河南大学英语语言学教案

0河南大学

教案

2009—2010学年第一学期

;课程名称英语语言学

院（部）外语学院

教研室英语系第三教研室

6授课班级2006级英语专业

主讲教师刘辰诞

职称教授

使用教材新编语言学教程

o

河南大学教务处制

二OO九年九月

教案（首页）

程

课

称

名英语语言学总计：36学时

程

课

别

类专业必修课学分2讲课：36学时

任

课实验：0学时

教

师刘辰诞职称教授上机：—Q_学时

授

课

对

象专业班级：英语专业2006级

基本教材：刘润清文旭，2006,《新编语言学教程》，北京：外语教学与研究

基

要出版社

本

参参考资料:1-Fromkin,etal,2003,IntroductiontoLanguage,Mass.:Thomson.

教

考2.Hudson,1989,InvitationtoLinguistics,Oxford:Blackwell.

资

材4.Lyons,J.LanguageandLinguistics,Cambridge:CUP.

料

和5.Poole,2000,AnIntroductiontoLinguistics,Beijing:ForeignLanguage

TeachingandResearchPress.

主

6.胡壮麟，2001,《语言学教程》，北京：北京大学出版社

7.张克定，1991,《英语语言学导论》，郑州：河南人民出版社

8.杨信彰，2005,《语言学概论》，北京：高等教育出版社

教

和“语言学”课程的教学要求学生基本掌握语言学的基本知识，激发学生

要

学对语言学学习的兴趣，启发学生对语言问题的额思考-，培养学生的创

求

目

新意识，为学生分析、解决语言问题打下良好的基础，使其具备从事语

的

言学研究及相关问题研究的初步能力。

本课程重点为：语言的基本特征、语音和音位学、形态学和句法学、

语义学、语用学和语篇分析领域的有关概念和理论。

难点在于语言学内容比较抽象，增加了讲授和理解的难度，这就要

求教师在内容选择、先后编排、课堂讲解等方面精心安排、仔细讲解、

学

及

难深入浅出，并尽可能地使比较抽象的内容生动有趣，便于学生接受、理

重

占解和掌握。教师在讲授的时候一般采用图表、练习和实际应用分析的方

点

小

式、偶尔也使用逻辑学上的真价值条件、日常生活的事例以及数学中拓

扑图形的方式来进行讲解。

《英语语言学》课程教案

课次1-3

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授课题目：

内容简介

教学目的、要求：

使学生初步了解有关语言学和语言的基本概念

教学重点及难点：

语言学的研究范围和语言的特性

教学基本内容方法及手段

1Whatislinguistics?

举例讲解/

2Thescopeoflinguistics

课堂讨论

3Someimportantdistinctioninlinguistics.

4Designfeaturesoflanguage

作业、讨论题、思考题：

1.Whyislanguagedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication?

2.Whatarethemaindesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

3.What'sthedifferencebetweenF.deSaussure'stermslangueandparole?

课后小结：

总结本次课程的重要概念

1Whatislinguistics?

1.1Definition

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

1.2Thescopeoflinguistics

Phonetics:thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunication.

Phonology:thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication.

Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords.

Syntax:thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordarecombinedtoformsentences.

Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse.

Sociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.

Psycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.

Appliedlinguistics:thestudyoflanguageapplicationindefinitefields.

Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,

mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.

1.3Someimportantdistinctioninlinguistics.

1.3.1Prescriptivevs.Descriptive

Ifalinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior,i.e.,totellpeople

whattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive;ifa

linguisticstudydescribeandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe

descriptive.

1.3.2Synchronicvs.Diachronic

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;a

diachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistorical

developmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime,forexample,astudyofthechanges

EnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare^timewouldbeadiachronicstudy.

1.3.3SpeechandWriting

Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthe

writtenform,becausethespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwriting

systemsarederivedformthespokenformoflanguage.

1.3.4LangueandParole.

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech

community,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

1.3.5Competenceandperformance.

CompetencewasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950*sin

distinctionwithperformance,itreferstotheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhis

language,accordingtoChomsky,aspeakerhasinternalizedasetofrulesabouthis

language,thisenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberof

sentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguousand

performancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

2Whatislanguage?

2.1Definitionsoflanguage.

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.2Designfeatures

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishit

fromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Bycomparinglanguagewithanimal

communicationsystems,wecanhaveabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflanguage.

ThedesignfeaturesproposedbytheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockettinclude

arbitrariness,productivity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmissionetc.

1)Arbitrariness

Thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetween

meaningsandsounds.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationand

itmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.Firstofall,languageisa

system,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Iflanguagewere

notconstructedaccordingtocertainrules,itcouldnotbelearnedorusedconsistently.

Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetween

awordandthethingweusetowritewith.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshave

differentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureof

language.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforall

languages,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Allevidence

pointstothefactthatwritingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespoken

formsandthattheyareonlyattemptstocapturesoundsandmeaningonpaper.

Finally,theterm"human"inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageis

human-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherforms

oflifepossess,suchasbirdsongsandbeedance.

2)Productivity

Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationof

newsignalsbyitsusers.

3)Duality

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwo

setsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

4)Displacement

Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,

realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

5)Culturaltransmission

3Severalquestions

1.Whyislanguagedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication?

Shortasitis,thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.Firstofall,

languageisasystem,ie,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.If

languagewerenotconstructedaccordingtocertainrules,itcouldnotbelearnedor

usedconsistently.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsic

connectionbetweenawordandthethingweusetowritewith.Thefactthatdifferent

languageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthe

arbitrarynatureoflanguage.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumis

soundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.All

evidencepointstothefactthatwritingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthe

spokenformsandthattheyareonlyattemptstocapturesoundsandmeaningonpaper.

Finally,theterm"human"inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageis

human-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherforms

oflifepossess,suchasbirdsongsandbeedance.

2.Whatarethemaindesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Therearemanydefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromany

animalsystemofcommunication,hereonlyfewtomention:arbitrarinessmeansthat

thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds;thisnatureenables

languagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.Productivitymakesitsusers

possibletoconstructandinterpretanynewsignals,bymeansofwhichtheycan

produceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentences

theyhaveneverheardbefore.Dualitymeanslanguageconsistsoftwosetsof

structures,ortwolevels;atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,

whicharemeaningless,buttheycanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberof

unitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevel

ofthesystem.Displacementdesignatesthatlanguageusersmayrefertothingswhich

arepresentornotpresent,realerimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orin

far-awayplaces.Atlast,culturaltransmissionimpliesthatlanguageisculturally

transmitted.

3.What'sthedifferencebetweenF.deSaussure9stermslangueandparole?

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech

community,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthe

setofconventionsandruleswhichlangueusersallhavetoabideby,andparoleisthe

concreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;it

isnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Paroleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturally

occurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;

whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

《英语语言学》课程教案

课次4-7

授课方式理论课（含实践）目讨论课口实验课口习题课口其他课时

4

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授课题目：语音和音位学

教学目的、要求：

使学生掌握有关语音和音位学的基本概念

教学重点及难点：英语的发音方式和英语音标的分类

教学基本内容方法及手段

1Whatisphonetics?

2ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds举例讲解/

3Phone,phonemeandallophone课堂讨论

4Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimal

pair

5SomerulesinPhonology

6Suprasegmentalfeatures-stress,tone,intonation

作业、讨论题、思考题：

1.WhyisEnglishveryparticularaboutthree-consonantclustersatthebeginningofa

word,givetenwordswhichdonotviolateanyofthethreeconditionsoftherule.

2.Distinguishwithexamplesamongphones,phonemeandallophones.

3.AccordingtothegeneralprinciplesguidingtheformationoftheEnglishconsonant

clusters,iftheinitialconsonantis

a)/n/or/z/or/r/or/1/

b)/t/or/p/or/k/

Whatsoundscannotfollowasthesecondconsonant?why?

课后小结：

总结本次课程的重要概念

1Thephoneticmediumoflanguage

2Phonetics

2.1Whatisphonetics?

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcerned

withallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages,therearethreebranchesof

phonetics,whicharearticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacoustic

phonetics.

2.2Organsofspeech

2.2.1Thepharyngealcavity

2.2.2Theoralcavity

2.2.3Thenasalcavity

2.3Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds-broadandnarrow

transcriptions

Thetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbookisbroad

transcription.Narrowtranscriptionreferstothetranscriptionwiththehelpofthe

diacritics,sothattheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitis

necessaryforthepurposeofthephoneticians*researchwork.

2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds

2.4.1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants

Accordingtomannerofarticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedinto

stops,fricatives,affricatives,liquids,nasalsandglides.

Accordingtoplaceofarticulation,theycanbeclassifiedintobilabial,labiodental,

dental,andalveolar,palatal,velarandglottal.

2.4.2ClassificationofEnglishvowels

Accordingtoplaceofarticulation,theycanbeclassifiedintofrontvowels,central

vowelsandbackvowels.

Accordingtohowwidethemouthisopened,vowelsareclassifiedintofourgroups:

closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.

Thelongvowelsarealltensevowelsandtheshortvowelsarealllaxvowels.

Monophthongsanddiphthongs.

3.Phonology

3.1Phonologyandphonetics

Phonologyandphoneticsarestudiesofspeechsoundsthoughtheyhavedifferent

emphasises.

3.2Phone,phonemeandallophone

Phonesarethespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Itdosenot

necessarilydistinguishmeaning.

Aphonemeisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphonetic

environmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

3.3Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair

Phoneticcontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.

Complementarydistributionistwoallophonesofthesamephonemes.

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonewoundsegment

whichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsareaminimalpair.

3.4SomerulesinPhonology

3.4.1Sequentialrules

Sequentialrulesaretherulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticular

language.

3.4.2Assimilationrules

Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying“afeatureofa

sequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

3.4.3Deletionrule

Ittellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.

3.5Suprasegmentalfeatures-stress,tone,intonation

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled

suprasegmentalfeatures

3.5.1Stress

Wordstressandsentencestress.

3.5.2Tone

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthe

vocalcord

3.5.3Intonation

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordin

isolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

4SeveralQuestions

1.WhyisEnglishveryparticularaboutthree-consonantclustersatthebeginningofa

word,givetenwordswhichdonotviolateanyofthethreeconditionsoftherule.

thepossiblethree-consonantclustersatthebeginningofawordmustfollowthe

followingrule:thefirstphonememustbe/s/,thesecondmustbeavoicelessstop

suchas/p/or/t/or/k/,andthethirdmustprobablybealiquidsuchas/1/or/r/or/w/..for

example,spring,splash,straight,scramble,spurious,squirrel,squad,squalid,spread,

squeeze.

2.Distinguishwithexamplesamongphones,phonemeandallophones.

Allthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguagearephones,aphoneisa

phoneticunitorsegment,itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning:somedo,some

don't,forexample,[s]andft]do,asin[si:m]andwhile[t]and[th]don't,as

in[sthCp]and[stCp].Bothphonesandallophonesarerepresentedasphonesina

phoneticsystem,tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound,itisacollectionofdistinctive

phoneticfeaturesofdistinctivevalue,inoneword,itisanabstractunit.

(Conventionallyphonesareplacedwithinsquarebracketsandphonemesin

slashes.),Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentphonemeindifferentphonetic

environmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme,forexamplethe

phoneme/l/inEnglishcanberealizedaseitheradarkoneoraclearone.

3.AccordingtothegeneralprinciplesguidingtheformationoftheEnglishconsonant

clusters,iftheinitialconsonantis

a)/n/or/z/or/r/or/1/

b)/t/or/p/or/k/

Whatsoundscannotfollowasthesecondconsonant?why?

accordingtothesequentialruleaboutthethree-consonantclustersintheEnglish

langue,asforthecaseA,thesecondmustnotbeastop/asibilant/anaffricate/aliquid/

anasal;asforcaseB,thesecondmustnotbeanotherstop,fortheyviolatethe

sequentialrulesinEnglish,andmoreover,theydonotworkinthephysicalorgansof

ourhumanbeingsifsequencedthatway.

《英语语言学》课程教案

课次8—12

授课方式理论课（含实践）叼讨论课口实验课口习题课口其他课时

5

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授课题目：形态学和句法学

教学目的、要求：

使学生掌握有关形态学和句法学的基本概念并具备分析能力

教学重点及难点：重点介绍英语词汇构成方式和词素等概念，以及句子的构成方

式，难点为词素的分类和句法学。

教学基本内容方法及手段

1Definitionofmorphology

2Morpheme举例讲解/

3Compounding

课堂讨论

4Syntaxasasystemofrules

5sentencestructure

6Syntacticcategories

7Grammarrelations

8Combinationalrules

9Syntacticmovementandmovementrules

10Towardatheoryofuniversalgrammar

作业、讨论题、思考题：

1.HowmanymorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Statewhattheyareand

illustratehowtheywork.

2.Giveexamplestotellthedifferencebetweenderivationandcompounding.

3.Giveexamplestoillustratethedistinctionbetweendeepstructureandsurface

structure.

课后小结：

总结本次课程的重要概念

1Definitionofmorphology

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsand

therulesbywhichwordsareformed,whichhastwoparts:inflectionalmorphology

andlexicalorderivationalmorphology.

2.Morpheme

Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

2.1typesofmorpheme

2.1.1Freemorpheme

Freemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallby

themselves.

2.1.2Boundmorpheme

Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobe

combinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

Arootoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,

definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.

Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories

suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.

Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword,whichisavery

commonwaytocreatenewwordsinEnglish.

Affixescanbeclassifiedintoprefixandsuffix.

2.1.3Morphologicalrules

3Compounding

3.1Typesofcompoundwords

3.2Featuresofcompounds

i)orthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasonewordwithorwithoutahyphen

inbetween,orastwoseparatewords.

ii)Syntactically,thepartofspeechofthecompoundisgenerallydeterminedbythe

partofspeechofthesecondelement.

iii)Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisoftenidiomatic,notalwaysbeingthe

sumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.

iv)Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethe

secondelementreceivessecondarystress.

4Syntaxasasystemofrules

Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.

Syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofa

languagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.

5sentencestructure

5.1Thebasiccomponentsofasentence

5.2Typesofsentences

5.2.1Thesimplesentence

5.2.2Thecoordinateclause

5.2.3Thecomplexsentence

Acomplexsentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedinto

theother,withtheformer(embeddedclause)subordinatingthelatter(matrixclause).

5.3Thelinearandhierarchicalstructuresofsentences

5.3.1Thelinearwordofasentence

ThestructureofanEnglishsentenceiscomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedina

linearorder.

5.3.2Thehierarchicalstructureofasentence

Inthestructrualistapproachtolinguisticstudy,theresearchersanalyzesentencesby

followingaparticularhierarchicalorder.

5.3.3Treediagramsofsentencestructure

6Syntacticcategories

6.1Lexicalcategories

6.2Phrasalcategories

7Grammarrelations

8Combinationalrules

8.1Phrasalstructurerules

8.2Therecursivenessofphrasestructurerules

Significantly,thephrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences,

andsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperties.

8.3X-bartheory

X-bartheoryisasystemusedtoanalyzethesyntacticstructuresofsentences;itmay

beexpressedinatreediagramorinaformula.Itiscapableofreducingthe

redundanciesofindividualphrasalstructurerulesandmaywellcapturecertainbasic

propertiessharedbyallphrasalcategoriesacrossthelanguagesoftheworld.Under

thisapproach,linguistsareabletodescribeandexplainexplicitlysomeuniversal

propertiesofnaturallanguages.

9Syntacticmovementandmovementrules

Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,

whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.

9.1NP-movementandWH-movement

9.2Othertypesofmovement

9.3D-structureandS-structure

Deepstructureisanabstractlevelrepresentingthebasisforthemeaningofasentence.

Itconsistsofastructuregeneratedbyphrase-structurerulesandcontainslexicalitems

fromthelexicon,butnottransformationshaveyetappliedtoit.

10Towardatheoryofuniversalgrammar

Universalgrammar,alsoknownastheprinciples-and-parameterstheory,isasystem

oflinguisticknowledgeandahumanspecies-specificgiftwhichexistsinthemindor

brainofanormalhumanbeing.Itsgeneralprinciplesincludecaseconditionand

adjacencycondition,theformerrequiresthatanounphrasemusthavecaseandcase

isassignedbyverborprepositiontotheobjectposition,orbyauxiliarytothesubject

position;thelatterstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacent

toeachother,whichexplainswhynootherphrasalcategorycanintervenebetweena

verbanditsdirectobject.Theparametersontheotherhandincludeadjacency

parameteranddirectionalityparameter.Theformeraccountsforthespecificword

orderpatternsofacertainlanguage,andthelatterconcernthedirectionalityofcase

assignment.

11Questions

1.HowmanymorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Statewhattheyareand

illustratehowtheywork.

therearetwotypesofmorphemesintheEnglishlanguage:freemorphemesare

independentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvessuchashelp,

table,room,etc.;boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybut

havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword,it

includetwotypes:arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitself

althoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning,itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoran

affixtoforaword,forexample,theroot"geo-"bearsthemeaningofHtheearth",

whenitcombineswithanotherroot”-ology,“meaning*abranchoflearning”,affixes

aremorphemesthatareaddedtoanalready-existingmorphemetoformanewword

whilechangingitsmeaningandgrammaticalrelations,itconsistsofbothinflectional

affixesandderivationalaffixes.

2.Giveexamplestotellthedifferencebetweenderivationandcompounding.

They'rebothwaysofformingnewwordsintheEnglishlanguage.Intermsof

morphemicanalysis,derivationcanbeviewedastheadditionofaffixestostemsto

formnewwords,forexample,weaddaffixH-lyntoafreemorpheme'quick"andwe

willgetaderivative"quickly”.Whilecompoundingthecombinationoftwoor

sometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords,e.g.whentheadjective"dead”

addedtoafreemorpheme"line",wegetacompound"deadline".

3.Giveexamplestoillustratethedistinctionbetweendeepstructureandsurface

structure.

Deepstructurerepresentsthebasisforthemeaningorasentence.Thesurface

structurerepresentswhatasentencesoundlike,mainlyconcernsthesemanticaspects

asthetopicandfocusofasentence.Onesurfacestructuremayrepresentseveral

meanings,whichareexpressedbydifferentdeepstructures.Onedeepstructuremay

alsobeexpressedindifferentsurfacestructures.Forexamplethesamesurface

structure"theshootingofhunteristerrible'1mayhavetwodeepstructureswhichmay

meanthehunteristerriblyshotorthehunter'sshootingisterriblerespectively.

《英语语言学》课程教案

课次13—15

授课方式理论课（含实践）叼讨论课口实验课口习题课口其他课时

3

（请打J）□安排

授课题目：语义学

教学目的、要求：

使学生掌握有关语义学的基本概念并具备分析能力

教学重点及难点：

重点介绍英语词语的语义关系，难点为句子意义的分析方法。

教学基本内容方法及手段

1Whatissemantics?

2Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning举例讲解/

3Lexicalmeaning课堂讨论

4Senserelationsbetweensentences

5Analysisofmeaning

作业、讨论题、思考题：

1.Whatispredicationanalysis?Giveexamplestoillustratehowitworksinsemantic

analysis.

2.Inyourownview,whatdeservesourattentionincomprehendingthemeaningofa

sentence?

3.Whatiscontextulism?

4.Howcansynonymsbeclassifiedaccordingtothewaytheydiffer?

课后小结：

总结本次课程的重要概念

1Whatissemantics?

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

2Somevi