2023年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试历年真题摘选含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试历年真题摘选含答案解析第1卷一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题（）bothsidesaccepttheagreement（）alastingpeacebeestablishedinthisregion.问题1选项A.Onlyif,willB.Ifonly,wouldC.Should,willD.Unless,would2.不定项选择题PsychologistsagreethatI.Q.contributeonlyabout20percentofthefactorsthatdeterminesuccess.Afull80percentcomesfromotherfactors,includingwhatIcallemotionalintelligence.Followingaretwoofthemajorqualitiesthatmakeupemotionalintelligence,andhowtheycanbedeveloped:1.Self-awareness.Theabilitytorecognizeafeelingasithappensisthekeystoneofemotionalintelligence.Peoplewithgreatercertaintyabouttheiremotionsarebetterpilotsoftheirlives.Developingself-awarenessrequirestuningintowhatneurologistAntonioDamasiocalls“gutfeelings.”Gutfeelingscanoccurwithoutapersonbeingconsciouslyawareofthem.Forexample,whenpeoplewhofearsnakesareshownapictureofasnake,sensorsontheirskinwilldetectsweat,asignofanxiety,eventhoughthepeoplesaytheydonotfeelfear.Thesweatshowsupevenapictureispresentedsorapidlythatthesubjecthasnoconsciousawarenessofseeingit.Throughdeliberateeffortwecanbecomemoreawareofourgutfeelings.Takesomeonewhoisannoyedbyarudeencounterforhoursafteritoccurred.Hemaybeawareofhisirritabilityandsurprisedwhensomeonecallsattentiontoit.Butifheevaluateshisfeelings,hecanchangethem.Emotionalself-awarenessisthebuildingblockofthenextfundamentalofemotionintelligence:beingabletoshakeoffbadmood.2.MoodManagement.Badaswellasgoodmoodsspicelifeandbuildcharacter.Thekeyisbalance.Weoftenhavelittlecontroloverwhenwearesweptbyemotion.Butwecanhavesomesayinhowlongthatemotionwilllast.PsychologistDianneTiceaskedmorethan400menandwomenabouttheirstrategiesforescapingfoulmoods.Herresearch,alongwiththatofotherpsychologists,providesvaluableinformationonhowtochangeabadmood.Ofallthemoodsthatpeoplewanttoescape,rageseemstobethehardesttodealwith.Whensomeoneinanothercarcutsyouoffonthehighway,yourreflexivethoughtmaybe:Thatjerk!Hecouldhavehitme!Ican’tlethimgetawaywiththat!Themoreyoustew,theangrieryouget.Suchisthestuffofhypertensionandrecklessdriving.Whatshouldyoudotorelieverage?Onemythisthatventilatingwillmakeyoufeelbetter.Infact,researchershavefoundthat’soneoftheworststrategies.Amoreeffectivetechniqueis“refraining”,whichmeansconsciouslyreinterpretingasituationinamorepositivelight.Inthecaseofthedriverwhocutsyouoff,youmighttellyourself:Maybehehadsomeemergency.Thisisoneofthemostpotentways,Ticefound,toputangertorest.Goingoffalonetocoolclownisalsoaneffectivewaytorefuseanger,especiallyifyoucan’tthinkclearly.Ticefoundthatalargeproportionofmencooldownbygoingforadrive—afindingthatinspiredhertodrivemoredefensively.Asaferalternativeisexercise,suchastakingalongwalk.Whateveryoudo,don’twastethetimepursuingyourtrainofangerthoughts.Youraimshouldbetodistractyourself.Thetechniquesofreframinganddistractioncanalleviatedepressionandanxietyaswellasanger.Addtothemsuchrelaxationtechniquesasdeepbreathingandmeditationandyouhaveanarsenalofweaponsagainstbadmoods.1.Whataregutfeelings?2.Accordingtotheauthor,theimportanceofknowingone’sgutfeelingsisthat（）.3.Theword“spice”inParagraph6isclosedinmeaningto（）.4.Theessenceof“refraining”inParagraph9is（）.5.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?问题1选项A.Theyarefeelingoneisbornwith.B.Theyarefeelingsonemaybeunawareof.C.Theyarefeelingsoffearandanxiety.D.Theyarefeelingsfeltbysensiblepeople.问题2选项A.onecandevelopthemB.onecancallother’sattentiontothemC.onemaygetridofthemD.onemaycontrolthem问题3选项A.addinteresttoB.lengthenC.makedullD.bringintoexistence问题4选项A.toforgettheunpleasantsituationB.toadoptapositiveattitudeC.toprotectoneselfproperlyD.toavoidroadaccidents问题5选项A.WhatisEmotionalIntelligence?B.HowtoDevelopEmotionalIntelligence.C.StrategiesforGettingRidofFoulMoods.D.HowtoControlone’sGutFeelings.3.单选题Thepolicerefusedto（）thecluestheywereworkingon.问题1选项A.exhibitB.discloseC.exposeD.discern4.单选题Loomingoverthedebateabouthumaninterferenceintheworld’sborealforestsisanasyetunanswerablequestion:Willtheeffectsofglobalwarmingeventuallydwarfman’simpact?问题1选项A.raisetogreaterimportanceB.makemoredifficulttomeasureC.causetoappearsmallD.bringtoanabruptend5.翻译题Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseontheAnswerSheet.Wecannotacceptthegrowingthreatposedbyclimatechange,whichcouldforeverdamagetheworldthatwepassontoourchildren,sowingconflictandfamine,destroyingcoastlinesandemptyingcities.Andthat’swhyallnationsmustnowaccepttheirshareofresponsibilityfortransformingthewaythatweuseenergy.Wecan’tacceptaworldinwhichmorepeoplearedeniedopportunityanddignitythatallpeopleyearnfor:theabilitytogetaneducationandmakeadecentliving,thesecuritythatyouwon’thavetoliveinfearofdiseaseorviolencewithouthopeforthefuture.Iknowthesechallengescanbemet,solongasit’srecognizedthattheywillnotbemetbyonepersonoronenationalone.Thisawardisnotsimplyabouttheeffortsofmyadministration;it’saboutthecourageouseffortsofpeoplearoundtheworld.

6.不定项选择题Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.Untilrecently,childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturity,childrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharm,butrathersimplyassignpunishmentfortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescaused.AccordingtoPiaget,childrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopment,whichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutism(rulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyed)andimminentjustice(ifrulesarebroken,punishmentwillbemetedout).Untilyoungchildrenmature,theirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofatransgression.However,inrecentresearch,Kenseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharm,butalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtier,regardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildren,atanearlieragethanPiagetclaimed,advanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopment,moralautonomy,inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactions,anddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences?Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicduty,self-defense,andprovocation.Forexample,NesdalcandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty;fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto“BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse”dependingonwhetherBonniedidit“sosomebodywon’tfalloverit”orbecauseBonniewanted“tomakeAnnfeelbad.”Thus,achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions,thoughintentional,canbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgments.Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharm,six-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeable,andthuspreventable,harmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheperpetratorcannotbeblamed.Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous.1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepassageasawhole?2.Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergartensixyearoldsacquiredtheabilityof（）.3.Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKenseywouldnothaveagreedon（）.4.Theterm“publicduty”（inline5ofparagraph2）inthecontextofthepassagemeans（）.5.Kensey’sfindingssupportwhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildren?问题1选项A.Anoutlineforfutureresearch.B.Anexpandeddefinitionofcommonlymisunderstoodterms.C.Ananalysisofadisputebetweentwotheorists.D.Adiscussionofresearchfindingsinanongoinginquiry.问题2选项A.differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharmB.identifyingwiththeperpetratorofaharmfulactionC.justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocationD.evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules问题3选项A.thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommitB.theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharmC.theintentionschildrenhaveinperpetratingharmD.thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrenpunishharmfulacts问题4选项A.thenecessitytoapprehendperpetratorsB.theresponsibilitytopunishtransgressorsC.anobligationtopreventharmtoanotherD.theassignmentofpunishmentforharmfulaction问题5选项A.Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.B.Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.C.Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.D.Theymakearbitrarymoraljudgments.7.单选题Itisanticipatedthatthiscontractwillsubstantiallyincreasesalesoverthenextthreeyears.问题1选项A.apparentlyB.slightlyC.considerablyD.steadily8.不定项选择题What’syourearliestchildhoodmemory?Canyourememberlearningtowalk?Ortalk?Thefirsttimeyou（71）thunderorwatchedatelevisionprogram?Adultsseldom（72）eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool,justaschildrenyoungerthanthreeorfour（73）retainanymemoryofspecific,personalexperiences.Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen（74）bypsychologistsforthis“childhoodamnesia”(儿童失忆症).Onearguesthatthehippocampus,theregionofthebrainwhichisresponsibleforformingmemories,doesnotmature（75）abouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory（76）that,sinceadultsdonotthinklikechildren,theycannot（77）childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwords,andtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor（78）—oneeventfollows（79）asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental（80）forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory,theydon’tfindanythingthatfitsthe（81）,it’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary.NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmonsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew（82）forchildhoodamnesia:Shearguesthattheresimply（83）anyearlychildhoodmemoriestorecall.AccordingtoDr.Simmons,childrenneedtolearntouse（84）spokendescriptionoftheirpersonalexperiencesinordertoturntheirownshort-term,quickly（85）impressionsofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother（86）,childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout（87）:Momtalkingabouttheafternoon（88）lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis（89）reinforcement,saysDr.Simmons,childrencannotform（90）memoriesoftheirpersonalexperience.问题1选项A.listenedB.heardC.touchedD.felt问题2选项A.recallB.interpretC.involveD.resolve问题3选项A.largelyB.reallyC.merelyD.rarely问题4选项A.proposedB.witnessedC.canceledD.figured问题5选项A.afterB.onceC.untilD.since问题6选项A.magnifiesB.maintainsC.containsD.intervenes问题7选项A.accessB.attainC.reflectD.refer问题8选项A.regulationsB.forecastsC.narrativesD.descriptions问题9选项A.therestB.othersC.theotherD.another问题10选项A.outputsB.filesC.flashesD.detains问题11选项A.frameB.landscapeC.footstepD.pattern问题12选项A.explanationB.arrangementC.emphasisD.factor问题13选项A.isn’tB.weren’tC.aren’tD.wasn’t问题14选项A.anyoneelseB.someoneelse’sC.someoneelseD.anyoneelse’s问题15选项A.forgettingB.rememberedC.forgottenD.remembering问题16选项A.wordsB.casesC.sensesD.means问题17选项A.himB.themC.itD.theirs问题18选项A.usedB.spentC.takenD.chosen问题19选项A.habitualB.mutualC.prettyD.verbal问题20选项A.subordinateB.consciousC.permanentD.spiritual9.不定项选择题Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthis（1）—indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththe（2）toputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisa/an（3）educationJustifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationis（4）requiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplyto（5）everyone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegally（6）toattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertain（7）oftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois（8）ifhecannotcompetentlyassess（9）hislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythings（10）ofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase,beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertain（11）,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequipped（12）naturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneis（13）tobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocates（14）thisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthat（15）theirotherwisecheeryoutlook.（16）ontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computer-educationadvocatesoften（17）thejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducational（18）.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschools（19）theconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenare（20）equippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.问题1选项A.distinctionB.topicC.separationD.education问题2选项A.campaignB.practiceC.actionD.goal问题3选项A.informalB.basicC.technicalD.expensive问题4选项A.differentlyB.universallyC.converselyD.regularly问题5选项A.formB.consistC.ariseD.raise问题6选项A.orderedB.inquiredC.requiredD.acquired问题7选项A.conceptionB.informationC.themeD.imagination问题8选项A.completeB.accomplishedC.incompleteD.improper问题9选项A.whyB.whatC.whereD.how问题10选项A.insideB.outsideC.besideD.aside问题11选项A.yearB.ageC.dayD.extent问题12选项A.inB.atC.byD.with问题13选项A.fitB.responsibleC.suitableD.able问题14选项A.considerB.forgetC.forsakeD.foretell问题15选项A.believesB.becomesC.bearsD.betrays问题16选项A.EncounteringB.BankingC.DevisingD.Seeking问题17选项A.emphasizeB.encourageC.engageD.enlarge问题18选项A.academyB.positionC.degreeD.achievement问题19选项A.interactB.introduceC.announceD.invent问题20选项A.traditionallyB.drasticallyC.properlyD.hardly10.不定项选择题Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.AtPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,SherryWillisandherhusband,K.WarnerSchaie,havestudied5000people,somesince1956.Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalstimulation.Similarly,thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.Educationhelpstoo.Researcherssaybecauseitinstillstheconvictionthatyoucanalwayslearnsomethingnew.TheSchaie-Willisteamalsohassomeotherobservations.Beinginastablemarriagewithastimulatingspouse,theysay,helpsmaintainintellectualvigor.Flexibilitycountstoo.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore”Schaiesays.Inneuropsychologicalterms,theabilitytoseeproblemsinnewwaysoftenyieldshigherscoresontestsofmentalfunction.Andpeoplesatisfiedwithlifealsostaymorementallyfit,hesays.Ifyoufindyourmentalskillssagging,considerworkingonspecificdeficits.WhenWillisgave5-hourstutorialsoninductivereasoningorspatialskillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.Thatadvantageheldupsevenyearslatewhentheywereretested.Otherwaystostaysharp,Schaiesays,aredoingjigsawpuzzlestohonevisuo-spatialskills,workingcrosswordpuzzlesforverbalskills,andplayingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.Finally,rememberthis.Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.1.Inthepassage,theauthormainlydiscusses（）.2.Theword“it”inthesaying“useitorloseit”(paragraph1)refersto（）.3.Accordingtotheresearchers,whichofthefollowingfactorsaffectscognitiveaging?4.Fromthispassagewemaysafelyinferthat（）mighthelppreventmentaldeclines.5.Accordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingcantrulybesaidaboutwisdomEXCEPTthat（）.问题1选项A.theroleofmentalstimulationinpreventingmentalagingB.graduallossofmentalskillswithnormalagingC.therelationshipbetweenmentalfunctionandspatialskillsD.effectivewaystokeepintellectualvigor问题2选项A.brainpowerB.cognitivedevelopmentC.mentalsimulatingD.intellectualfunction问题3选项A.EducationB.ChronicillnessC.StandardoflivingD.Alloftheabove问题4选项A.physicalexercisesB.socialinterconnectionsC.rigiddailyroutinesD.ahealthydiet问题5选项A.wisdommaybethoughtofasaspecialformofabilitiesandknowledgecompletelydevelopedwithlifeexperienceB.wisdommaystillgrowevenwhentheprocessofmentalagingstartedC.wisdomissuperiorinimportancetomentalskillssuchinductivereasoningandspatialskillsD.wisdommakesupanimportantpartofbrainpower11.单选题Excellentelementaryschools,openattitudestowardnewtechnology,premiumsforinventions,andageniusforcreativethinkinginteractwitheachotherontheUSmainlandandproducetheAmericancharacteristic,（）.问题1选项A.emanationB.emulsionC.emulationD.emancipation12.不定项选择题Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatsufficienttosurviveinoursociety.Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickeringatthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandliveitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,blitzeverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitudegoestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic,andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime,itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.1.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is（）.2.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis（）.3.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis（）.4.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis（）.5.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels（）.问题1选项A.ratherbleakB.veryimpressiveC.fairlybrightD.quiteencouraging问题2选项A.elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassicsB.thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.SC.themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreadingD.thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass问题3选项A.theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB.theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliteratureC.theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD.theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput问题4选项A.tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB.toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC.tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD.tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue问题5选项A.upsetB.alarmedC.uncertainD.pessimistic13.单选题Wasittheprosperityofanacquisitivesocietypreparedtoforsakechildren,orthedepressionwhichaccountedfortheinter-warpopulationtrends?问题1选项A.inquisitiveB.curiousC.greedyD.abnormal14.翻译题Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetII.Wewilleffectivelyconserveresourcesandprotecttheenvironment.Wewillactivelyrespondtoclimatechange.Wewillstrengthenresourceconservationandmanagement,becomebetterabletoensureadequatesuppliesofresources,intensifytheprotectionoffarmlandandtheenvironment,strengthenecologicaldevelopmentandsystemstopreventandmitigatenaturaldisasters,andcomprehensivelybuildourcapacityforsustainabledevelopment.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelsinprimaryenergyconsumptionshouldreach11.4percent;energyconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissionsperuntilofGDPshouldbereducedby16percentand17percentrespectively;thereleaseofmajorpollutantshouldbereducedby8percentto10percent;foreststockshouldbeincreasedby600millioncubicmeters;andforestcovershouldbeincreasedto21.66percent.Wewillsubstantiallyimprovewaterconservancyfacilities;makeprogressinbettercontrollingimportanttributariesoflargeriversaswellaslakesandsmallandmedium-sizedrivers;andsignificantlyimproveagriculturalirrigation,theefficiencyofwaterresourcesuseandresistancetoflooding.

15.不定项选择题Somepeoplesaythatthestudyofliberalartsisauselessluxurywecannotaffordinhardtimes.Students,theyargue,whodonotdevelopsalablekillswillfinditdifficulttolandajobupongraduation.Butthereisaprobleminspeakingof“salableskills”.Whatskillsaresalable?Rightnow,skillsformakingautomobilesarenothighlysalable,buttheyhavebeenfordecadesandmightbeagain.Skillsareanotherexampleofvaryingsalability,asthejobmarketfluctuates.What’smore,ifonewantstobuildacurriculumexclusivelyonwhatissalable,onewillhavetomakethecoursesveryshortandchangethemveryoften,inordertokeepupwiththerapidchangesinthejobmarket.Butwillnottheeffortbeinvain?Inveryfewthingscanwebesureoffuturesalability,andinasocietywherepeoplearefreetostudywhattheywant,andworkwheretheywant,andinvestastheywant,thereisnowaytokeepsupplyanddemandinlaborinperfectaccord.Aschoolthatdevotesitselftotallytosalableskills,especiallyinatimeofhighunemployment,sendingyoungmenandwomenintotheworldarmedwithonlyanarrowrangeofskills,isalsosendinglambsintothelion’sden.Ifthosepeoplegainnothingmorefromtheirstudiesthansupposedlysalableskills,andcan’tmakethesalebecauseofchangesinthejobmarket,theyhavebeencheated.Butifthoseskillsweremorethansalable,ifstudygavethemabetterunderstandingoftheworldaroundthemandgreateradaptabilityinachangingworld,theyhavenotbeencheated.Theywillfindsomekindofjobsoonenough.Flexibility,andabilitytochangeandlearnnewthings,isavaluableskill.Peoplewhohavelearnedhowtolearncanlearnoutsideofschool.Thatiswheremostofushavelearnedtodowhatwedo,notinschool.Learningtolearnisoneofthehighestliberalskills.1.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthattheauthorisfavorof（）.2.Theword“fluctuate”(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeans（）.3.Accordingtotheauthor,whoofthefollowingismorelikelytogetajobintimesofhighunemployment?4.Accordingtotheauthor,indevelopingacurriculumschoolshould（）.5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat（）.问题1选项A.teachingpracticalskillthatcanbesoldinthecurrentjobmarketB.aflexiblecurriculumthatchangeswiththetimesC.aliberaleducationD.keepingabalancebetweenthesupplyanddemandinthelabormarket问题2选项A.remainsteadyB.changeinanirregularwayC.followasetpatternD.becomeworseandworse问题3选项A.Apersonwiththeabilitytolearnbyhimself.B.Aconstructionworkers.C.Acarrepairman.D.Apersonwithquiteafewsalableskills.问题4选项A.predictthesalabilityofskillsinthefuturejobmarketB.takethecurrentjobmarketintoconsiderationC.considerwhatskillsaresalableD.focusontheabilitytoadapttochanges问题5选项A.liberalartseducationisbeingchallengednowB.schoolsthatteachpracticalskillsfarebetterduringhardtimesC.extracurricularactivitiesaremoreimportantthanclassroomlearningD.manystudentsfeelcheatedbytheeducationalsystem第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】A【解析】语法题——onlyif的用法。当onlyif位于句首时，其主句的谓语动词要部分倒装，根据四个选项，其谓语动词都提前了，而只有onlyif在句首，才部分倒装。句意：只有双方都接受这项协议，才能在这个地区建立持久的和平。因此A选项正确。2.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干关键词“gutfeelings”定位到第三段第二句话“Gutfeel