2023年考研考博-考博英语-北京师范大学考试历年高频考点真题答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-北京师范大学考试历年高频考点真题答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Thehumanearcontainstheorganforhearingandtheorganforbalance.Bothorgansinvolvefluid-filledchannelscontaininghaircellsthatproduceelectrochemicalimpulseswhenthehairsarestimulatedbymovingfluid.Theearcanbedividedintothreeregions:outer,middle,andinner.Theouterearcollectssoundwavesanddirectsthemtotheeardrumseparatingtheouterearfromthemiddleear.Themiddleearconductssoundvibrationsthroughthreesmallbonestotheinnerear.Theinnerearisanetworkofchannelscontainingfluidthatmovesinresponsetosoundormovement.Toperformthefunctionofhearing,theearconvertstheenergyofpressurewavesmovingthroughtheairintonerveimpulsesthatthebrainperceivesassound.Vibratingobjects,suchasthevocalcordsofaspeakingperson,createwavesinthesurroundingair.Thesewavescausetheeardrumtovibratewiththesamefrequency.Thethreebonesofthemiddleearamplifyandtransmitthevibrationstotheovalwindow,amembraneonthesurfaceofthecochlea,theorganofhearing.Vibrationsoftheovalwindowproducepressurewavesinthefluidinsidethecochlea.Haircellsinthecochleaconverttheenergyofthevibratingfluidintoimpulsesthattravelalongtheauditorynervetothebrain.Theorganforbalanceisalsolocatedintheinnerear.Sensationsrelatedtobodypositionaregeneratedmuchlikesensationsofsound.Haircellsintheinnerearrespondtochangesinheadpositionwithrespecttogravityandmovement.Gravityisalwayspullingdownonthehairs,sendingaconstantseriesofimpulsestothebrain.Whenthepositionoftheheadchanges—aswhentheheadbendsforward—theforceonthehaircellschangesitsoutputofnerveimpulses.Thebraintheninterpretsthesechangestodeterminethehead'snewposition.1.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheorgansforhearingandbalance?2.HearinginvolvesallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）3.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphs2and3thatthecochleaisapartof（）4.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4aboutgravity?5.Inthispassage,theauthormainlyexplains（）问题1选项A.Bothorgansevolvedinhumansatthesametime.B.Bothorganssendnerveimpulsestothebrain.C.Bothorganscontainthesameamountoffluid.D.Bothorgansarelocatedintheear'smiddleregion.问题2选项A.motionofthevocalcordssothattheyvibrateB.stimulationofhaircellsinfluid-filledchannelsC.amplificationofsoundvibrationsD.conversionofwaveenergyintonerveimpulses问题3选项A.theouterearB.theeardrumC.themiddleearD.theinnerear问题4选项A.Gravityhasanessentialroleinthesenseofbalance.B.Theearconvertsgravityintosoundwavesintheair.C.Gravityisaforcethatoriginatesinthehumanear.D.Theorganforhearingisnotsubjecttogravity.问题5选项A.theorgansofthehumanearB.thefunctionofthehearingC.thethreeregionsoftheearD.howtheearorganperformsthehearingandbalance2.案例题Imaginewakingupandfindingthevalueofyourassetshasbeenhalved.No,you'renotaninvestorinoneofthosehedgefundsthatfailedcompletely.Withthedollarslumpingtoa26-yearlowagainstthepound,already-expensive.Londonhasbecomequiteunaffordable.AcoffeeatStarbucks,justasunavoidableinEnglandasitisintheUnitedStates,runsabout$8.Theonceall-powerfuldollarisn'tdoingaTitanicagainstjustthepound.Itissittingatarecordlowagainsttheeuroandata30-yearlowagainsttheCanadiandollar.EventheArgentinepesoandBrazilianrealarethrivingagainstthedollar.Theweakdollarisasourceofhumiliation,foranation'sself-esteemrestsinpartonthestrengthofitscurrency.It'salsoapotentialeconomicproblem,sinceadecliningdollarmakesimportedfoodmoreexpensiveandexertsupwardpressureoninterestrates.AndyettherearesubstantialsectorsofthevastU.S.economy-fromgiantcompanieslikeCoca-Colatomom-and-poprestaurantoperatorsinMiami-forwhichtheweakdollarismostexcellentnews.ManyEuropeansmayviewtheU.S.asanarrogantsuperpowerthathasbecomehostiletoforeigners.ButnothingmakespeoplethinkmorewarmlyoftheU.S.thanaweakdollar.ThroughApril,thetotalnumberofvisitorsfromabroadwasup6.8percentfromlastyear.Shouldthetrendcontinue,thenumberoftouriststhisyearwillfinallytopthe2000peak?ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheU.S.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexico-asacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty,allwhileignoringthefactthatthepoorerlocalscan'taffordtojointhemerrymaking.Themoneytouristsspendhelpsdecreaseourchronictradedeficit.Sodoexports,whichthanksinparttotheweakdollar,soared11percentbetweenMay2006andMay2007.Forfirstfivemonthsof2007,thetradedeficitactuallyfell7percentfrom2006.IfyouownsharesinlargeAmericancorporations,you'reawinnerintheweak-dollargamble.LastweekCoca-Cola'sstickbubbledtoafive-yearhighafteritreportedafantasticquarter.Foreignsalesaccountedfor65percentofCoke'sbeveragebusiness.OtherAmericancompaniesprofitingfromthistrendincludeMcDonald'sandIBM.Americantourists,however,shouldn'texpectanyreliefsoon.Thedollarloststrengththewaymanymarriagesbreakup-slowly,andthenallatonce.Andcurrenciesdon'tturnonadime.Soifyouwanttoavoidthepaininflictedbytheincreasinglypatheticdollar,cancelthatsummervacationtoEnglandandlooktoNewEngland.There,thedollarisstilltreatedwithalittlerespect.1.WhydoAmericansfeelhumiliated?A.Theireconomyisplunging

B.TheircurrencyhasslumpedC.Theycan'taffordtripstoEurope

D.Theyhavelosthalfoftheirassets.2HowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryAmericans?A.TheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewEngland.B.Theyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-poprestaurants.C.Theyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedgoods.D.Theymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicproblems.3.HowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.Swiththedevalueddollar?A.TheyfeelcontemptuousofitB.Theyaresympatheticwithit.C.Theyregarditasasuperpoweronthedecline.D.Theythinkofitasagoodtouristdestination.4.Whatistheauthor'sadvicetoAmericans?A.TheytreatthedollarwithalittlerespectB.Theytrytowinintheweak-dollargambleC.TheyvacationathomeratherthanabroadD.Theytreasuretheirmarriagesallthemore.5.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“currenciesdon'tturnonadime”(Line2,Para7)?A.Thedollar'svaluewillnotincreaseintheshortterm.B.ThevalueofadollarwillnotbereducedtoadimeC.Thedollar'svaluewilldrop,butwithinasmallmargin.D.FewAmericanswillchangedollarsintoothercurrencies.3.单选题ByfarthemostimportantUnitedStatesexportproductinthe18and19centurieswascottonfavoredbytheEuropeantextileoverflaxorwoolbecauseitwaseasytoprocessandsofttotouch.Mechanizationofspinningandweavingallowedsignificantcentralizationandexpansioninthetextileindustryduringthisperiodandatthesametimethedemandforcottonincreaseddramatically.AmericanproducerswereabletomeetthisdemandlargelybecauseoftheinventionofthecottonginbyEliWhiteyin1793.CottoncouldbegrownthroughouttheSouth,butseparatingthefiber-orlint--fromtheseedwasalaboriousprocess.Seaislandcottonwasrelativelyeasytoprocessbyhand,becauseitsfiberswerelongandseedswereconcentratedatthebaseoftheflowerbutisdemandedlonggrowingseason,availableonlyalongthenationscasterseacoast.Short-staplecottonrequiredamuchshortergrowingseason,buttheshortnessofthefibersandtheirmixturewithseedsmeantthataworkercouldhand-processonlyaboutonepoundperday.Whitney'sginwasahand-poweredmachinewithrevolvingdrumsandmetalteethtopullcottonfibersawayfromseeds.Usingthegin,aworkercouldproduceupto50poundsoflintaday.Thelaterdevelopmentoflargerginspoweredbyhorses,water,orstream,multipliedproductivityfurther.TheinteractionofimprovedprocessingandhighdemandledtoarapidspreadofthecultivationofcottonandtoasurgeinproductionItbecamethemainAmericanexportdwarfingallothers.In1802cottoncomposed14percentoftotalAmericanexportsbyvalue.Cottonhada36percentshareby1810andover50percentsharein1830.In1860,61percentofthevalueofAmericanexportswasrepresentedbycotton.Incontrast,wheatandwheatflourcomposedonly6percentofthevalueofAmericanexportsinthatyear.Clearly,cottonwaskinginthetradeoftheyoungrepublic.ThegrowingmarketforcottonandotherAmericanagriculturalproductsledtoanunprecedentedexpansionofagriculturalsettlement,mostlyintheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStates—westoftheAppalachianMountainsandeastoftheMississippiRiver.1.Themainpointofthepassageisthatthe18and19centurieswereatimewhen

（）2.AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageasreasonsfortheincreaseddemandforcottonEXCEPT（）3.Accordingtothepassage,oneadvantageofSeaislandcottonwasits（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutcotton-productionintheUnitedStatesaftertheintroductionofWhitney'scottongin?

5.Accordingtothepassage,theMississippiRiverwas（）.

问题1选项A.theEuropeantextileindustryincreaseditsdemandforAmericanexportproductsB.CottonbecamethemostimportantAmericanexportproductC.Cottonbecameaprofitablecropbutwasstilltime-consumingtoprocessD.Mechanizationforspinningandweavingdramaticallychangedthetextileindustry问题2选项A.cotton’ssoftnessB.cotton’scaseofprocessingC.ashortageofflaxandwoolD.thegrowththatoccurredinthetextileindustry问题3选项A.abundanceofseedsB.adaptabilitytodifferentclimatesC.longgrowingseasonD.longfibers问题4选项A.MorecottoncomefromSeaInlandcottonplantsthanbefore.B.Morecottoncamefromshort-staplecottonplantsthanbefore.C.Mostcottonproducedwassolddomestically.D.MostcottonproducedwasexportedtoEngland.问题5选项A.oneoftheboundariesofaregionwherenewagriculturalsettlementlookplaceB.amajorsourceofwaterforagriculturalcropsC.theprimaryroutebywhichagriculturalcropsweretransportedD.amainsourceofpowerformostagriculturalmachinery4.单选题Becauseearlymanviewedillnessasdivinepunishmentandhealingaspurification,medicineandreligionwereinextricably,linkedforcenturies.Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword“pharmacy”,whichcomesfromtheGreekphannakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."By3500B.C.,theSumeriansintheTigris-Euphratesvalleyhaddevelopedvirtuallyallofourmodernmethodsofadministeringdrugs.Theyusedgarglesinhalations,pills,lotions,ointments,andplasters.Thefirstdrugcatalog,orpharmacopoeia,waswrittenatthattimebyanunknownSumerianphysician.Preservedincuneiformscriptonasingleclay'tabletarethenamesofdozensofdrugstotreatailmentsthatstillafflictustoday.TheEgyptiansaddedtotheancientmedicinechest.TheEbersPapyrus,ascrolldatingfrom1900B.C.andnamedaftertheGermanEgyptologistGeorgeEbers.revealsthetrial-and-errorknow-howacquiredbyearlyEgyptianphysicians.Torelieveindigestion,achewofpeppermintleavesandcarbonates(knowntoday.Asantacids)wasprescribed,andtonumbthepainoftoothextraction,Egyptiandoctorstemporarilystupefiedapatientwithethylalcohol.Thescrollalsoprovidesarareglimpseintothehierarchyofancientdrugpreparation.The"'chiefofthepreparersofdrugs"wastheequivalentofaheadpharmacist,whosupervisedthe'"collectorsofdrugs."fieldworkers,whogatheredessentialmineralsandherbs.The'"preparers"aides"(technicians)driedandpulverizedingredients,whichwereblendedaccordingtocertainformulasbythe"preparers."Andthe"conservatorofdrugs"oversawthestorehousewherelocalandimportedmineral,herb,andanimal-organingredientswerekept.BytheseventhcenturyB.C.theGreekshadadoptedasophisticatedmind-bodyviewofmedicine.They-believedthataphysicianmustpursuethediagnosisandtreatmentofthephysicalcausesofdiseasewithinascientificframework,aswellascurethesupernaturalcomponentsinvolved.Thus,theearly,Greekphysicianemphasizedsomethingofaholisticapproachtohealth,evenifthesuspected"mental"causesofdiseasewerenotrecognizedasstressanddepressionbutinterpretedascursesfromdispleaseddeities.Themoderneraofpharmacologybeganinthesixteenthcentury,usheredinby'thefirstmajordiscoveriesinchemistry.Theunderstandingofhowchemicalsinteracttoproducecertaineffectswithinthebodywouldeventuallyremovemuchoftheguessworkandmagicfrommedicine.Drugshadbeenlaunchedonascientificcourse,butcenturies"wouldpassbeforesuperstitionwasdisplacedby'scientificfact.Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians,unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens,suchasbacteriaandviruses,continuedtodreamupimaginarycausativeevils.Andthoughnewchemicalcompoundsemerged,theireffectivenessintreatingdiseasewasstillbasedlargelyontrialanderror.Manystandard,commondrugsinthemedicinechestdevelopedinthistrial-and-errorenvironment.Suchisthecomplexityofdiseaseandhumanbiochemistrythateventoday,despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.1.TheauthorcitestheliteraldefinitionoftheGreekwordphannakoninthefirstparagraphinorderto（）

.2.Accordingtothepassage,theseventh-centuryGreeks'viewofmedicinedifferedfromthatoftheSumeriansinthattheGreeks（）.3.InParagraph5,theword"holistic"mostnearlymeans（）

.4.Thepassageindicatesthatadvancesinmedicalscienceduringthemoderneraofpharmacologymayhavebeendelayedby（）

.5.Inthefinalparagraph,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingobservationsaboutscientificdiscovery?问题1选项A.showthatancientcivilizationhadanadvancedformofmedicalscienceB.pointoutthatmanofthebeliefsofancientcivilizationsarestillheldtodayC.illustratethatearlymanthoughtrecoveryfromillnesswaslinkedtointernalcleansingD.emphasizetheprimitivenatureofGreekmedicalscience问题2选项A.discoveredmoreadvancedchemicalapplicationsofdrugsB.acknowledgedboththementalandphysicalrootsofillnessC.establishedarigidhierarchyforthepreparationofdrugsD.attributeddiseasetopsychological,ratherthanphysical,causes问题3选项A.integratedB.religiousC.modernD.physiological问题4选项A.alackofunderstandingofheoriginsofdiseaseB.ashortageofchemicaltreatmentsfordiseaseC.aninaccuracyinpharmaceuticalpreparationD.anoveremphasisonthepsychologicalcausesofdisease问题5选项A.Humanbiochemistryissuchacomplexsciencethatimportantdiscoveriesareuncommon.B.Manycuresforcommondiseaseshaveyettobediscovered.C.Trialanderroristhebestavenuetoscientificdiscovery.D.Chanceeventshaveledtothediscoveryofmanymoderndrugs.5.单选题Sevenyearsago,whenIwasvisitingGermany,Imetwithanofficialwhoexplainedtomethatthecountryhadaperfectsolutiontoitseconomicproblems.WatchingtheU.S.economy（1）duringthe‘90s,theGermanshaddecidedthatthey,too,neededtogothehigh-technology（2）.Buthow?Inthelate‘90s,theanswerschemedobvious:Indians.（3）all,IndianentrepreneursaccountedforoneofeverythreeSiliconValleystart-ups.SotheGermangovernmentdecidedthatitwould（4）IndianstoTermanyjustasAmericadoesby（5）greencards.OfficialscreatedsomethingcalledtheGermanGreenCardand（6）thattheywouldissue20,000inthefirstyear.（7）,theGermansexpectedthattensofthousandsmoreIndianswouldsoonbebeggingtocome,andperhapsthe（8）wouldhavetobeincreased.Buttheprogramwasafailure.Ayearlater（9）halfofthe20,000cardshadbeenissued.Afterafewextensions,theprogramwas（10）.ItoldtheGermanofficialatthetimethatIwassurethe（11）wouldfail.It'snotthatIhadanyparticularexpertiseinimmigrationpolicy,（12）Iunderstoodsomethingaboutgreencards,becauseIhadone(theAmerican（13）.TheGermanGreenCardwasmisnamed,Iargued,（14）itnever,underanycircumstances,translatedintoGermancitizenship.TheU.S.greencard,bycontrast,isanalmost（15）pathtobecomingAmerican(afterfiveyearsandacleanrecord).Theofficial（16）myobjection,sayingthattherewasnowayGermanywasgoingtoofferthesepeoplecitizenship.“weneedyoungteachworkers,”hesaid.“that'swhatthispro-gramisall（17）.”soGermanywasaskingbrightyoung（18）toleavetheircountry,cultureandfamilies,movethousandsofmilesaway,learnanewlanguageandworkinastrangeland—butwithoutany（19）ofeverbeingpartoftheirnewhome.Germanywassingingasignal,onethatwas（20）receivedinIndiaandothercountries,andalsobyGermany'sownimmigrantcommunity.问题1选项A.soarB.hoverC.amplifyD.intensify问题2选项A.circuitB.strategyC.traitD.route问题3选项A.OfB.AfterC.InD.At问题4选项A.importB.kidnapC.conveyD.lure问题5选项A.offeringB.installingC.evacuatingD.formulating问题6选项A.conferredB.inferredC.announcedD.verified问题7选项A.SpeciallyB.NaturallyC.ParticularlyD.Consistently问题8选项A.quotasB.digitsC.measuresD.scales问题9选项A.invariablyB.literallyC.barelyD.solely问题10选项A.repelledB.deletedC.combatedD.abolished问题11选项A.adventureB.responseC.initiativeD.impulse问题12选项A.andB.butC.soD.or问题13选项A.heritageB.revisionC.notionD.version问题14选项A.becauseB.unlessC.ifD.while问题15选项A.aggressiveB.automaticC.vulnerableD.voluntary问题16选项A.overtookB.fascinatedC.submittedD.dismissed问题17选项A.towardsB.roundC.aboutD.over问题18选项A.dwellersB.citizensC.professionalsD.amateurs问题19选项A.prospectB.suspicionC.outcomeD.destination问题20选项A.partiallyB.clearlyC.brightlyD.vividly6.单选题ThelegendofPaulRevere'smidnightridethroughtheMassachusettscountrysidein1775isknowntomostAmericans,youngandold.Asthestorygoes,PaulReverewasasilversmithinBostonatthetimeoftheAmericanRevolution.WhenhelearnedthattheBritisharmyplannedtoattackthetownsandvillagesofMiddlesexCounty,farmhouseandvillagehall,towarnthelocalrevolutionarysoldiersoftheplannedattack.Becauseofhiswarning(accordingtolegend)thestrugglingAmericancolonieswereabletodefeattheBritishinanimportantbattle.OnereasonforthepopularityofthelegendmaybethepublicityithasreceivedthroughHenryWadsworthLongfellow'scommemorativepoem,PaulRevere’sRide.Longfellowwrotethepoemin1861andithassincethenbecomeoneofthemostwell-knownandwell-lovedpoemsinthecountry.Thepoemcertainlycapturesthesenseofdangerandexcitement,metwithcourageandingenuitywhichmanyAmericansassociatewiththeAmericanRevolution.Itiseasytounderstandwhythepoemevokessuchalargeaudience.However,Longfellow'spoemcontainsanumberofhistoricalerrors.AccordingtoLongfellow'spoem,PaulRevereinstructedafriendtowatchthemovementoftheBritishtroopsanddeterminewhethertheymarchedinlandortowardstheirboats.ThefriendwasthentohanglanternsinthetoweroftheOldChurchinBoston:onelanterniftheBritishmarchedbylandandtwolanternsiftheymarchedbysea.Theexpression"oneifbylandandtwoifbysea,"takenfromLongfellow'spoem,hasbecomeverypopularandisoftenquoted.Butthisideacontainstwoinaccuracies.First,thelanternswerehunginthetoweroftheOldChristChurch,nottheOldNorthChurch,whichisinacompletelydifferentpartofBostonandwouldnothavebeenvisiblefromPaulRevere'slookoutpoint.Second,Longfellowconfusedthemeaningofthenumberoflanternstobehung:theactualarrangementwas"twoifbylandandoneifbysea.”NotallofLongfellow'shistoricalmistakesaresominor.ItseemsasthoughLongfellowchosetoemphasizetheideaofoneloneherostrugglingagainstmanyopposingforces,withonlyhisownabilitiestorelyon.Butactually,PaulReverewasonlyoneofthreeridersdelegatedtowarntheRevolutionarysoldiersaboutthecomingattack.SomepeoplefeelthatLongfellow'serrorsareinsignificant,andthattheidealsofcourageandcunningaretheimportantfeaturesofboththepoemandthehistoricaleventswhichinspiredit.Butothersfeelthat,whileitprobablymakeslittledifferencehowmanylanternswerehungfromwhichchurchtower,thepoem'semphasisonthesolitaryherorunscountertothemostvaluableideainthepoem:theideaofunityandcooperationinthefaceofdanger.Criticsofthepoemraiseanimportantquestion:Longfellow'spoemtellsafamousstory,andtellsitpowerfully—butisittherightstory?1.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPaulRevereisTRUE?2.PaulRevereRODETHROUGHMiddlesexCountybecausehewantedtowarnthelocaltownspeoplethat（）3.Accordingtothearticle,whatisoneofthefactorsthatcontributetothepopularityofthestoryofPaulRevere?4.Accordingtothearticle,whattheopponentsofLongfellow'spoemreallymean（）5.ThelanternhungfromthetowerofOldNorthChurch（）6.TheauthorthinksthatLongfellow'spoem（）7.Theauthor'sattitudetowardLongfellow'spoemis（）问题1选项A.PaulReverewasasilversmithinBoston.B.PaulRevererodeonhorsebackallaloneinMassachusetts.C.PaulReverewasinstructedtowatchcloselythemovementsoftheBritishtroops.D.PaulReverewasinstructedtowatchcloselythemovementsoftheBritishpeople.问题2选项A.theBritishweregoingtostealtheirsilverB.theBritisharmywasgoingtoattackthemC.theBritishweregoingtoplunderthetownD.theyshouldescapefromtheBritishsoldiersbyseainsteadofrunningawayoverland问题3选项A.Longfellow'spoem"PaulRevere'sRide".B.PaulRevere'scourageandbravery.C.TheimportanteventoftheAmericanRevolution.D.Animportantquestionraisedbycriticsofthepoem.问题4选项A.areallminorB.makehispoemunpopularC.mayconfusepeopleabouttheimportantideasbehindthehistoricaleventsonwhichthepoemisbasedD.showthatLongfellowdidnotcarehowmanyorfromwhichchurchtowerlanternswerehung问题5选项A.wasvisiblefromPaulRevere'slookoutpointB.indicatedthattheBritishweregoingtoattackbylandC.isoneofmanyinaccuraciesinLongfellow'spoemD.indicatedthattheBritishweregoingtoattackbysea问题6选项A.hashelpedtopublicizethestoryofPaulRevereB.containsbothmajorandminorhistoricalinaccuraciesC.mayemphasizethewrongfeaturesofthestoryD.alloftheabove问题7选项A.largelysatiricalB.partiallycriticalC.fairlyappreciativeD.veryironical7.单选题Culturalnormssocompletelysurroundpeople,sopermeatethoughtandaction,thatweneverrecognizetheassumptionsonwhichtheirlivesandtheirsanityrest.Asoneobserverputit,ifbirdsweresuddenlyendowedwithscientificcuriositytheymightexaminemanythings,buttheskyitselfwouldbeoverlookedasasuitablesubject;iffishweretobecomecuriousabouttheworld,itwouldneveroccurtothemtobeginbyinvestigatingwater.Forbirdsandfishwouldtaketheskyandseaforgranted,unawareoftheirprofoundinfluencebecausetheycomprisethemediumforeveryfact.Humanbeings,inasimilarlyway,occupyasymbolicuniversegovernedbycodesthatareunconsciouslyacquiredandautomaticallyemployed.Somuchsothattheyrarelynoticethatthewaystheyinterpretandtalkabouteventsaredistinctivelydifferentfromthewayspeopleconducttheiraffairsinothercultures.Aslongaspeopleremainblindtothesourcesoftheirmeanings,theyareimprisonedwithinthem.Theseculturalframesofreferencearenolessconfiningsimplybecausetheycannotbeseenortouched.Whetheritisanindividualneurosisthatkeepsanindividualoutofcontactwithhisneighbors,oracollectiveneurosisthatseparatesneighborsofdifferentcultures,bothareformsofblindnessthatlimitwhatcanbeexperiencedandwhatcanbelearnedfromothers.Itwouldseemthateverywherepeoplewoulddesiretobreakoutoftheboundariesoftheirownexperientialworlds.Theirabilitytoreactsensitivelytoawiderspectrumofeventsandpeoplesrequiresanovercomingofsuchculturalparochialism.But,infact,fewattainthisbroadervision.Some,ofcourse,havelittleopportunityforwiderculturalexperience,thoughthisconditionshouldchangeasthemovementofpeopleaccelerates.Othersdonottrytowidentheirexperiencebecausetheyprefertheoldandfamiliar,seekfromtheiraffairsonlyfurtherconfirmationofthecorrectnessoftheirownvalues.Stillothersrecoilfromsuchexperiencesbecausetheyfeelitdangeroustoprobetoodeeplyintothepersonalorculturalunconscious.Exposuremayrevealhowtenuousandarbitrarymanyculturalnormsare;suchexposuremightforcepeopletoacquirenewbasesforinterpretingevents.Andevenforthemanywhodoseekactivelytoenlargethevarietyofhumanbeingswithwhomtheyarecapableofcommunicatingtherearestilldifficulties.Culturalmyopiapersistsnotmerelybecauseofinertiaandhabit,butchieflybecauseitissodifficulttoovercome.Oneacquiresapersonalityandacultureinchildhood,longbeforeheiscapableofcomprehendingeitherofthem.Tosurvive,eachpersonmasterstheperceptualorientations,cognitivebiases,andcommunicativehabitsofhisownculture.Butoncemastered,objectiveassessmentofthesesameprocessesisawkwardsincethesamemechanismsthatarebeingevaluatedmustbeusedinmakingtheevaluations.1.Theexamplesofbirdsandfishareusedto（）2.Theterm"parochialism"(Line3,Para.3)mostpossiblymeans（）3.Itcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat（）4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?5.Thepassagemightbeentitled“（）''问题1选项A.showthatthey,too,havetheirrespectiveculturesB.explainhumansoccupyasymbolicuniverseasbirdsandfishoccupytheskyandtheseaC.illustratethathumanbeingsareunawareoftheculturalcodesgoverningthemD.demonstratethesimilaritybetweenman,birds,andfishintheirwaysofthinking问题2选项A.open-mindednessB.provincialismC.superiorityD.discrimination问题3选项A.everyonewouldliketowidentheirculturalscopeiftheycanB.theobstaclestoovercomingculturalparochialismliemainlyinpeople'shabitofthinkingC.providedone'sbroughtupinaculture,hemaybewithbiasinmakingculturalevaluationsD.childhoodisanimportantstageincomprehendingculture问题4选项A.Individual