2023年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试历年真题摘选含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试历年真题摘选含答案解析第1卷一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题21世纪是一个将我们联系在一起的网络时代。无论我们愿意与否,我们的社会生活与经济生活已密不可分。我们意识到先进的电子网络使我们能够跨越时空限制,利用以前难以想象的商机。这个网络世界己开辟了一个崭新的创新发展的天地,把我们带入一个前所未有的网络智能吋代。这个网络智能新时代表明,我们可以将自己的知识和创造力结合起来,取得经济增长和社会发展的新突破。2.单选题Aviolentthunderstormwas（）asdarkcloudswerecollectingoverhead.问题1选项A.eminentB.imminentC.instantaneousD.simultaneous3.单选题Hegaveusan（）consenttotaketheapples,forhesmiledwhenhesawusdoit问题1选项A.exaggeratedB.implicitC.impartialD.extravagant4.单选题______isgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.问题1选项A.WhatB.AsC.ItD.That5.单选题Moststaffinthisofficedidnotlikethemanageress,forshewasknowntobesly,selfishand（）.问题1选项A.manifestedB.manipulativeC.conscientiousD.controversial6.单选题WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlymounttoabout7percentofitsover-allresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience…tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrun,ratherthantoimproveit.”1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis________.2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit________.问题1选项A.TheImportanceofBasicResearchB.Roentgen’sIgnoranceofX-raysC.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearchD.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch问题2选项A.providesbetterunderstandingB.offersimmediateprofitC.drivesoutbasicresearchD.solvespracticalproblems7.单选题Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefacts,unalloyed,objectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretation,themeaningofthefacts.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentconfrontingAmericanjournalismtomakecleartothereadertheproblemsoftheday,tomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynews,torecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthing(withthepossibleexceptionofsuchcarelesswritingsassocietyandclubnews)as“local”news,becauseanyeventintheinternationalareahaslocalreactioninmanpowerdraft,ineconomicstrain,interms,indeed,ofourverywayoflife.Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouengageininterpretation,youareenteringroughanddangerouswaters,theswirling(旋动的,混乱的)tidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense.Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterortheeditorshallconfinehimselftothe“facts”.Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:Whatarethefacts?And:Arethebarefactsenough?Astothefirstproblem,considerhowaso-called“factual”storycomesabout.Thereportercollects,say,fiftyfacts;outofthesefifty,hisspaceallotment(分配,规定)beingnecessarilyrestricted,heselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepiece.(Thisisanimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph).ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageone,whereithasalargeimpact,oronpagetwenty-four,whereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree.Thus,inthepresentationofaso-called“factual”of“objective”story,atleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretation,inwhichthereporterandtheeditor,callingupontheirresearchresources,theirgeneralbackground,andtheir“newsneutralism”,arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.Thetwoareasofjudgment,presentationofthenewsanditsinterpretation,arebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses——asobjective,thatis,asanyhumanbeingcanbe.(Noteinpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachieved,neverthelesstheidealmustalwaysbetheguidetotheobscurenewschannels).Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenews,hecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretation.Hecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbytheplayhegivesastorypromotingittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty.1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（）.2.Thewriterofanarticleselectstenoutoffiftyavailablefactsbecause（）.3.Theauthorisimplyingthat（）.4.Theleadsentenceshouldpresentthemostimportantfactbecause（）.5.Oftheitemslistedbelow,whichonewouldtheauthorconsiderthemosteffectivewayof“slanting”thenews?问题1选项A.InterpretingtheNewsB.EverythingCountsC.SubjectiveversusObjectiveProcessesD.ChoosingFacts问题2选项A.spaceislimitedB.hiseditorisprejudicedC.thesubjectisnotimportantD.hewantstosimplifyacomplexstory问题3选项A.Inwritingafactualstory,thewritermustusejudgmentB.thewritershouldlimithimselftothefactsC.thewritershouldmakethestoryinterestingD.editorscontrolwhatthereporterswrite问题4选项A.itwillinfluencethereadertocontinueB.somereadersdonotreadbeyondthefirstparagraphC.itisthebestwaytowrite,accordingtotheschoolsofjournalismD.itdetailsthegeneralattitudeofthewriter问题5选项A.Limitingthelengthofparticularstories.B.Presentingbarefactswithnoindicationoftheirrealsignificance.C.Placingthestoryinainconspicuouslocationinthenewspaper.D.Concentratingon“local”newsasopposedtoworldnews8.单选题Whileitsuniqueeatinghabitsmakethemountaingorillaafascinatingsubjectforobservations,itssmallpopulationanditsshynessserveto______manypotentialstudies.问题1选项A.inspireB.fortifyC.releaseD.hinder9.单选题ProfessorHawkingis（）asoneoftheworld’sgreatestlivingphysicists.问题1选项A.dignifiedB.clarifiedC.acknowledgedD.illustrated10.单选题Oneofthereasonsforhispopularityinourvillageisthathe（）almosteveryoneeverytimewhenhecomesbackfromthebigcity.问题1选项A.asksafterB.runsforC.bringsupD.takesafter11.写作题Somepeopletendtostudyasubjectinaveryintensivewayoverashortperiodoftime,whileotherstendtostudyasubjectconstantlyoveralongperiodoftime.Whatdoyouthinkisabetterwayoflearning?Explainwhy.12.单选题Theprisoner（）ameansofescapefromprison.问题1选项A.contrivedB.conspiredC.intriguedD.plotted13.单选题Evensensiblemendo（）thingssometimes.问题1选项A.abruptB.absurdC.acuteD.apt14.单选题ThemoistairofthePacificOceanbringsa（）climatetothewestcoastoftheUnitedStates.问题1选项A.chillyB.temperateC.modestD.compromising15.单选题Theaddictivenatureofonlinegamblinghasforcedmany______garnerstoseektreatment.问题1选项A.sedativeB.fortifiedC.compulsiveD.impulsive第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】The21stcenturyisanetworkagebindingustogether.Whetherwearereadyornot,oursociallifehasbeeninseparablefromeconomiclife.Andwerealizethattheadvancedelectricalnetworkcanmakeuscrossthetimeandspacelimitationstotakeadvantageofthepreviouslyunimaginablebusinessopportunity.Thenetworktimehasopenedupanewworldforinnovationanddevelopment,bringingusintoanunprecedentederaofnetworkintelligence.Thisnewageofnetworkintelligenceshowsthatwecancombineourknowledgeandcreativityandmakenewbreakthroughintheeconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopment.2.【答案】B【解析】eminent杰出的；imminent即将来临的；instantaneous即时的；simultaneous同时的。句意：当乌云在头顶聚集时,一场暴风雨即将到来。选项B符合句意。3.【答案】B【解析】exaggerated夸张的；implicit含蓄的,暗示的；impartial公正的；extravagant奢侈的,浪费的。句意：他默许我们拿走苹果,因为当他看到我们这样做时,他笑了。选项B符合句意。4.【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：人们普遍认为，经济增长取决于生产的顺利发展。as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明，通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。B选项As符合题意，其余选项语法错误。因此B选项正确。5.【答案】B【解析】manifested显然的；manipulative操纵的；conscientious认真的；controversial有争议的。根据句意可知,填空处应填入和sly,selfish意思相近的贬义词,所以选项B更符合语境。6.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。1.首尾段核心句首段第一句提出问题：WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?（为什么基金会集中支持基础研究而不是应用研究？），具体介绍基础研究。尾段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有吸引力，因为可以直接看到和享受成果。），具体讲述应用研究。这篇文章分别介绍了这两种研究并且进行对比，由此推断本文的主旨是“基础研究与应用研究”。因此D选项正确。2.分析文章的行文结构本文的行文逻辑是“A—B”，分别讲述基础研究和应用研究，因此D选项正确。排除干扰项A选项“基础研究的重要性”：基础研究仅仅是第一段的内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。B选项“对X射线的不了解”：关键词X-rays对应第一段最后一句discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine，这个例子用来支持上一句thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated（往往无法预料基础研究的实际应用），不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。C选项“应用研究的吸引力”：这里只总结了第二段，也属于以偏概全。2.事实细节题。精确定位根据题干定位到第二段第三句Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly（撇开用于工业研究的资金不谈——工业研究自然更关心应用方面，因为这些能迅速带来利益），可知工业界因为应用研究带来的好处而关注它，B选项“立刻带来利益”正确。排除干扰项A选项“帮助更好地理解”：根据第一段第三句Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.（基础研究的目标是为了理解而理解。），可知这指的是基础研究而不是应用研究，属于张冠李戴。C选项“排斥基础研究”：根据第二段第五句Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.（除非提供充分的保障措施，应用研究往往会排斥基础研究。），这里指出的是基础研究和应用研究的关系，没有解释题干的原因，属于偷换概念。D选项“解决实际问题”：根据第二段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractiveness（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有直接的吸引力），这里讲的是应用研究的目的，也就是吸引研究人员的原因，并不等工业界喜欢应用研究的原因，属于偷换概念。7.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知,本文主要讲的是对新闻的解读,选择事实以及主观和客观的过程都是属于解读新闻的,所以选项A最恰当。2.细节事实题。根据第四段第二句“Thereportercollects,say,fiftyfacts;outofthesefifty,hisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestricted,heselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.”可知,选项A符合原文。3.推理判断题。根据原文内容可知,选项A,B,C是记者在原文中明确提及,只有选项D是作者在第四段的时候暗指的。4.细节事实题。根据第四段“Thenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallco