RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生作品赏析

RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生作品赏析演示文稿目前一页\总数四十五页\编于十六点优选RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生作品赏析目前二页\总数四十五页\编于十六点RalphWaldoEmerson目前三页\总数四十五页\编于十六点LifeStoryBorninBoston,Massachusetts(thesamestreetasthebirthhomeofBenjaminFranklin)inMay25,1803.FatherwasafamousministerwhoencouragedyoungRalphtopursuephilosophyatayoungage.(Most/clergymen)EducatedinBostonandHarvard,likehisfather,andgraduatedin1821.目前四页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Fatherpassesawayatage8andEmersonislefttosupporthisfourotherbrothers.RalphwasaskedtoshareacoatwithhisbrotherEdwardtosavefinances.Despitethehardships,alltheEmersonboys,exceptone,graduatedfromHarvardUniversity.LifeStory目前五页\总数四十五页\编于十六点LifeStoryIn1825hebegantostudyattheHarvardDivinitySchool,andthenextyearhewaslicensedtopreachbytheMiddlesexAssociationofMinisters.In1829Emersonmarriedtheseventeen-year-oldEllenLouisaTucker,whodiedin1831fromtuberculosis（肺结核）.（legacy/traveling,lecturing,andwriting）目前六页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Emerson'sfirstandonlysettlementwasattheimportantSecondUnitarianChurchofBoston,wherehebecamesolepastorin1830.In1832,EmersontraveledtoEuropewherehemetpoetsSamuelTaylorColeridgeandWilliamWordsworthwhointroducehimtoRomanticnotionsofnatureandphilosophy.(IntroductiontoTranscendentalThought)LifeStory目前七页\总数四十五页\编于十六点3yearsafterhebecamethesolepastor,hehadacrisisoffaith,findingthathe"wasnotinterested"intheriteofCommunion.(teacher/reform)EventuallyEmerson'scontroversialviewscausedhisresignation.However,heneverceasedtobebothteacherandpreacher,althoughwithoutthesupportofanyconcreteideaofGod.LifeStory目前八页\总数四十五页\编于十六点AfterreturningtotheUnitedStates,Emersonlecturedonnaturalhistory,biology,andhistory.In1835EmersonmarriedLydiaJacksonandsettledwithherattheeastendofthevillageofConcord,Massachusetts,wherehethenspenttherestofhislife.LifeStory目前九页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Emerson'shealthstartedtofailafterthepartialburningofhishousein1872.Hemadehislasttourabroadin1872-1873,andthenwithdrewmoreandmorefrompubliclife.EmersondiedonApril27,1882inConcord.LifeStory目前十页\总数四十五页\编于十六点worksCollectionsEssays:FirstSeries

(1841)(aselectionofhisearlierlecturesandwritings)Essays:SecondSeries

(1844)Poems

(1847)Nature(1849)(acollectionofessays,summeduphisideas.Emphasizedindividualismandrejectedtraditionalauthority.)RepresentativeMen

(1850)EnglishTraits

(1856)

(asummaryofEnglishcharacterandhistory)ConductofLife

(1860)MayDayandOtherPoems(1867)SocietyandSolitude

(1870)目前十一页\总数四十五页\编于十六点FeaturesHisessayshavespeech-likecharacteristicsandaprophetic（预示的，先知的）tone,asermon（启示，布道）likequality,oftenlinkedtohispracticeasaUnitarianminister.Emerson‘saimwasnotmerelytocharmhisreaders,butencouragethemtocultivate’self-trust‘,tobecomewhattheyoughttobe,andtobeopentotheintuitive（直觉的，直观的）worldofexperience.MuchofhisspiritualinsightcomesfromhisreadingsinEasternreligion,especiallyHinduism(印度教),Confucianism（儒家思想，儒教）,andIslamicSufism（伊斯兰教的苏菲派）(即Islamicmysticism神秘主义).目前十二页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Emerson'sfirstbook,

Nature,acollectionofessays,summeduphisideas,describedhowhumansfindGodwithinnature.Emersonemphasizedindividualismandrejectedtraditionalauthority.Heinvitedtheworldto"enjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse"andemphasized"theinfinitudeoftheprivateman."Allcreationisone,hebelieved-peopleshouldtrytoliveasimplelifeinharmonywithnatureandwithothers.Selectedworks目前十三页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Hislectures

TheAmericanScholar

(1837)and

AddressatDivinityCollege

(1838)challengedtheHarvardintelligentsia（知识界）andwarnedaboutalifelessChristiantradition.HewasostracizedbyHarvardformanyyears,buthismessageattractedyoungdisciples,whojoinedtheinformalTranscendentalClub,organizedin1836bytheUnitarianclergymanF.H.Hedge.Inthe1850'shestartedtogainsuccessasalecturer,andhisbooksbecameasourceofmoderateincome.目前十四页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Emersonwentontobecomeafamouslecturersharinghistranscendentalphilosophythroughoutthecountry.Amonghisquotablephrases:“Trustthyself:everyheartvibratestothatironstring.”（相信你自己：每颗心都随那根弦震颤。）“Tobegreatistobemisunderstood.”（伟人似乎注定寂寞。）(FamousLecturer)目前十五页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Emerson’sHistoricalPositionHeembodiedanewnation’sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.HisaestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliterature.ItmarkedthebirthoftrueAmericanpoetry.Hecalledforanindependentculture,whichrepresentedthedesireofthewholenationtodevelopacultureofitsown.Hisreputationdeclinedsomewhatinrecentyearsbecauseofthecheerfuloptimismimpregnatedinhisworks.目前十六页\总数四十五页\编于十六点TheFounderofTranscendentalismAsa

greatprose-poet,EmersoninfluencedalonglineofAmericanpoets,includingWaltWhitman（惠特曼）,EmilyDickinson（迪金森）,EdwinArlingtonRobinson（埃德温·阿灵顿·罗宾逊）,WallaceStevens（华莱士·史蒂文斯）,HartCrane（克莱恩）,andRobertFrost（弗罗斯特）.HeisalsocreditedwithinfluencingthephilosophiesofJohnDewey（杜威）,GeorgeSantayana（乔治·桑塔亚纳）,FriedrichNietzsche（尼采）,andWilliamJames.目前十七页\总数四十五页\编于十六点AsanessayistEmersonwasamasterofstyle."EmersonisGod,"declaredtheliterarytheoristHaroldBloomonce,andtestifiedwiththistheimportanceofEmersontoAmericanliterature.TheBritishcriticMatthewArnoldsaidthemostimportantwritingsinEnglishinthe19thcenturyhadbeenWordsworth'spoemsandEmerson'sessays.目前十八页\总数四十五页\编于十六点FamousquotationsbyRalphWaldoEmersonAheroisnobraverthananordinaryman,butheisbraverfiveminuteslonger.BewarewhenthegreatGodletslooseathinkeronthisplanet.（上帝让思想家来到地球上时，我们也要保持清醒。）Childrenareallforeigners.（孩子从来就像外乡人。）目前十九页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Characterishigherthanintellect...Agreatsoulwillbestrongtolive,aswellastothink.（品格高于所谓的智力；伟大的灵魂能够使我们的生命足够坚强的活下去，也使我们能够足够坚强的去思考。）Donotgowherethepathmaylead,goinsteadwherethereisnopathandleaveatrail.（不要沿着前人留的路走，去自己开路并留下足迹。）目前二十页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Daysisatopicappearinginmanyworks,asmanypeopletrytofindtheactualmeaningof“days.”Howdoyouunderstandthemeaningof“days”?Ifyousetoffseekingthemeaningof“days”,thispoemmightbeagoodguide.目前二十一页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Days

DaughtersofTime,thehypocriticDays,

Muffledanddumblikebarefootdervishes（托钵僧）,

Andmarchingsingleinanendlessfile,

Bringdiademsandfagotsintheirhands.

Toeachtheyoffergiftsafterhiswill,

Bread,kingdoms,stars,andskythatholdsthemall.

I,inmypleachedgarden,watchedthepomp,

Forgotmymorningwishes,hastily

Tookafewherbsandapples,andtheDaysturnedanddepartedsilent.I,toolate,underhersolemnfillet(发带)

sawthescorn.目前二十二页\总数四十五页\编于十六点

时光的女儿们，伪善的日子，

声音黯哑如赤足的托钵僧，

她们单列行进，看不到尽头，

手里拿着皇冠和成捆的薪柴。

礼物按照每个人的心愿分赠，

面包、王国、星辰，甚至天穹。

整枝盘蔓的花园里我瞩目这场壮丽，忘记了清晨想要的东西匆忙采了些香料和苹果，日子却转身悄然离去。待我在肃穆的发带下,看见她轻蔑的嘲笑，已经太迟。

日子目前二十三页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Thispoemofferusaspacetoexperienceandunderstandtheurgencyofsavingtimeandtreasuringtime,inthatitemployspersonificationandmetaphor,whichenablethispoemtowearamysteriousveil,andisassistedbysimplifyingprocessingwhichsimplifytheabstractmeaningtobeunderstoodeasily.目前二十四页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Thepoem“Days”isanalyzedherefromthreeaspectsLexicalfeaturesTranscendentalismMysticism目前二十五页\总数四十五页\编于十六点LexicalfeaturesLexicalfeaturescontributetocreatingtheuniquenessofthepoem.Emersonemployssimplewordstodescribetheabstractconnotation.Andthesewordsexposedthethemeofthepoemlayerbylayer.Ifthesewordareunderstoodcompletely,thepoemwillbeunderstoodsuccessfully.目前二十六页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Hypocritic“Hypocritic”isakeywordtoshowthethemeofthepoem.AllthewordsthatwillbediscussedareintendtodisclosewhyEmersonsays“days“arehypocritical,which,nevertheless,isnotthepurposeoftheauthor.Thepurposeisthat,ifweacceptedthat"Days”arehypocriticalwewouldacceptthat"Days”werenotdependable,andthenweknowthatlifeisinourownhands;andifwedon’tworkhard,wewillfeelsorrytoourselveswhenweareold.目前二十七页\总数四十五页\编于十六点“Diademsandfagots”Inthesentence,"Bringdiademsandfagotsintheirhands”,“Diademsandfagots”metaphorizethenoblenessandhumblenessrespectively.Itseemsthat"Days“holdthenoblenessandhumblenessinhands,andtheywilldecidewhoisqualifiedtotheworldofthenoblenessorofthehumbleness.Soanyworldthatwetrytogetinisjustintheirhands,thatis,wearecontrolledbythem.Butitisatrick:weareactuallynotintheirhands,whichwillbeunderstoodattheendofthepoem.目前二十八页\总数四十五页\编于十六点“Bread,kingdoms,stars,andsky”“Bread,kingdoms,stars,andsky”refertotheneedscomingfromdifferentsocialclasses.Somepeoplerequirefood,somewantacountryandsomeneedmore.Ifwegiveourwillorwishesto“Days”,theywillbeverykindtomeetourdemands.Butweallknow“nopains,nogains.”Ifwedreamedallthedays,anddidn’tmakeeffortstowardourwishes,wewouldgetnothingbut“scorns”.Soherethe“will”doesnotequal

to“wish”

but

share

the

same

connotation

with

the“will”

in“wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”From

thisthe

author

manages

to

show

that“days”arenotso

kind,but

hypocritical.It

is

not

so

easy

to

get

our

wantsfrom

Days

as

we

expected.

目前二十九页\总数四十五页\编于十六点“I”“I”inthe“pleachedgarden”wastedtimeinwatchingother’s“pomp”,andforgotmyownmorningwishes.Atlast,“I”hastilytookafew“herbsandapples,”Emersoncompactedalife-longperiodtoasingleday,whichimpliedthatalifeisveryshortandweshouldvalueit.whenwewereyoung,welostourselvesinthesocietyandwastedtimeinwatchingother’ssuccessandfailure,happinessandsorrow,insteadofourownmatters.Finally,weareold,andhavenoenoughtimeandenergytorealizeourownwishes.Allthatwehavedoneistakingawholelifetogainsomecommonthings.Atthattime,“Days”arenotsokindtohelpus;insteadtheyscornusandletusdeserveit.Andit'stoolatetofeelsorrythen.目前三十页\总数四十五页\编于十六点“Days”“Days”marched“single”inanendlessfile.Whetherweforgettheirexistenceornot,theywillpassbysilently.Whateverwedo,goodorbad,excitingorsad,theywillnotpauseorslowdown.Howcruelandhypocriticalitis!目前三十一页\总数四十五页\编于十六点“daughters”Thentheword“daughters”willbeemphasized.WhyEmersoncalls“Days”the“daughter”oftime,butnotthe“sons”oftime?Toanswerthisquestion,themetaphorshouldbediscussedfirst,thenthematterof“daughter”or“sons”.“Days”isanabstractnotion,invisibleanduntouchable.However,“daughter”makestheinvisiblenotionintobeingwithimagethatisvisible.And“daughter“givesspirittotheabstractnotion,whichoffersusabasicpointtosetoutourimagination.Thespiritof“daughter”iseasyforustothinkoftheonehavingthecharactersofbeauty,gentleness,kindnessandquietness,underwhichthecoldnessandcruelnesssometimeshide.Thatisthe“hypocritic”——“Days”aresokindastogivegiftstoyouafteryourwillwhileyouhavetofacetheirscornandcoldnessifyouidleawaydays,So,inthissense,"sons”doesn’thavesuchimplications.目前三十二页\总数四十五页\编于十六点“Saw”“Saw”isanotherimportantword.That“I”“saw”thescornof“Days”impliesthat“Days”sawme;thereasonwhydaysscornmeisthattheyhaveseenme,andaredissatisfiedwithme.Itseemedthat“I”wasundertheirpower,andcan’trunaway.Buttheywon’thelpmeeventheyhaveknownmywrongs,So“I”havetosay“Days”arehypocritical.目前三十三页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Allthewordsshowthat“Days”arehypocritical.Since“Days”arehypocritical,wemustdependonourselvestorealizeourwill.Ifwedependonourselves,howcanwesaythatweareintheirhands?Ifwearenotintheirhands,howcanwesaythatwearecontrolledbythem?Emersondeliberatelyarrangesthispoemlikethat,andhejustwantsustounderstandwhatwedowillbemirroredby“Days”.Infrontofthemirrorof“days”,wedoourownthings.Wehavedifferentwillandmakeeffortsindifferentdegrees,sosomeonewillgetbread,someonekingdoms,someonestars,someonesky,someoneherbsandsomeoneapples.目前三十四页\总数四十五页\编于十六点它是一首关于时间问题的一则寓言。他用“伪善”(hypocritic)来表现时日的表面性的公允和慷慨，又用“喑哑无语”(muffledanddumb)来表现时日的狡黠与沉默，她们像托钵僧一样掠过人群，并超脱于人群与世俗欲望之外。她们按照人们的心愿分赠礼品，使得每个人感觉好像都得到了自己索求的东西，在下文中，已经洞悉时日之伪善的“我”依然被她们所蛊惑，不但因为她们“单行排列”、“无始也无终”，而且她们的慷慨和忙碌吸引了“我”的注意，以至于使“我”忘掉了“早晨的愿望”。“我”得到的只是香草和苹果，而它们作为最简单的物质欲望的隐喻，意味着“我”的精神追求的缺失。目前三十五页\总数四十五页\编于十六点但是，如果仅仅把这首诗视为一个关于时间的寓言显然是不够的，我们必须看到爱默生在诗中有意识或无意识透露出来的深层含义。人与时间之间的紧张关系只是这首诗的表面张力，而内在的轴心却是诗人在自我的持守和丢失之间的摇摆与叹息。目前三十六页\总数四十五页\编于十六点一个人在一个时日结束之时却受到了时日的轻蔑，而导致这种情况的唯一原因就在于“我”关注于一些外部的表象（时日发放赠卒的壮观景象、香草以及苹果），从而疏远了那个有着“早晨的愿望”的内在自我或深层自我（“愿望”是深层自我的能指），这种疏远在海德格尔那里就是一种“沉沦”，但是“我”的可贵之处在于意识到了这种沉沦。目前三十七页\总数四十五页\编于十六点

Mylifeisforitselfandnotforaspectacle.我为自己而活，而不是为一场奇观。目前三十八页\总数四十五页\编于十六点Transcendentalism1.主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，强调直觉的重要性，其认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影,其随着实践哲学诞生而淡化。超验主义者强调万物本质上的统一，万物皆受“超灵”制约，而人类灵魂与“超灵”一致。2.超验主义观点强调人的主观能动性，有助于打破加尔文教的"人性恶"、"命定论"等教条的束缚，为热情奔放，抒发个性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。目前三十九页\总数四十五页\编于十六点TranscendentalismTranscendentalismisthesummitoftheRomanticMovem