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.Nochildimitateseveryactionhesees.Sometimes,theexampletheparentwantshimtofollowisifporedwhilehetakesovercontrarypatternsfromsomeotherexample.Thereforewemustturntoamoresubtletheorythan"Monkeysee,monkeydo."Lookatitfromthechild'spointofview.Hereheisinanewsituation,lackingareadyresponse.Heisseekingaresponsewhichwillgaincertainends.Ifhelacksareadyresponseforthesituation,andcannotreasonoutwhattodo,heobservesamodelwhoseemsabletogettherightresult.Thechildlooksforanauthorityorexpertwhocanshowwhattodo.Thereisasecondelementatworkinthissituation.Thechildmaybeabletoattainhisimmediategoalonlytofindthathismethodbringscriticismfrompeoplewhoobservehim.Whenshoutingacrossthehouseachieveshisimmediateendofdeliveringamessage,heistoldemphaticallythatsucharacket(叫嚷)isunpleasant,thatheshouldwalkintothenextroomandsayhissayquietly.Thus,thedesiretosolveanyobjectivesituationisoverlaidwiththedesiretosolveitproperly.Oneoftheearlythingsthechildlearnsisthathegetsmoreattentionandapprovalwhenhisparentslikehisresponse.Thenotheradultsrewardsomeactionsandcriticizeothers.Ifoneistomaintainthesupportofothersandhisownself-respect,hemustadoptresponseshissocialgroupapproves.Infindingtrialresponses,thelearnerdoesnotchoosemodelsatrandom.Heimitatesthepersonwhoseemsagoodpersontobelike,ratherthanapersonwhosesocialstatushewishestoavoid.Ifthepupilwantstobeagoodviolinist,hewillobserveandtrytocopythetechniquesofcapableplayers,whilesomeotherpersonmaymostinfluencehisapproachtobooks.Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituations,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess.1.Forachildthefirstelementinhislearningis（

）.2.Apartfromachievinghisdesiredresult,achildshouldalsolearnto（

）.

3.Childrentendtoimitatethemodels（

）.

4."Anidentifyingfigure"(Line2,Para.5)referstoaperson（

）.问题1选项A.theneedtofindanauthorityB.theneedtofindawaytoachievethedesiredresultC.theneedformoreaffectionfromhisparentsD.thedesiretomeetthestandardsofhissocialgroup问题2选项A.behaveproperlyB.attainhisgoalassoonaspossibleC.showhisaffectionforhisparentsD.talkquietly问题3选项A.whodonotcriticizethemB.whobringthemunexpectedrewardsC.whomtheywanttobelikeD.whosesocialstatusishigh问题4选项A.whoservesasamodelforothersB.whoisalwayssuccessfulC.whocanbedependeduponD.whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccess22.单选题Ifwecontinuetoargueoverminorpointswewon’tget（

）nearasolution.问题1选项A.somewhereB.nowhereC.anywhereD.everywhere23.单选题Thoughshewasnotaprofessionalwriter,shebecamean（

）memberoftheWriter’sAssociation.问题1选项A.honourB.honourableC.honouredD.honorary24.单选题Sincethecouplecouldn't（

）theirdifference,theydecidedtogetadivorce.问题1选项A.reviseB.resumeC.reconcileD.repel25.单选题（

）thecaraccident,theywouldhavearrivedearlier.问题1选项A.ExceptforB.ButforC.BesidesD.Savefor第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】（1）动态的观点既能看到变化的好处，也能看到变化的坏处。它还赞赏新技术或不可预见的社会变革如何能够解决当前的问题。（2）我们发现，当鲸油变得匮乏时，人们开发了石油；当水价上涨时，农民转而采用了滴灌；当油价上涨时，司机们纷纷购买了节能车。（3）在很大程度上，绿色观念是与事实无关的，而是关于价值观的。而环保运动则是通过政治行动实施这些价值观。（4）“绿色政治”，绿色行动者JonathanPorritt和DavidWinner写道，“需要一套全新的道德观。在这种道德观的指导下，残忍掠夺成性的人类可以放弃破坏性的方式，认识到自己对地球的依赖，开始和其他生物平等共处……”（5）危险不仅仅来自于一意孤行污染环境的工厂、工业或技术，还来自于我们经济体制的基本性质。2.【答案】（1）一个人可以自认为是有思想、有创造性、有责任心的人，却对历史毫不在意吗？一所提倡培养人的这类优秀品质的学院会没有历史课程吗？（2）很多低年级的历史课程（甚至是大学的历史课程）都只是要求学生对老师和教科书认为重要的历史日期和事件进行死记硬背，还伴随着枯燥乏味的讲课，使原本思想活跃的学生都变得昏昏欲睡。（3）老师们不宜让学生只是简单记住日本偷袭珍珠港事件的时间，还应该将日本为何别无选择地袭击美国的原因慢慢灌输给学生，最终让他们理解。（4）然而，即使是那些十分盲目地反对历史的学生，只要他们还算诚实，也不得不承认，至少在他们自己所学的学科中，历史对他们来说是重要的。（5）如果一个人不知道数学界或科学领域的历史，他又怎能有望成为数学家或者科学家呢？即使是颇有天赋的人，也需要有一个良好的基础去发展成为天才。历史就是帮助打牢基础的关键因素。3.【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。award奖，奖品；reward回报，奖赏，常与for搭配；result结果；consequence后果。句意：他们认为自己的高生活水准是对他们践行基本信仰的一种回报。由空格前后部分的句意可知B项符合题意。答案B4.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。cumulative累积的，渐增的；formidable可怕的，强大的；eternal永恒的，不朽的；prospective预期的，未来的。句意：尽管突发的大灾难是瞬间的，然而其他灾难，比如干旱却是___。由whereas表示对比关系可知此空应选与“instantaneous即刻的，即时的”意思相反的词，故A项“累积的”符合题意，答案A5.【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。classification“分类，类别”；variety“多样化”；density“密度”；diversion“转移，消遣”。句意：加拉帕戈斯群岛上生物显著的多样性激发了达尔文去建立自己的进化论。由后半句“激发了达尔文去建立自己的进化论”可推知该岛上的生物是多样的。答案B6.【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。overwhelm淹没，压垮；affected影响；dominate控制，在…中占主要地位；influenced影响。句意：尽管运动对家庭有决定性影响，Joe认为当体育运动扰乱了家庭传统与日常生活时，应该拒绝运动。由although可推知前后性质相反，后半句提到了“interferedwith…干扰…”是属于不利的一面，故前半句应为好的一面。故C项正确。7.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。alike同样的；alive活着的，有生气的；together一起；included包括在内的。句意：运动似乎对他们的脑力有益，无论对健康的人、生病的人，还是年轻人、老人都一样。A项符合句意，答案A。8.【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。audience听众；participant参与者；spectator观众，看客；observer观察者。句意：体育场内成千上万的观众起立，向这场出色的表演致敬。此句语境为去体育场观看表演，所以主体为观众。答案C9.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。equivalent“同等的”；alike“相似的，相同的”；uniform“统一的”；likely“很可能的”。由despite表让步关系，以及后半句中的innsarelesscostlythanhotels可推知在同等标准条件下才能将旅馆与酒店的收费进行对比。句意：尽管旅馆的服务很好，但是大多数旅馆的收费相比同等标准的酒店更低。答案A10.【答案】（1）对爱的渴望，对知识的追求，对人类苦难的难以承受的同情，是支配我一生的单纯而强烈的三种感情。（2）我最终找到了爱，因为在爱的结合中，我看到了古今圣贤以及诗人们所梦想的天堂，这正是我所追寻的人生境界。虽然它对一般的人类生活也许太美好了，但这正是我透过爱情所得到的最终发现。（3）全职工作的父母可能会为自己许多时间不在孩子的身边而感到内疚，从而可能通过给孩子买大量东西来补偿。（4）英国人是世界上最如饥似渴的读者。在吃早饭时，在去赶公交车的路上，在去上班的公交车上他们都读报，而在下班回家的路上，他们会全神贯注地读晚报。（5）不同的报纸通常有自己的政治观点，但他们不是政治党派的人。醒目的标题和各种各样的照片是英国新闻界的特色。11.【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。impose强加，征税；pitch投掷，倾斜；insert插入；plunge跳入，使陷入。句意：1914年，东欧一件明显微不足道的小事让整个欧洲陷入一场大战争中。由insignificantevent与agreatwar可知两者存在联系，即小事件引起大战争，D项符合题意。答案D12.【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。appreciation“欣赏，感谢”；scrutiny“审查，细看”；specification“规格，说明书”；apprehension“理解”。句意：选举前的几周，政府的政策将会接受详细审查。由Government’spolicies及close“严密的”可知B项“审查”能与之搭配。答案B13.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由第二段“FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspirit.MotherspassedtheirknowledgeontoancientwritersofGreece,ChinaandRome,andeventhe12thcenturyphilosopherandphysicianMosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.从俄罗斯的村庄到非洲和亚洲，鸡汤一直是那些身体和精神虚弱的人的良药。母亲们把她们的知识传给了古希腊，中国和罗马的作家，甚至12世纪的哲学家和医生摩西•迈蒙尼德都赞美它的优点。”全文都在赞颂鸡汤的治愈力。答案B。其他选项不能体现文章主旨。第2题:推理判断题。由第一段以及第二段“FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspirit…MosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.从俄罗斯的村庄到非洲和亚洲，鸡汤一直是那些身体和精神虚弱的人的良药。母亲们把她们的知识传给了古希腊，中国和罗马的作家，甚至12世纪的哲学家和医生摩西•迈蒙尼德都赞美它的优点。”可知鸡汤的价值流传已久，广为人知。故A项正确。第3题:细节事实题。从文章第三段“Aristotlethoughtpoultryshouldstandinhigherestimationthanfour-leggedanimalsbecausetheairislessdensethantheearth.亚里士多德认为家禽应该比四条腿的动物站得更高，因为空气的密度比地球小。”这只是亚里士多德的猜想，并非事实，故C项内容错误。答案C第4题:细节事实题。从最后一段可知，调查表明虽然人们购买鸡肉的原因不同，但却侧面说明鸡肉是一种受欢迎的食物。C和D不符合常识，B项文中未提及。答案A14.【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。indigestible难消化的；wholesome益于健康的；leftover剩余的，残留物。句意：健康的饮食包含许多益于健康的纯天然食物，这些食物含有丰富的蛋白质和维生素。根据healthydiet可知空格处应填B，答案B15.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由第二段最后一句“Theaimofhumanperceptionistomaketheworldintelligiblesothatitcanbemanagedsuccessfully;theattributionofmeaningisaprerequisitetoandpreparationforaction.人类感知的目的是使世界变得可理解，以便成功地管理世界;意义的归属是行动的前提和准备。”可知C项“如果世界没有提前被赋予具体意义，那么对于世界的任何反应都是不可能的”正确。第2题:细节事实题。由第三段可知“whattheinterpreterbringstoitinthewayofpastexperienceandprevailingmotive.Thustheattributionofmeaningisalwaysacreativeprocessbywhichtherawdataofsensationaretransformedtofittheaimsoftheobserver.这是解释者根据过去的经验和普遍的动机而得出的结论。因此，意义的归属始终是一个创造性的过程，通过这个过程，原始的感觉被转化为符合观察者的目标。”答案B第3题:细节事实题。由第四段“everyobjectandmessage